A1 Sentence Structure 6 min read かんたん

ペルシャ語で「いいえ」を言う：否定動詞 (نـ, نمیـ)

To make any Persian verb negative, simply attach the prefix 'na-' or 'ne-' to its very beginning.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

To make a Persian verb negative, simply add the prefix 'na-' (نَ) or 'ne-' (نِ) to the beginning of the verb.

  • Add 'na-' to most verbs: 'mi-ravam' (I go) becomes 'na-mi-ravam' (I don't go).
  • The prefix 'na-' always attaches directly to the start of the verb stem or prefix.
  • In the verb 'to be' (hastan), the negative form is irregular: 'nistam' (I am not).
na- + Verb = Negative Verb

Overview

しつこい屋台の店主に「これはいりません」と言おうとして、一文字忘れたために「これが欲しいです」と言ってしまったことはありませんか？ペルシャ語では、「はい」と「いいえ」の差は、多くの場合、たった一つの小さな接頭辞 نـ (na-) だけです。これはあなたの語彙にとって究極のパワームーブです。ペルシャ語の動詞が映画だとしたら、否定の接頭辞は最後の瞬間にすべてを覆すどんでん返しのようなものです。日本語の「〜ない」のように、ペルシャ語でも非常に一貫しています。動詞の前に「na」または「ne」の音を付けるだけで完了です。

Word Order Rules

ペルシャ語は主語-目的語-動詞（SOV）の構造に従います。つまり、動詞は常にビデオゲームのラスボスのように文の最後に位置します。文を否定にする場合、否定の接頭辞は文の最後にあるその動詞に直接くっつきます。英語のように「no」の部分を文の途中に移動させることはありません。例えば、「私はパンを食べない」では、「ない」は「食べる」と合体しています：من نان نمی‌خورم (Man nān nemi-khoram)。

How This Grammar Works

ここでの秘訣は接頭辞 نـ (na-) です。この接頭辞は磁石のようなもので、動詞句の最も重要な部分にくっつこうとします。現在形では、進行のマーカーである می (mi) にくっつきます。過去形では、過去語幹に直接くっつきます。ペルシャ語の面白いところは、否定を作るために助動詞を必要としないことです。動詞自体を変えるだけです。スマートホームアプリの切り替えスイッチのようなものだと考えてください。「na」スイッチを入れれば、意味が反転します。

Formation Pattern

1
動詞を否定にするには、特定のステップに従います：
2
動詞の語幹（現在または過去）を特定する。
3
現在形の場合：می (mi-) 接頭辞の前に نـ (ne-) を付ける。
4
過去形の場合：過去語幹に直接 نـ (na-) を付ける。
5
「〜である」（am/is/are）の場合：هست (hast) の代わりに特別な単語 نیست (nist) を使う。
6
「持っている」（have）の場合：現在語幹に直接 نـ (na-) を付ける。

Pattern Variations

نـ のルールが基本ですが、独自の動きをする「セレブ」動詞がいくつかあります。最も有名なのは「〜である」という動詞です。現在形では、「私は〜です」は هستم ですが、「私は〜ではありません」は نیستم になります。「h」の音が消えて「n」に置き換わることに注目してください。また、テヘラン方言などの話し言葉では、نمی‌روم が نمی‌رم に短縮されることがよくあります。

Real Conversations

シナリオ1：北テヘランのおしゃれなカフェにて。

客：ببخشید، من قهوه نمی‌خورم. چای دارید؟ (すみません、私はコーヒーを飲みません。紅茶はありますか？)

店員：بله، حتماً. (はい、もちろんです。)

シナリオ2：Netflixの番組について友達にメッセージを送る。

友達A：سریال جدید رو دیدی؟ (新しいシリーズ見た？)

友達B：نه، هنوز ندیدم. قشنگه؟ (ううん、まだ見てない。面白い？)

Common Mistakes

初心者が最も陥りやすい罠は、現在形を否定にする際に می (mi) を忘れてしまうことです。من نه روم とは言えません。常に می を入れて نمی‌روم と言います。もう一つのよくある間違いは、動詞にくっつく接頭辞ではなく、単独の単語としての「いいえ」(نه) を動詞の中に使ってしまうことです。

Quick FAQ

Q：否定の接頭辞でアクセントの位置は変わりますか？
A：はい！ペルシャ語では、アクセントは通常、否定の接頭辞 نـ に置かれます。
Q：نه と否定動詞を一緒に使えますか？
A：もちろんです。日本語の「いいえ、行きません」と同じように、نه، نمی‌روم と言えます。

Meanings

Negation is used to express the absence of an action, state, or existence. In Persian, this is primarily achieved through prefixation.

