C1 Ezafe Construct 8 min read 中等

无限链条 (嵌套 Ezafe)

In a chain, the Ezafe (-e) is the glue that holds the descriptive train together; never drop it until the final stop.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Ezafe (-e/-ye) acts as a grammatical glue, allowing you to chain infinite nouns and adjectives together in a single phrase.

  • Add -e to the end of a word ending in a consonant: کتابِ من (ketab-e man).
  • Add -ye to the end of a word ending in a vowel: خانهٔ من (khane-ye man).
  • Chain multiple modifiers by repeating the Ezafe suffix: کتابِ خوبِ دوستِ من (ketab-e khoob-e doost-e man).
Noun + (-e/-ye) + Adjective/Noun + (-e/-ye) + Adjective/Noun

Overview

The Ezafe construction (اضافه in Persian, meaning 'addition' or 'annexation') is a cornerstone of Persian grammar, fundamentally linking nouns to other nouns or adjectives. While its basic form, like کتابِ من (ketāb-e man, 'my book'), introduces simple possessive or descriptive relationships, the Infinite Chain (also known as Nested Ezafe or Ezafe Chains) expands this mechanism to create highly precise, multi-layered nominal compounds. This C1-level structure is not merely a grammatical curiosity but a critical tool for conveying complex information, reflecting Persian's tendency towards nominalization and dense, information-rich phrases.
At its core, a nested Ezafe construction forms a single, cohesive semantic unit where each subsequent word modifies, describes, or possesses the preceding one. Think of it as a series of Russian nesting dolls, where each doll encloses another, progressively revealing more detail until the final, most specific element. This right-branching structure, where the head noun always precedes its modifiers, is a distinguishing feature of Persian syntax and crucial for understanding how meaning is built in complex phrases.
Mastering the infinite chain is essential for advanced learners. It unlocks the ability to comprehend formal texts, such as news articles, academic papers, and classical literature, which heavily rely on these intricate constructions. Furthermore, it empowers you to express nuanced ideas with native-like precision, moving beyond simple adjective-noun pairs to articulate sophisticated relationships and create highly specific references.

How This Grammar Works

The Ezafe particle, either -e (ـِ) or -ye (ـِی), acts as the grammatical glue, indicating a direct relationship between a Mowsoof (موصوف, the described or possessed element) and its Mozaf (مضاف, the describing or possessing element). In a nested chain, this relationship repeats: the first Mozaf becomes the Mowsoof for the next word, and so on, creating a continuous flow of modification.
Consider the phrase خانهٔ دوستِ برادرِ من (khāne-ye dust-e barādar-e man, 'the house of the friend of my brother'). Here, خانه (khāne, 'house') is the initial Mowsoof. دوست (dust, 'friend') is its Mozaf, and خانهٔ دوست (khāne-ye dust, 'friend's house') functions as a new Mowsoof for برادر (barādar, 'brother').
Finally, برادرِ من (barādar-e man, 'my brother') acts as the Mozaf to دوست (dust, 'friend'). Each -e/-ye signals that the modifying process is continuing.
A key phonetic feature of the nested Ezafe is the stress pattern. In a simple Ezafe, both the noun and the modifier retain their normal stress. However, in a chain, only the absolute final word carries the primary sentence stress.
All intermediate words and their accompanying Ezafe particles are unstressed, forming a single prosodic unit. This lack of intermediate stress is vital; stressing an intermediate word would typically break the chain into separate, less integrated phrases, altering the intended meaning and disrupting the natural rhythm of Persian speech.
For example, in درِ اتاقِ برادرِ من (dar-e otāgh-e barādar-e man, 'my brother's room's door'), the primary stress falls on من (man). If اتاق (otāgh) or برادر (barādar) were stressed, it would imply separate entities being linked, rather than a single, tightly bound descriptive unit. This unique prosody underscores the semantic unity of the entire chain, creating a single, complex concept rather than a sequence of independent ones.

