C1 Prepositions & Connectors 20 min read ふつう

「〜なので」の高度な言い方 (Conjunções Causais)

文脈やフォーマル度に合わせて Porque 以外の選択肢を使い分けられるようになると、ネイティブらしい自然な響きになります。特に Como の位置や Visto que の使い分けがカギだよ！
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Portuguese by replacing basic 'porque' with sophisticated connectors like 'visto que', 'dado que', and 'haja vista'.

  • Use 'visto que' or 'dado que' for formal, logical explanations: 'Visto que choveu, não saímos.'
  • Use 'haja vista' followed by a noun for high-register academic writing: 'Haja vista o problema, agimos.'
  • Use 'por conta de' for informal, everyday causal links: 'Não fui por conta da chuva.'
Connector + [Reason] + , + [Result]

Overview

Mastering causal conjunctions in Portuguese transcends merely expressing because. At the C1 level, you navigate a sophisticated landscape of linguistic choices that convey not just the *reason* but also its nuance, the register of your communication, and your stylistic intent. This command of varied connectors allows you to precisely articulate why something happened, why a decision was made, or why a particular condition exists, mirroring the precision and depth native speakers employ. You'll learn to differentiate between stating an obvious fact, attributing blame, offering a polite justification, or denying a perceived motive.
Understanding these distinctions is crucial for crafting persuasive arguments, engaging in sophisticated discussions, and producing texts that resonate with authenticity and authority. This chapter will equip you with the tools to express causality with the sophistication expected of an advanced learner.

How This Grammar Works

Causal conjunctions in Portuguese function as the grammatical bridge between an event or statement and its underlying cause. While all ultimately address the question Why?, their utility is defined by critical variables: sentence position, register, and crucially, the verb mood required in the subordinate clause. The choice of conjunction dictates how the cause is framed, allowing you to convey subtle layers of meaning.
Consider the role of verb mood. The Indicative mood is predominantly used to state causes that are presented as factual, certain, or objectively true. This aligns with most common causal constructions, affirming the reality of the reason.
Conversely, the Subjunctive mood emerges in specific causal contexts, notably when the speaker is *denying* a stated or implied reason, or when the causality itself is presented as hypothetical, subjective, or as a non-actual motive. This interplay between conjunction and mood reflects the speaker's epistemological stance towards the cause, revealing their perception of its veracity.
The position of the causal clause also carries significant weight. Placing the reason at the beginning of a sentence (Como estava a chover...) often presents it as background information or an already established context, making the main clause the primary new information. This fronting strategy emphasizes the cause as a pre-existing condition.
Conversely, placing it in the middle (Não fui porque estava doente.) can emphasize the result first, then provide the justification. Formal connectors like visto que or dado que can occupy either position, lending gravitas regardless of their placement, though initial placement for these is generally more formal.
Finally, some causal expressions are not conjunctions but prepositional phrases, such as por causa de or graças a. These are followed by a noun, pronoun, or infinitive, offering concise alternatives for expressing cause without a full subordinate clause. These constructions contribute to the flow and conciseness of your expression, especially in written Portuguese.
They often carry a specific semantic flavor (e.g., positive or negative attribution) that full clauses might not inherently possess.

