A1 Ezafe Construct 6 min read 简单

波斯语 'e' 连接词 (Ezafe)

The Ezafe is the essential vocal 'glue' that links Persian nouns to their descriptions and owners.
标记为已学
Practice it

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Ezafe is a short '-e' or '-ye' sound that connects a noun to its modifier or owner.

  • If a word ends in a consonant, add '-e': 'Ketāb-e Ali' (Ali's book).
  • If a word ends in a vowel (a, o, e), add '-ye': 'Khāne-ye bozorg' (Big house).
  • The Ezafe is almost never written in standard Persian script, but it is always spoken.
Noun + (-e/-ye) + Adjective/Possessor

Overview

Ezafe 是一个短元音...

Meanings

The Ezafe is a grammatical particle used to link a noun to an adjective, a possessor, or another noun.

1

Possession

Indicates ownership or relationship.

“کتابِ علی (Ketāb-e Ali - Ali's book)”

“دوستِ من (Dust-e man - My friend)”

2

Adjectival Modification

Links a noun to its descriptive adjective.

“گلِ زیبا (Gol-e zibā - Beautiful flower)”

“آبِ سرد (Āb-e sard - Cold water)”

Ezafe Attachment Rules

Ending of Word Attachment Example Translation
Consonant -e Ketāb-e Ali Ali's book
Vowel (a, o) -ye Khāne-ye bozorg Big house
Vowel (i, u) -ye Dāneshjū-ye jadid New student
Silent 'h' (e) -ye Nāme-ye man My letter

Reference Table

Reference table for 波斯语 'e' 连接词 (Ezafe)
Noun Ending Ezafe Sound Function Example
Consonant (e.g., -n) -e Possession māshin-e man (My car)
Consonant (e.g., -r) -e Adjective dokhtar-e bozorg (Big girl)
Vowel 'ā' (ا) -ye Description ghazā-ye khub (Good food)
Vowel 'u' (و) -ye Possession dāneshju-ye u (His/her student)
Silent 'h' (ه) -ye Adjective khāne-ye zibā (Beautiful house)
Proper Name -e Full Name Ali-ye Tehrāni (Ali Tehrani)

正式程度

正式
کتابِ دوستِ من

کتابِ دوستِ من (Casual conversation)

中性
کتابِ دوستم

کتابِ دوستم (Casual conversation)

非正式
کتابِ رفیقم

کتابِ رفیقم (Casual conversation)

俚语
کتابِ رفیقم

کتابِ رفیقم (Casual conversation)

The Four Powers of Ezafe

Ezafe

Possession

  • ketāb-e man My book

Adjectives

  • sib-e ghermez Red apple

Names

  • Ali-ye Rezāyi Ali Rezayi

Titles

  • āghā-ye doctor Mr. Doctor

Choosing the Sound

Ends in Consonant
medād-e pencil of...
māshin-e car of...
Ends in Vowel
pā-ye foot of...
khāne-ye house of...

Which Ezafe should I use?

1

Does the word end in a consonant?

YES
Use -e sound (unwritten)
NO
Go to next step
2

Does it end in ā, u, or silent h?

YES
Use -ye sound
NO ↓

Ezafe in Daily Life

📱

Social Media

  • • post-e jadid
  • • aks-e ghashang
🍕

Food

  • • pitzā-ye dāgh
  • • āb-e khonak
✈️

Travel

  • • belit-e havāpeymā
  • • hotel-e gerān
Sign up free to read full explanation

Examples by Level

1

کتابِ من

My book

2

دوستِ خوب

Good friend

3

خانهٔ ما

Our house

4

ماشینِ قرمز

Red car

1

پدرِ مهربانِ من

My kind father

2

آبِ سردِ یخچال

The cold water of the fridge

3

درسِ سختِ امروز

Today's hard lesson

4

گلِ زیبایِ باغچه

The beautiful flower of the garden

1

کتابِ تاریخیِ رویِ میز

The history book on the table

2

نظرِ متفاوتِ استادِ دانشگاه

The university professor's different opinion

3

برنامهٔ جالبِ تلویزیونیِ دیشب

Last night's interesting TV show

4

سفرِ طولانیِ تابستانیِ ما

Our long summer trip

1

نتیجهٔ غیرمنتظرهٔ تحقیقِ علمیِ اخیر

The unexpected result of the recent scientific research

2

ساختارِ پیچیدهٔ زبانِ فارسی

The complex structure of the Persian language

3

مسئولیتِ سنگینِ مدیریتِ پروژه

The heavy responsibility of project management

4

تأثیرِ عمیقِ فرهنگِ ایرانی

The deep influence of Iranian culture

1

توصیفِ شاعرانهٔ غروبِ خورشید

The poetic description of the sunset

2

تحلیلِ دقیقِ وضعیتِ اقتصادیِ موجود

The precise analysis of the current economic situation

3

پیامدِ ناگوارِ تصمیمِ اشتباهِ مدیر

The unfortunate consequence of the manager's wrong decision

4

ظرافتِ بی‌نظیرِ هنرِ مینیاتور

The unique elegance of miniature art

1

تجلّیِ روحِ سرکشِ انسانِ مدرن

The manifestation of the rebellious spirit of modern man

2

پیچیدگیِ ساختاریِ نظامِ حقوقیِ کشور

The structural complexity of the country's legal system

3

تأملاتِ فلسفیِ پیرامونِ مفهومِ هستی

Philosophical reflections on the concept of existence

4

تداومِ تاریخیِ سنت‌هایِ دیرینهٔ ایرانی

The historical continuity of ancient Iranian traditions

Easily Confused

The Persian 'e' Connector (Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. 'Ast' (to be)

Learners often add 'ast' where they should use Ezafe.

