페르시아어 단순 과거: 했다, 갔다 (-am, -i, -)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The simple past describes completed actions; just add the correct personal ending to the past stem of the verb.
- Find the past stem by removing '-an' from the infinitive (e.g., raftan -> raft).
- Add the personal ending: -am, -i, - (none), -im, -id, -and.
- For negatives, add the prefix 'na-' to the beginning of the verb.
Overview
How This Grammar Works
an (ـن)으로 끝납니다. 과거형을 만들려면 이 끝부분을 잘라내기만 하면 됩니다. 남은 것이 바로 «과거 어간»입니다. 예를 들어, raftan(가다)은 raft가 됩니다. 이 어간은 모든 인칭에서 변하지 않습니다. 영어처럼 go가 went로 바뀌지 않죠. 어간 뒤에 누구인지 나타내는 작은 접미사만 추가하면 됩니다.
Formation Pattern
khordan(먹다)과 같은 부정사에서 시작합니다.
an (ـن)을 제거하여 과거 어간을 얻습니다: khord (خورد).
-am -> khordam (먹었다)
-i -> khordi (먹었다)
khord (먹었다)
-im -> khordim (먹었다)
-id -> khordid (먹었다)
-and -> khordand (먹었다)
When To Use It
- SNS: «스토리 올렸어» (
estori gozashtam). - 일상: «빵 샀어» (
nan kharidam). - 넷플릭스: «시즌 정주행했어» (
tamam-e fasl-o didam).
Common Mistakes
raft-esh라고 하지 말고 그냥 raft라고 하세요. 또한, 처음 보는 사람이나 어른에게는 예의를 갖추기 위해 복수형 어미 -id를 사용하는 것을 잊지 마세요.Contrast With Similar Patterns
raftam)와 현재 완료(rafte-am)가 있습니다. 초보자라면 먼저 단순 과거를 익히세요. 진행 중인 과거를 나타내는 미완료 과거(mi-가 붙음)와 혼동하지 마세요.Quick FAQ
과거 어간은 항상 규칙적인가요?
네! 부정사에서 an만 빼면 됩니다.
부정문은 어떻게 만드나요?
앞에 na-를 붙입니다. naraftam(안 갔다).
'나' 같은 대명사를 꼭 써야 하나요?
보통은 안 씁니다. 동사 어미만으로도 누구인지 알 수 있기 때문입니다.
Meanings
The simple past is used to describe actions that were completed at a specific time in the past.
Completed Action
An action that happened and finished in the past.
“او کتاب را خواند”
“ما ناهار خوردیم”
Narrative Past
Used in storytelling to sequence events.
“او وارد شد، سلام کرد و نشست”
“خورشید طلوع کرد”
Negative Past
Denying an action occurred.
“من نرفتم”
“او نخورد”
Conjugation of 'Raftan' (To Go)
| Pronoun | Ending | Conjugated Form |
|---|---|---|
| Man (I) | -am | Raftam |
| To (You) | -i | Rafti |
| Ou (He/She) | none | Raft |
| Ma (We) | -im | Raftim |
| Shoma (You pl.) | -id | Raftid |
| Anha (They) | -and | Raftand |
Reference Table
| Person | Suffix | Example (Raftan - to go) |
|---|---|---|
| I (Man) | -am | raftam (I went) |
| You (To) | -i | rafti (You went) |
| He/She (U) | (none) | raft (He/She went) |
| We (Mā) | -im | raftim (We went) |
| You pl. (Shomā) | -id | raftid (You went) |
| They (Anhā) | -and | raftand (They went) |
격식 수준 스펙트럼
من به فروشگاه رفتم. (Daily errand)
من به مغازه رفتم. (Daily errand)
رفتم مغازه. (Daily errand)
زدم تو کار مغازه. (Daily errand)
Anatomy of a Past Tense Verb
The Base
- Past Stem Infinitive minus -an
The Suffixes
- -am, -i, -im Personal endings
Formal vs. Informal 'You'
How to Conjugate
Is the subject He/She/It?
Is it negative?
Essential Past Stems
Movement
- • raft (went)
- • āmad (came)
- • resid (arrived)
Actions
- • khord (ate)
- • did (saw)
- • nevesht (wrote)
Examples by Level
من دیروز غذا خوردم
I ate food yesterday
او به خانه رفت
He went home
ما فیلم دیدیم
We watched a movie
تو کتاب خواندی
You read a book
من دیروز به مدرسه نرفتم
I didn't go to school yesterday
آیا تو دیروز کار کردی؟
Did you work yesterday?
آنها دیر رسیدند
They arrived late
شما چه چیزی خریدید؟
What did you buy?