Formation Pattern

1
The formation of the nested Ezafe follows a predictable, iterative pattern. You begin with a head noun, and then append modifiers (either nouns or adjectives) sequentially, each connected by the Ezafe particle. The chain always moves from the most general concept to the most specific, with the final element providing the ultimate detail. The general formula is as follows:
2
Formula: [Head Noun] + [-e/-ye] + [Modifier 1] + [-e/-ye] + [Modifier 2] + [-e/-ye] + ... + [Final Modifier]
3
Each Modifier in the chain functions as a Mozaf to the preceding element and simultaneously as a Mowsoof to the following element, until the final Mozaf is reached. The Ezafe particle itself appears after every word in the chain *except* the very last one.
4
Ezafe Particle Rules:
5
If the preceding word ends in a consonant, use -e (ـِ). For example, کتابِ (ketāb-e, 'book of/that is...').
6
If the preceding word ends in a long vowel ـا (ā), ـو (u), or the short vowel ـه (silent h for e), use -ye (ـِی). For example, دریایِ (daryā-ye, 'sea's'), گلوِیِ (gelu-ye, 'throat's'), خانه‌یِ (khāne-ye, 'house's').
7
Orthographic Note for ـه endings: While phonetically it always sounds like -ye, the written form for Ezafe after ـه sometimes omits the ی (y) and simply relies on the implicit Ezafe marker ِ (e) beneath the ه. However, in formal contexts or to avoid ambiguity, adding the ی (y) as ـه‌یِ (-ye) is also common and often preferred for clarity, especially in published works. For consistency in transliteration, we maintain -ye for all vowel endings where the Ezafe is pronounced.
8
Let's examine some common structural variations that illustrate the progressive complexity:
9
| Structure | Persian Example (with transliteration) | Meaning |
10
| :-------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |\
11
| Noun + Adjective | ماشینِ گران‌قیمت (māshin-e gerān-qeymat) | 'Expensive car' |\
12
| Noun + Noun (Possession) | دوستِ علی (dust-e Ali) | 'Ali's friend' |\
13
| Noun + Noun (Material/Type) | دیوارِ سنگی (divār-e sangi) | 'Stone wall' |\
14
| Noun + Adj + Adj | شهرِ بزرگِ زیبا (shahr-e bozorg-e zibā) | 'Beautiful big city' (lit. 'city-e big-e beautiful') |\
15
| Noun + Adj + Noun | کتابِ جدیدِ دوست (ketāb-e jadid-e dust) | 'Friend's new book' (lit. 'book-e new-e friend') |\
16
| Noun + Noun + Adj | خانهٔ معلمِ خوب (khāne-ye mo'allem-e khub) | 'The good teacher's house' (lit. 'house-e teacher-e good') |\
17
| Noun + Noun + Noun (Possession) | درِ اتاقِ برادر (dar-e otāgh-e barādar) | 'Brother's room's door' (lit. 'door-e room-e brother') |\
18
| Noun + Adj + Noun + Adj | پروژهٔ مهمِ شرکتِ صنعتی (prozhe-ye mohem-e sherkat-e san'ati) | 'Important project of the industrial company' |
19
Notice how the chain builds sequentially, with each element directly relating to the one immediately preceding it. The last word in the chain, صنعتی (san'ati) in the last example, never takes an Ezafe particle after it, as it signifies the conclusion of the modification.