1

Standard Negation

Negating an action or state.

“من نمی‌خورم (I don't eat.)”

“او نمی‌بیند (He/she doesn't see.)”

Negation in Present Tense

Pronoun Positive Negative
Man (I) mi-ravam nemi-ravam
To (You) mi-ravi nemi-ravi
Ou (He/She) mi-ravad nemi-ravad
Ma (We) mi-ravim nemi-ravim
Shoma (You pl.) mi-ravid nemi-ravid
Anha (They) mi-ravand nemi-ravand

Common Contractions

Full Form Colloquial
nemi-ravam nemiram
nemi-danam nemidoonam

Reference Table

Reference table for ペルシャ語で「いいえ」を言う：否定動詞 (نـ, نمیـ)
Tense/Verb Positive Negative English Translation
Present (Go) می‌روم (miravam) نمی‌روم (nemiravam) I don't go
Past (Went) رفتم (raftam) نرفتم (naraftam) I didn't go
To Be (is) است (ast) نیست (nist) It is not
To Have (have) دارم (dāram) ندارم (nadāram) I don't have
Present (Eat) می‌خورم (mikhoram) نمی‌خورم (nemikhoram) I don't eat
Past (Saw) دیدم (didam) ندیدم (nadidam) I didn't see

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
من نمی‌دانم

من نمی‌دانم (General)

ニュートラル
نمی‌دانم

نمی‌دانم (General)

カジュアル
نمی‌دونم

نمی‌دونم (General)

スラング
نمیدونم

نمیدونم (General)

The Anatomy of a Negative Verb

Negative Verb

Prefixes

  • نـ / نمیـ na / nemi

Exceptions

  • نیست is not (nist)
  • ندارم I don't have (nadāram)

Present vs. Past Negation

Present Tense
نمی‌خورم I don't eat
نمی‌روم I don't go
Past Tense
نخوردم I didn't eat
نرفتم I didn't go

How to Negate a Verb

1

Is the verb 'to be' (am/is/are)?

YES
Use 'nist' forms
NO
Check the tense
2

Is it Present Tense?

YES
Add 'ne' before 'mi'
NO ↓

Common Negative Phrases

💬

Social

  • • نمی‌دانم (I don't know)
  • • نمی‌توانم (I can't)
🛒

Shopping

  • • نمی‌خواهم (I don't want)
  • • ندارم (I don't have)
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レベル別の例文

1

من نمی‌روم

I am not going.

2

او نمی‌خورد

He/she is not eating.

3

ما نمی‌دانیم

We don't know.

4

آن‌ها نمی‌بینند

They don't see.

1

من کتاب را نخریدم

I didn't buy the book.

2

او نمی‌تواند بیاید

He/she cannot come.

3

ما فیلم را ندیدیم

We didn't see the movie.

4

شما نمی‌خواهید بروید

You don't want to go.

1

او هرگز به من نگفت

He never told me.

2

من هنوز نرسیده‌ام

I haven't arrived yet.

3

آن‌ها تصمیم نگرفتند

They didn't decide.

4

ما نمی‌توانستیم صحبت کنیم

We couldn't talk.

1

اگر نمی‌آمدی، بهتر بود

If you hadn't come, it would have been better.

2

او نمی‌خواست که ما برویم

He didn't want us to go.

3

من هیچ‌چیز نمی‌دانستم

I didn't know anything.

4

آن‌ها نباید این کار را می‌کردند

They shouldn't have done this.

1

او نتوانست از عهده کار برآید

He couldn't handle the task.

2

من هرگز چنین چیزی نشنیده‌ام

I have never heard such a thing.