وقتی رسیدم، او رفته بود
When I arrived, he had gone
او گفت که دیروز به بازار رفت
He said he went to the market yesterday
اگر میدانستم، میآمدم
If I had known, I would have come
او تصمیم گرفت که برود
He decided to go
او با دقت نامه را نوشت و امضا کرد
He carefully wrote and signed the letter
در آن سال، تغییرات زیادی رخ داد
In that year, many changes occurred
او نتوانست حقیقت را بگوید
He could not tell the truth
ما به نتیجه نرسیدیم
We did not reach a conclusion
او چنان با مهارت سخن گفت که همه تحت تأثیر قرار گرفتند
He spoke with such skill that everyone was impressed
او از فرصت استفاده کرد و پیشنهاد داد
He took the opportunity and made a proposal
این واقعه مسیر تاریخ را تغییر داد
This event changed the course of history
او به ندرت در جلسات شرکت کرد
He rarely participated in the meetings
او در آن لحظه به یاد آورد که چه چیزی را فراموش کرده بود
At that moment, he remembered what he had forgotten
او با وجود مشکلات، به راه خود ادامه داد
Despite the problems, he continued on his way
این تصمیم، سرنوشت او را رقم زد
This decision determined his fate
او در نهایت به حقیقت پی برد
He finally realized the truth
Easily Confused
Learners often use the simple past for habitual actions.
Learners use simple past when the time is not specified.
Mixing up completed actions with ongoing past actions.
자주 하는 실수
Raftam-am
Raftam
Na-raft
Naraft
Raft-i-am
Raftam
Raftan-i
Rafti
Man rafti
Man raftam
Raftam diruz
Diruz raftam
Naraftam-i
Naraftam
Raftam-e
Raftam
Raftam-im
Raftim
Naraft-am
Naraftam
Raftam-e-bud
Raftam
Raft-e
Raft
Naraft-e
Naraft
Sentence Patterns
من دیروز ___ کردم.
آیا تو ___ رفتی؟
ما ___ را ندیدیم.
او گفت که ___ کرد.
Real World Usage
کجا رفتی؟
من در آن پروژه کار کردم.
من بلیط را خریدم.
امروز خیلی خوش گذشت!
من پیتزا سفارش دادم.
رئیس جمهور سخنرانی کرد.
Drop the Pronoun
The Silent 3rd Person
Politeness Matters
Smart Tips
Always learn the infinitive and past stem together.
The 'na-' prefix is always attached.
Focus on the ending sound.
Use time markers to clarify.
발음
Stress
Stress usually falls on the last syllable of the stem.
Question
Rafti? ↑
Rising pitch at the end indicates a question.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember 'Past is a Blast': Take the stem, add the ending, and you're done!
Visual Association
Imagine a train (the verb) arriving at a station (the past). The passengers (the endings) hop on at the end of the train.
Rhyme
Take the stem and add the bit, now you've made the past of it!
Story
Yesterday, I (raftam) to the store. I (kharidam) bread. I (khordam) lunch. It was a good day.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 5 sentences about what you did this morning in 5 minutes.
문화 노트
In casual speech, the final 'd' in 'raftand' is often dropped.
Always use the full 'd' ending in writing.
The simple past is the primary tense for historical narration.
The Persian simple past is derived from the Old Persian past participle.
Conversation Starters
دیروز چه کار کردی؟
آخر هفته کجا رفتی؟
اولین باری که به ایران آمدی چه حسی داشتی؟
در دوران کودکی چه بازیهایی انجام دادی؟
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Man film rā ____. (I watched the movie)
Choose the right option:
Find and fix the mistake:
Mā ghazā khord.
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesمن به خانه ___.
Find and fix the mistake:
او نرفتم.
من غذا ___.
دیروز / رفتم / من / بازار
They arrived.
Match: Man, To, Ma
Infinitive: 'Khandan'
ما فیلم ___.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesShomā be Tehrān ____.
They read the book. (to read = khāndan, book = ketāb)
kharidam / man / nān
Match them:
To ketāb khāndam.
Choose the negative form:
Man emruz dars ____.
We ate.
didid / shomā / rā / film
Past stem of neveshtan:
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Remove the '-an' from the infinitive verb. For example, 'raftan' becomes 'raft'.
Yes, the endings are consistent for almost every verb in Persian.
Add 'na-' to the beginning of the verb. 'Raftam' becomes 'naraftam'.
Most Persian verbs are regular in the past tense. Only a few have irregular stems.
No, this is only for past actions.
No, Persian verbs do not change based on the gender of the subject.
Use the same structure as a statement but raise your intonation at the end.
Confusing the past stem with the present stem.
In Other Languages
Pretérito indefinido
Spanish has more irregular stems.
Passé composé
Persian uses suffixes, not auxiliaries.
Präteritum
German has strong/weak verb classes.
Ta-form
Persian conjugates for person.
Madi
Arabic has gendered endings.
Le particle
Persian is inflectional.
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