When To Use It

The Nested Ezafe is a hallmark of sophisticated Persian communication, indispensable for achieving clarity and precision, especially in C1-level contexts. Its utility extends across various domains, from formal writing to detailed spoken descriptions.
  1. 1Achieving Hyper-Specificity: When a simple adjective-noun or noun-noun construction is insufficient, the infinite chain allows you to stack layers of detail. For instance, instead of just دانشجو (dāneshju, 'student'), you can specify دانشجویِ سالِ سومِ رشتهٔ مهندسیِ برقِ دانشگاهِ تهران (dāneshju-ye sāl-e sevvom-e reshte-ye mohandesi-ye barq-e dāneshgāh-e Tehrān, 'the third-year electrical engineering student of Tehran University'). This level of detail is common in academic settings, official reports, and complex narratives, where ambiguity must be avoided.
  1. 1Formal and Academic Discourse: The prevalence of nested Ezafe constructions in written Persian, particularly in news media, academic journals, and governmental documents, is striking. This grammatical feature allows for the concise expression of complex ideas that might require entire clauses in other languages. Persian often prefers nominal compounds over verbal clauses to convey information, making Ezafe chains a linguistic efficiency mechanism. For example, a news headline might read تصمیمِ جدیدِ دولتِ آمریکا در موردِ توافقِ هسته‌ای (tasmim-e jadid-e dolat-e Āmrikā dar mored-e tavāfoq-e haste'i, 'America's new government decision regarding the nuclear agreement')—a single, dense phrase conveying a significant amount of information efficiently.
  1. 1Technical and Specialized Language: In scientific, legal, or technical fields, precise terminology is paramount. Nested Ezafe constructions are invaluable for defining specific concepts, components, or procedures. Consider سیستمِ کنترلِ کیفیتِ محصولاتِ پتروشیمی (sistem-e kontrol-e keyfiyat-e mahsulāt-e petroshimi, 'the petrochemical products' quality control system'). Such phrases are not only common but necessary for unambiguous communication in these specialized domains, where exactness is prioritized over brevity.
  1. 1Describing Location and Relationships: Giving detailed directions or describing complex spatial relationships frequently employs Ezafe chains. گوشهٔ شمالِ شرقیِ میدانِ آزادیِ تهران (gushe-ye shomāl-e sharqi-ye meydān-e Āzādi-ye Tehrān, 'the northeast corner of Azadi Square in Tehran'). This illustrates how multiple possessive and descriptive elements combine to pinpoint a specific place, building location details in a logical, nested manner.
  1. 1Idiomatic Expressions and Established Phrases: Many fixed expressions and common collocations in Persian are, in fact, Ezafe chains. While you don't form these on the fly, recognizing their structure aids comprehension and allows you to understand the underlying semantic connections. Examples include وزارتِ امورِ خارجه (vezārat-e omur-e khāreje, 'Ministry of Foreign Affairs') or رئیسِ جمهورِ اسلامیِ ایران (ra'is-e jomhūr-e eslāmi-ye Irān, 'President of the Islamic Republic of Iran'). These phrases, though common, retain their Ezafe structure.
In essence, the Infinite Chain is your gateway to fluency in formal and nuanced Persian. It allows you to build intricate conceptual structures within a single nominal phrase, reflecting a characteristic elegance and precision of the language that is often admired.

Common Mistakes

Navigating the nuances of the Infinite Chain can be challenging for learners. Here are some of the most frequent errors and strategies to avoid them, focusing on the *why* behind the errors:
  1. 1Omitting the Ezafe Particle: This is perhaps the most common mistake, often stemming from an attempt to directly translate English adjectival phrases or noun compounds. In English, you might say

Ezafe Suffix Rules

Ending Letter Type Suffix Example Translation
Consonant
-e (ِ)
کتابِ من
My book
Vowel (a, o)
-ye (ٔ)
خانهٔ ما
Our house
Vowel (i, u)
-ye (ٔ)
مویِ بلند
Long hair

Meanings

The Ezafe is a clitic particle used to link a noun to its modifiers, possessors, or complements.

1

Possession

Indicates ownership or relationship.

“کتابِ علی (Ali's book)”

“خانهٔ ما (Our house)”

2

Adjectival Modification

Links a noun to its descriptive adjective.

“گلِ زیبا (Beautiful flower)”

“هوایِ سرد (Cold weather)”

3

Recursive Chaining

Linking multiple attributes or possessors in a sequence.

“کتابِ جدیدِ دوستِ صمیمیِ من (My close friend's new book)”

“خانهٔ بزرگِ سفیدِ پدرم (My father's big white house)”

Reference Table

Reference table for 无限链条 (嵌套 Ezafe)
Form Structure Example
Simple
Noun + Ezafe + Possessor
کتابِ علی
Adjectival
Noun + Ezafe + Adjective
گلِ زیبا
Nested
Noun + Ezafe + Adj + Ezafe + Possessor
کتابِ خوبِ علی
Vowel-End
Noun(vowel) + Hamza + Modifier
خانهٔ بزرگ
Negative
N/A (Ezafe is not used in negation)
N/A
Question
Noun + Ezafe + Possessor + ? (Intonation)
کتابِ علی؟

正式程度

正式
اتومبیلِ دوستِ من

اتومبیلِ دوستِ من (Possession)

中性
ماشینِ دوستِ من

ماشینِ دوستِ من (Possession)

非正式
ماشینِ دوستم

ماشینِ دوستم (Possession)