The Persian 'e' Connector (Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. 'Ye' (indefinite)

The 'ye' glide sounds like the indefinite 'ye'.

The Persian 'e' Connector (Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. 'Ra' (object marker)

Both are short particles.

常见错误

✗

Ketāb Ali

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Missing the Ezafe marker.
✗

Khāne-e bozorg

✓

Khāne-ye bozorg

Incorrect vowel attachment.
✗

Ketāb-e-e Ali

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Doubling the Ezafe.
✗

Ali Ketāb-e

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Wrong word order.
✗

Ketāb-e-ye Ali

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Over-applying the vowel rule.
✗

Ketāb-e man-e

✓

Ketāb-e man

Adding Ezafe at the end of the phrase.
✗

Khāne bozorg-e

✓

Khāne-ye bozorg

Misplacing the Ezafe.
✗

Ketāb-e-ye bozorg-e Ali

✓

Ketāb-e bozorg-e Ali

Redundant Ezafe in complex chains.
✗

Ketāb-e Ali-e

✓

Ketāb-e Ali ast

Confusing Ezafe with 'to be'.
✗

Khāne-ye-ye Ali

✓

Khāne-ye Ali

Phonetic error.
✗

Ketāb-e-ye-ye Ali

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Hyper-correction.
✗

Ketāb-e Ali-ye

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Incorrect clitic attachment.
✗

Ketāb-e-ye khub-e Ali

✓

Ketāb-e khub-e Ali

Incorrect Ezafe placement.
✗

Ketāb-e Ali-ast

✓

Ketāb-e Ali

Confusing Ezafe with verb.

Sentence Patterns

___-e ___

___-e ___

___-e ___ -e ___

___-e ___ -e ___ -e ___

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Ketāb-e man kojāst?

Social Media very common

Ax-e jadid-e man

Job Interview common

Tajrobe-ye kār-e man

Ordering Food very common

Yek fenjān-e chāy

Travel common

Bilit-e havāpeymā

Food Delivery Apps common

Ghazā-ye irāni

Sign up free to see all examples
💡

The Invisible Vowel

Don't panic if you don't see the Ezafe in a book. Natives just know it's there based on the word order. Practice reading aloud to build your 'Ezafe-dar'!
⚠️

Don't skip the 'Y'

If a word ends in a vowel, skipping the 'y' sound in the Ezafe makes you sound very choppy. It's 'pā-ye man', not 'pā-e man'.
🎯

The LEGO Trick

Think of the Ezafe as the 'of' in English, but flipped. Instead of 'The car of Ali', it's 'Car-of Ali'.

Smart Tips

Always insert an Ezafe sound between them.

Ketāb Ali → Ketāb-e Ali

Use the Ezafe to connect the noun to the adjective.

Māshin ghermez → Māshin-e ghermez

Use 'ye' to avoid a harsh pause.

Khāne-e man → Khāne-ye man

Chain them with Ezafe: Noun-e Adj-e Possessor.

Ketāb khub Ali → Ketāb-e khub-e Ali

发音

/ɛ/

The '-e' sound

A short, light 'e' sound, like in 'bed' but shorter.

/jɛ/

The '-ye' sound

A glide sound to connect vowels.

Noun-Ezafe-Modifier

Ketāb-e ↗ Ali

Rising intonation on the possessor.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Ezafe is the 'glue' that sticks two words together. Just think: 'E' is the glue!

Visual Association

Imagine a tiny drop of superglue (the letter 'e') being placed between two puzzle pieces (the words) to make them snap together.

Rhyme

When the word ends in a consonant, add an 'e', it's pleasant. If it ends in a vowel, add 'ye', as clear as can be.

Story

Ali has a book. He wants to say 'Ali's book'. He takes the book, puts a tiny drop of glue (the Ezafe) on it, and sticks 'Ali' to it. Now they are one unit: 'Ketāb-e Ali'.

Word Web

Ketāb-eDust-eKhāne-yeMāshin-eGol-ePedar-e

挑战

Look around your room for 5 minutes and name objects using the Ezafe (e.g., 'Pen-e man', 'Table-ye bozorg').

文化笔记

In Tehrani dialect, the Ezafe is often shortened or elided in very casual speech.

In formal writing, the Ezafe is strictly maintained.