3

او نمی‌بایست آن حرف را می‌زد

He shouldn't have said that.

4

ما نمی‌توانیم از این واقعیت چشم‌پوشی کنیم

We cannot ignore this fact.

1

او نه تنها نیامد، بلکه تماس هم نگرفت

He not only didn't come, but he didn't even call.

2

هیچ‌کس نمی‌تواند این حقیقت را انکار کند

No one can deny this truth.

3

او نخواست که در این بحث شرکت کند

He did not want to participate in this discussion.

4

ما نمی‌توانیم به این سادگی از کنارش بگذریم

We cannot simply pass by it.

間違えやすい

Saying No in Persian: Negative Verbs (نـ, نمیـ) 対 Na vs Nemi

Learners mix up the standalone 'no' with the prefix.

Saying No in Persian: Negative Verbs (نـ, نمیـ) 対 Nist vs Na

Using 'na' instead of 'nist' for 'to be'.

Saying No in Persian: Negative Verbs (نـ, نمیـ) 対 Past vs Present

Adding 'mi' to past negative.

よくある間違い

✗

man na miravam

✓

man nemiravam

Negation is a prefix, not a separate word.
✗

man neravam

✓

man nemiravam

Don't drop the 'mi' prefix in present tense.
✗

na man miravam

✓

man nemiravam

The prefix goes on the verb, not the subject.
✗

nemiravam na

✓

nemiravam

Double negation is not used this way.
✗

naraftam

✓

naraftam

Correct, but ensure you don't add 'mi' to past tense.
✗

nemidanam

✓

nemidoonam

Colloquial vs formal confusion.
✗

nakhahad raft

✓

nakhahad raft

Prefix attaches to the auxiliary in future.
✗

kar nemi-konam

✓

nemi-konam

Prefix attaches to the verb part of compound verbs.
✗

nemi-shodam

✓

nemi-shodam

Consistency in past continuous.
✗

na-goftam

✓

nagoftam

Spelling consistency.
✗

nemi-tavanestam

✓

nemitavanestam

Standardization of prefix.
✗

na-bood

✓

nabood

Verb 'to be' negation.
✗

nemi-bayam

✓

nemi-bayam

Modal negation.

文型パターン

من ___ نمی‌کنم.

من ___ را ندیدم.

اگر ___ نمی‌کردی، بهتر بود.

من نمی‌توانم ___ کنم.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

nemitoonam biyam

Ordering Food very common

man goosht nemikhoram

Job Interview common

man in barname ra nemishnasam

Travel common

man nemidanam koja beravam

Social Media very common

man in post ra nemipasandam

Customer Service common

man nemitoonam in ra ghabool konam

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💡

Stress the 'Na'

In English, we stress the verb. In Persian, emphasize the negative prefix to make sure you are understood.
⚠️

The 'Have' Trap

Never say 'nemi-dāram'. It's always 'nadāram'. This is the most common mistake for beginners!
💬

Tarof and Negatives

Iranians might say 'na' (no) several times before accepting a gift. It's polite, not necessarily a rejection!

Smart Tips

Always combine 'na' and 'mi' into 'nemi'.

na miravam → nemiravam

Don't add 'mi'. Just 'na' + past stem.

nemi-raftam → naraftam

Attach the prefix to the first part.

kar na-mikardam → nemi-kardam

Use 'nemitoonam' instead of just 'na'.

na → nemitoonam

発音

NA-mi-ravam

Stress

The stress often shifts to the 'na-' prefix in negative verbs.

Declarative Negative

من نمی‌روم ↓

Falling intonation for a statement.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'na' as a 'No' shield you place in front of your verb to block the action.

視覚的連想

Imagine a giant red 'X' stamp being placed on top of a verb as you say 'na'.

Rhyme

Add 'na' to the start, to keep the action apart.

Story

Ali wanted to go to the park. He said 'miravam'. But it started raining. He added his shield: 'nemiravam'. He stayed home and read a book.

Word Web

naneministnaboodnakhahadnaraft

チャレンジ

Take 5 verbs you know and turn them all negative in 60 seconds.