俚语
ماشینِ رفیقم

ماشینِ رفیقم (Possession)

The Ezafe Chain

Noun

Modifier

  • قرمز red

Possessor

  • من my
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按水平分级的例句

1

کتابِ من

My book

2

ماشینِ قرمز

Red car

3

خانهٔ علی

Ali's house

4

گلِ زیبا

Beautiful flower

1

دوستِ صمیمیِ من

My close friend

2

هوایِ سردِ تهران

Tehran's cold weather

3

ماشینِ جدیدِ پدرم

My father's new car

4

خانهٔ بزرگِ ما

Our big house

1

کتابِ جالبِ نویسندهٔ معروفِ ایرانی

The interesting book of the famous Iranian author

2

برنامهٔ کاریِ فشردهٔ مدیرِ شرکت

The company manager's tight work schedule

3

لباسِ ابریشمیِ آبیِ گران‌قیمت

The expensive blue silk dress

4

نتیجهٔ مثبتِ آزمایشِ پزشکیِ او

The positive result of his medical test

1

تحلیلِ دقیقِ وضعیتِ سیاسیِ فعلیِ منطقه

The precise analysis of the region's current political situation

2

پیشنهادِ وسوسه‌انگیزِ همکارِ قدیمیِ من

The tempting offer of my old colleague

3

ساختمانِ تاریخیِ بازسازی‌شدهٔ مرکزِ شهر

The renovated historical building of the city center

4

تأثیرِ عمیقِ فرهنگِ غنیِ ایران

The deep impact of Iran's rich culture

1

پیچیدگیِ ساختاریِ زبانِ فارسیِ کلاسیک

The structural complexity of classical Persian language

2

تلاشِ بی‌وقفهٔ گروهِ تحقیقاتیِ دانشگاه

The university research group's tireless effort

3

مفهومِ انتزاعیِ عدالتِ اجتماعیِ جهانی

The abstract concept of global social justice

4

ارزشِ هنریِ آثارِ خلق‌شدهٔ استاد

The artistic value of the master's created works

1

تجلّیِ روحِ سرکشِ شاعرِ دردمندِ معاصر

The manifestation of the contemporary suffering poet's rebellious spirit

2

پارادوکسِ نهفتهٔ درونِ ساختارِ قدرتِ مطلقه

The paradox hidden within the structure of absolute power

3

تکاملِ تدریجیِ نظامِ آواییِ زبان‌هایِ هندواروپایی

The gradual evolution of the Indo-European language phonetic system

4

جلوهٔ باشکوهِ معماریِ اصیلِ دورانِ صفویه

The magnificent display of authentic Safavid-era architecture

容易混淆

The Infinite Chain (Nested Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. Va (And)

Learners often use 'va' to connect adjectives to nouns.

The Infinite Chain (Nested Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. Az (From/Of)

Learners use 'az' for possession.

The Infinite Chain (Nested Ezafe) 对比 Ezafe vs. Relative Clauses

Learners use relative clauses for simple descriptions.

常见错误

✗

کتاب من

✓

کتابِ من

Missing the Ezafe connector.
✗

قرمز ماشین

✓

ماشینِ قرمز

Wrong word order.
✗

خانهِ من

✓

خانهٔ من

Used '-e' instead of '-ye' after a vowel.
✗

کتاب و من

✓

کتابِ من

Used 'and' instead of Ezafe.
✗

ماشینِ سریعِ و قرمز

✓

ماشینِ سریعِ قرمز

Unnecessary 'va' in an Ezafe chain.
✗

دوستِ منِ خوب

✓

دوستِ خوبِ من

Incorrect order of possessor and adjective.
✗

خانهٔ بزرگِ و سفید

✓

خانهٔ بزرگِ سفید

Redundant 'va'.
✗

کتابِ علیِ من

✓

کتابِ علی

Double possession error.
✗

ماشینِ که قرمز است

✓

ماشینِ قرمز

Using a relative clause instead of a simple Ezafe chain.
✗

دوستِ من که خوب است

✓

دوستِ خوبِ من

Unnecessary relative clause.
✗

تأثیرِ عمیقِ و مثبتِ فرهنگ

✓

تأثیرِ عمیقِ مثبتِ فرهنگ

Adding 'va' in a formal chain.
✗

ساختمانِ تاریخیِ که بازسازی شده

✓

ساختمانِ تاریخیِ بازسازی‌شده

Using a clause instead of an Ezafe-linked participle.
✗

تحلیلِ وضعیتِ که سیاسی است

✓

تحلیلِ وضعیتِ سیاسی

Clunky relative clause usage.
✗

ارزشِ هنریِ آثارِ که خلق شده

✓

ارزشِ هنریِ آثارِ خلق‌شده

Incorrect relative clause usage.