Poets use the Ezafe to create rhythm and flow.

The Ezafe comes from the Old Persian relative pronoun 'hya'.

Conversation Starters

“

کتابِ موردِ علاقهٔ شما چیست؟

“

ماشینِ علی کجاست؟

“

نظرِ شما دربارهٔ این فیلم چیست؟

“

ساختارِ زبانِ فارسی را چگونه می‌بینید؟

Journal Prompts

Describe your favorite book using the Ezafe.
Describe your family members.
Write about your daily routine.
Discuss a cultural tradition.
Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct Ezafe sound (e or ye)

In Finglish: māshin___ bozorg (The big car)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: e
Since 'māshin' ends in a consonant 'n', we use the simple '-e' sound.
Which sentence correctly links the noun and adjective? 多项选择

Choose the correct phrase for 'Beautiful house':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khāne-ye zibā
'Khāne' ends in a silent 'h' (vowel sound), so we need '-ye' to bridge the gap.
Find and fix the mistake Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

pā man dard mikonad (My foot hurts).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pā-ye man
'Pā' ends in 'ā', so it must have a '-ye' Ezafe to show possession.

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct Ezafe.

Ketāb ___ Ali

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ali ends in a consonant, so add 'e'.
Choose the correct form. 多项选择

Khāne ___ bozorg

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Khāne ends in a vowel, so add 'ye'.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ketāb Ali

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Needs the Ezafe marker.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Ali / Ketāb-e / man

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: d
Correct order is Noun-Ezafe-Possessor.
Translate to Persian. 翻译

My car

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Māshin ends in a consonant.
Build a phrase. Sentence Building

Book + Good

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Noun-Ezafe-Adjective.
Sort the phrases. Grammar Sorting

Which uses 'ye'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Khāne ends in a vowel.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: In chist? B: In ___ man ast.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Ketāb ends in a consonant.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the phrase 填空

ketāb___ Ali (Ali's book)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: e
Translate to Persian 翻译

My phone (Phone = gooshi)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gooshi-ye man
Put the words in order Sentence Reorder

blue (ābi) / the / sky (āsemān)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: āsemān-e ābi
Fix the Ezafe Error Correction

shomāre man (My number)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: shomāre-ye man
Match the noun-adjective pairs Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sib-e ghermez, pā-ye miz, shahr-e Tehrān
Which is correct for 'Mr. Ahmadi'? 多项选择

Choose one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: āghā-ye Ahmadi
Fill the blank 填空

doust___ khub (A good friend)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: e
Translate 'The expensive car' 翻译

Expensive = gerān, Car = māshin

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: māshin-e gerān
Correct the phrase Error Correction

dāneshju jadid (New student)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dāneshju-ye jadid
Which shows possession correctly? 多项选择

Sarah's bag (bag = kif):

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kif-e Sārā

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

It's a historical convention in Persian orthography to omit short vowels.

Yes, whenever you link a noun to a modifier or possessor.

Treat it as a vowel and use 'ye'.

Yes, but you don't write it down.

No, they are completely different.

Check the last letter of the first word.

Similar concepts exist in many languages, but the Persian Ezafe is unique.

Read aloud and focus on connecting words.

Sign up free to practice

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

de

Ezafe is a particle sound; 'de' is a preposition.

French partial

de

Ezafe is attached to the noun; 'de' is not.

German low

Genitive case

German uses inflection; Persian uses a linking particle.

Japanese high

no

Japanese 'no' is a separate word; Ezafe is a sound.

Arabic high

Idafa

Arabic Idafa is a syntactic state; Ezafe is a marker.

Chinese moderate

de

Chinese 'de' is a particle; Ezafe is a sound.

Previous
波斯语时间表达：现在几点？ (ساعت چند است？)
Next
波斯语复合动词：“做”与“说”的模式 (kār kardan)

Related Grammar Rules

C2

掌握堆叠的埃扎菲链 (-e/-ye)

Overview Persian grammar utilizes a foundational connective particle, known as the **Ezafe** (`اضافه`), to establish rel...
A2

Ezafe 链式连接：连接多个名词 (-e, -ye)

### Overview 在波斯语学习中，你一定会反复听到一个词：`Ezafe`（اضافه）。如果你觉得它看起来很陌生，其实你可以把它想象成中...
B1

Ezafe 链：连接单词的神器 (-e)

Overview The Ezafe construction is a cornerstone of Persian grammar, crucial for forming descriptive phrases, indicating...
B2

波斯语 Ezafe 链：连接多个单词 (درِ خانه‌یِ...)

Overview 你有没有试过用波斯语描述你最好的朋友的表哥的猫的 Instagram 页面？这感觉就像一列永无止境的单词火车。这就是 `Ezaf...
C1

无限链条 (嵌套 Ezafe)

Overview The Ezafe construction (`اضافه` in Persian, meaning 'addition' or 'annexation') is a cornerstone of Persian gra...
Was this helpful?

评论 (0)

登录后评论
还没有评论。成为第一个分享想法的人！