文化メモ

Colloquial Tehrani often shortens 'nemi-' to 'ne-' or 'ni-' in very fast speech.

In formal writing, the full 'nemi-' form is always used.

Poets may occasionally use archaic negation forms for rhythm.

The negative prefix 'na-' is a direct descendant of the Proto-Indo-European *ne-.

会話のきっかけ

“

آیا شما قهوه می‌خورید؟

“

آیا این فیلم را دیده‌اید؟

“

آیا می‌خواهید به مهمانی بیایید؟

“

آیا با این نظر موافق هستید؟

日記のテーマ

Write about 3 things you don't like to eat.
Describe a day where nothing went right.
Explain why you don't agree with a popular opinion.
Reflect on a past mistake you wish you hadn't made.
Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank to make the verb negative.

من نان ___‌خورم. (I don't eat bread)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نمی
In the present tense, the negative prefix 'ne-' attaches to 'mi-', forming 'nemi-'.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

او دیروز به پارک نه رفت.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: او دیروز به پارک نرفت.
The negative prefix 'na-' must be attached directly to the verb 'raft', not written as a separate word 'na'.
Put the words in the correct Persian order. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: من پول ندارم
Persian word order is Subject + Object + Verb. 'Nadāram' (the verb) must go at the end.

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Negate the verb: Man ___ (miravam).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nemiravam
Prefix 'na-' attaches to 'mi-'.
Which is correct? 選択問題

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: naraftam
Past negation is 'na' + stem.
Fix: Man na midanam. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man nemidanam
Prefix must be attached.
Change to negative: Man miravam. Sentence Transformation

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Man nemiravam
Standard negation.
Negate: Ou miravad. Conjugation Drill

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ou nemiravad
Prefix 'na' + 'mi'.
Match: Naraftam to English. Match Pairs

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I didn't go
Past negative.
Build: (Man) (nemi-danam) (in ra). Sentence Building

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All are correct
Word order is flexible.
Is 'na-' a separate word? True False Rule

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
It is a prefix.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence with the negative form of 'to be'. 穴埋め問題

این ماشین گران ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نیست
Translate to Persian. 翻訳

I did not see.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ندیدم
Which is the correct negative for 'Dāram' (I have)? 選択問題

Negative of 'دارم':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ندارم
Match the positive verb to its negative counterpart. Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: all
Correct the verb in this sentence: 'Man nemi-khābam.' Error Correction

Man nemi-khābam. (I am not sleeping)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Correct as is
Put the words in order. Sentence Reorder

Arrange: [نمی‌کند] [او] [کار]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: او کار نمی‌کند
Fill in the negative prefix. 穴埋め問題

آنها ___‌توانند بیایند.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نمی
How do you say 'Don't go' (informal)? 選択問題

Don't go!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نرو
Translate 'It was not' to Persian. 翻訳

It was not.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نبود
Fix the mistake: 'Mā ghazā nemi-khorim.' Error Correction

Mā ghazā nemi-khorim. (We are not eating food)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Correct as is

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

Only as an interjection meaning 'no'. Inside a sentence, it must be a prefix.

It stays! 'na-' + 'mi-' = 'nemi-'.

Yes, but past tense doesn't have 'mi-', so it's just 'na-' + verb.

Use 'nistam'. It is an irregular form.

It is used in both. The pronunciation might change in informal speech.

Yes, attach the prefix to the first part of the compound verb.

It's a phonetic variation of 'na-' before 'mi-'.

No, Persian does not use double negatives like some other languages.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish partial

no + verb

Persian is a prefix; Spanish is a separate word.

French low

ne...pas

French uses two parts; Persian uses one.

German low

nicht

German is a separate particle; Persian is a prefix.

Japanese moderate

-nai

Persian is a prefix; Japanese is a suffix.

Arabic moderate

la / lam / lan

Persian is more consistent across tenses.

Chinese low

bu / mei

Chinese is particle-based; Persian is prefix-based.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
ペルシャ語の現在形：私は行く、あなたは行く (mi-)
Next
ペルシャ語での質問の仕方 (آیا, イントネーションと疑問詞)

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