句型

___ِ ___ِ من

___ِ ___ِ ___ِ من

تحلیلِ ___ِ ___ِ ___

___ِ ___ِ ___ِ ___ِ ___

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

عکسِ جدیدِ من

Texting constant

خونهٔ مامانم

Job Interview very common

سوابقِ کاریِ من

Ordering Food common

پیتزایِ مخصوصِ سرآشپز

Travel common

بلیطِ هواپیمایِ تهران

Academic Writing very common

نتایجِ تحقیقِ علمی

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💡

Listen for the 'e'

When listening to native speakers, pay attention to the short 'e' sound between words. It's the key to parsing the sentence.
⚠️

Don't skip the Ezafe

Skipping the Ezafe makes your Persian sound broken. Always include it in your noun phrases.
🎯

Practice chaining

Start with two words, then add a third, then a fourth. This builds your 'Ezafe muscle'.
💬

Register matters

In very casual speech, the Ezafe might be shortened, but in writing, always be precise.

Smart Tips

Always put the adjective after the noun with an Ezafe.

قرمز ماشین → ماشینِ قرمز

Chain them with Ezafe.

ماشینِ قرمز و سریع → ماشینِ قرمزِ سریع

Put the possessor at the end of the chain.

من ماشینِ قرمز → ماشینِ قرمزِ من

Don't forget the hamza!

خانهِ من → خانهٔ من

发音

/e/

Ezafe vowel

The Ezafe is a short 'e' sound, like the 'e' in 'bed'.

/je/

Hamza

When a word ends in a vowel, the Ezafe is written as a hamza (ٔ) and pronounced as a slight 'ye' sound.

Rising

کتابِ علی؟

Indicates a question about the object.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of the Ezafe as a 'sticky note' that you place between words to glue them together.

视觉联想

Imagine a chain where every link is a small, glowing '-e' symbol connecting two heavy iron rings (the words).

Rhyme

When the word ends in a sound, add an 'e' to keep it bound.

Story

Once there was a lonely Noun who couldn't find its friends. It found a magical glue called Ezafe. It used the glue to stick an Adjective to its side, then a Possessor, and soon it had a long, happy chain of words.

Word Web

کتابِخانهٔماشینِدوستِزیبایِبزرگِ

挑战

Write a 5-word chain describing your favorite object in Persian.

文化笔记

In spoken Tehrani, the Ezafe is often elided or merged into the preceding word.

Literary Persian uses the Ezafe to create dense, rhythmic chains that are essential for poetry.

In formal writing, the Ezafe is always explicitly marked with a kasra or hamza.

The Ezafe comes from the Old Persian relative pronoun 'hya', which evolved into a connector.

对话开场白

“

کتابِ موردِ علاقهٔ شما چیست؟

“

ماشینِ جدیدِ برادرتان چه رنگی است؟

“

نظرِ شما دربارهٔ وضعیتِ سیاسیِ فعلی چیست؟

“

تأثیرِ فرهنگِ ایران بر هنرِ جهان چیست؟

日记主题

Describe your house using at least 5 Ezafe chains.
Write about your best friend's personality.
Analyze a recent news event using complex Ezafe chains.
Reflect on the artistic value of a movie you saw.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

Fill in the correct Ezafe suffix.

کتاب___ من

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ِ
Ketab ends in a consonant, so use -e.
Choose the correct phrase. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشینِ قرمز
The Ezafe is needed between the noun and adjective.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

خانهِ من

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خانهٔ من
Khane ends in a vowel, so use -ye (hamza).
Order the words to make a correct Ezafe chain. Sentence Building

من / کتاب / خوب / علی

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتابِ خوبِ علی
Noun + Adj + Possessor.
Transform the sentence to use an Ezafe chain. Sentence Transformation

ماشینی که قرمز است

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشینِ قرمز
Ezafe replaces the relative clause.
Match the phrase to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: همه صحیح
All are correct.
Add the correct Ezafe to these words. Conjugation Drill

کتاب، خانه، ماشین، گل

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتابِ، خانهٔ، ماشینِ، گلِ
Correct suffixes for consonant/vowel endings.
Is the Ezafe used in negative sentences? True False Rule

True or False?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Ezafe is for noun phrases, not sentence negation.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct Ezafe suffix.

کتاب___ من

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ِ
Ketab ends in a consonant, so use -e.
Choose the correct phrase. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشینِ قرمز
The Ezafe is needed between the noun and adjective.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

خانهِ من

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خانهٔ من
Khane ends in a vowel, so use -ye (hamza).
Order the words to make a correct Ezafe chain. Sentence Building

من / کتاب / خوب / علی

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتابِ خوبِ علی
Noun + Adj + Possessor.
Transform the sentence to use an Ezafe chain. Sentence Transformation

ماشینی که قرمز است

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ماشینِ قرمز
Ezafe replaces the relative clause.
Match the phrase to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: همه صحیح
All are correct.
Add the correct Ezafe to these words. Conjugation Drill

کتاب، خانه، ماشین، گل

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتابِ، خانهٔ، ماشینِ، گلِ
Correct suffixes for consonant/vowel endings.
Is the Ezafe used in negative sentences? True False Rule

True or False?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Ezafe is for noun phrases, not sentence negation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Link 'Tehran's Grand Bazaar'. 填空

Bâzâr ___ Bozorg ___ Tehrân

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -e / -e
Arrange the words to form: 'The difficult final exam questions'. Sentence Reorder

Arrange: emtehân / soâlât-e / nahâyi-ye / sakht-e

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Soâlât-e sakht-e emtehân-e nahâyi
Select the correct spoken form for 'My friend's house'. 多项选择

Written: Khâne-ye dust-e man. Spoken:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Khune-ye dustam
Translate: 'rang-e divâr-e otâgh' 翻译

What does this chain mean?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The room's wall color
Fix the mistake in: 'Seda-ye zibâ-e in khânande' Error Correction

Seda-ye zibâ-e in khânande

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Seda-ye zibâ-ye in khânande
Match the Persian chain to the English meaning. Match Pairs

Match items

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kif-e charm-e ghahve'i :: The brown leather bag
Complete the phrase: 'The View of the Caspian Sea'. 填空

Namâ ___ Daryâ ___ Khazar

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -ye / -ye
Which is a valid 'Chain of 3'? 多项选择

Select the valid chain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ketâb-e miz-e sefid
Translate 'The end of the sad story'. 翻译

Pâyân-e dâstân-e ghamgin

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Fix: 'Manzel-e pedar-e bozorg-e man' (My grandfather's house). Error Correction

Is 'Pedar-e bozorg' correct for Grandfather?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No, it should be 'Pedarbozorg-e man'
Formal Title: 'The Minister of Interior Affairs'. 填空

Vazir ___ Omur ___ Dâkheli

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -e / -e
Identify the chain in this sentence. 多项选择

'Did you see the new episode of that series?'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ghesmat-e jadid-e un seriâl

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

It is a grammatical connector used to link nouns to modifiers and possessors.

Use '-e' after consonants and '-ye' (hamza) after vowels.

Yes, you can stack as many modifiers as you need using the Ezafe.

Yes, it is essential for natural-sounding Persian.

It's a small sound, but practice makes it automatic.

No, 'va' is for listing, Ezafe is for linking.

Use a kasra (ِ) or a hamza (ٔ).

It defines the relationship between words, so it is crucial for meaning.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

de

Persian is a suffix; Spanish is a preposition.

French moderate

de

Persian is a suffix; French is a preposition.

German partial

Genitive case

German changes the noun form; Persian adds a suffix.

Japanese high

no

Japanese 'no' is a particle; Persian Ezafe is a suffix.

Arabic high

Idafa

Arabic Idafa is more restricted; Persian Ezafe is more flexible.

Chinese high

de

Chinese 'de' is a particle; Persian Ezafe is a suffix.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
波斯语抽象名词：“...的美丽” (khubi-ye)

Related Grammar Rules

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