Formation Pattern

1
The precise construction of causal clauses varies depending on the chosen conjunction or prepositional phrase. Understanding these patterns is fundamental for accurate and nuanced expression. Always ensure proper agreement and verb conjugation according to the context.
2
1. Primary Causal Conjunctions (Indicative Mood)
3
These are the most common and typically introduce factual or objectively presented reasons. The verb in the causal clause will be in the Indicative mood, signaling a real or certain cause.
4
| Conjunction(s) | Position | Structure | Example (BP) | Example (EP) | Notes |
5
| :------------------ | :----------------- | :----------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------- |
6
| porque | Mid-sentence, or initial in answers | Result + porque + [Indicative Clause] | Não fui à festa porque estava gripado. | Não fui à festa porque estava constipado. | Most common, neutral, versatile. Can start a sentence when directly answering a why question. Often precedes a question mark (Por que...?) if it's interrogative. |
7
| como | Sentence-initial | Como + [Indicative Clause] + , + Result | Como choveu, cancelamos o piquenique. | Como choveu, cancelámos o piquenique. | Implies the reason is already known or evident. Never mid-sentence for because; that would mean as or like. |
8
| já que | Initial or Medial | (Já que / Result + já que) + [Indicative Clause] | Já que você chegou, vamos começar. (BP) Ele aceitou, já que não tinha opção. | Já que chegaste, vamos começar. Ele aceitou, já que não tinha opção. | Reason is obvious or immediately apparent. Semi-formal to informal. Often expresses a mild sense of urgency or obvious consequence. |
9
| visto que | Initial or Medial | (Visto que / Result + visto que) + [Indicative Clause] | Visto que o prazo expirou, não podemos aceitar. | Visto que o prazo expirou, não podemos aceitar. | Formal, indicates a known or established fact. Common in official documents and academic texts. |
10
| dado que | Initial or Medial | (Dado que / Result + dado que) + [Indicative Clause] | Dado que os resultados são claros, a decisão é fácil. | Dado que os resultados são claros, a decisão é fácil. | Formal, similar to visto que. Often used in analytical or deductive contexts, meaning given that. |
11
| uma vez que | Initial or Medial | (Uma vez que / Result + uma vez que) + [Indicative Clause] | Uma vez que a reunião terminou, podemos ir. | Uma vez que a reunião terminou, podemos ir. | Formal, often used when the cause is a completed action or condition, meaning seeing that. |
12
| pois | Medial (after punctuation) | Result + [ , / ; ] + pois + [Indicative Clause] | Estou cansado, pois trabalhei o dia todo. | Estou cansado, pois trabalhei o dia todo. | Formal, explanatory. Provides a justification or clarification for the preceding statement. Cannot initiate a sentence in this causal sense. |
13
| na medida em que | Medial | Result + na medida em que + [Indicative Clause] | Ajudei-o na medida em que pude. | Ajudei-o na medida em que pude. | Insofar as,
to the extent that.
Highlights a specific aspect as the reason or condition. Often denotes proportionality in cause. |
14
2. Causal Conjunctions Requiring the Subjunctive Mood
15
The subjunctive is employed when the causal relationship is being *denied*, presented as a non-reason, or exists in a realm of subjectivity or uncertainty. This construction conveys a more complex logical flow, often used rhetorically.
16
não porque... (não) ... mas porque...
17
Structure: Main Clause (Indicative) + não porque + Subjunctive Clause + (não) (optional, for emphasis) + mas porque + Indicative Clause.
18
Explanation: This pattern clarifies that a *stated or implied* reason for the main action is incorrect or not the *true* reason, while simultaneously providing the actual, factual reason. The porque clause whose validity is denied triggers the subjunctive mood, as its truth is being contested by the speaker. The subsequent mas porque clause, presenting the actual reason, reverts to the indicative mood.
19
Example: Fiz isso, não porque fosse fácil, mas porque era necessário. (I did that, not because it was easy, but because it was necessary.)
20
Example: Ele pediu desculpas, não porque sentisse remorso, mas porque queria evitar problemas. (He apologized, not because he felt remorse, but because he wanted to avoid problems.)
21
3. Prepositional Causal Phrases (Followed by Noun, Pronoun, or Infinitive)
22
These offer concise alternatives, bypassing full clauses and often carrying specific connotations of attribution.
23
por + [Infinitive]
24
Structure: Main Clause + por + [Personal or Impersonal Infinitive].
25
Explanation: This construction is highly economical. The infinitive verb expresses the cause. Use the personal infinitive when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the main verb's subject, or when ambiguity needs to be resolved by explicitly stating the subject. Use the impersonal infinitive when the subject is the same as the main verb, or when the cause is general and has no specific agent.
26
Example (Impersonal): Ele foi multado por estacionar em local proibido. (He was fined for parking in a prohibited place.) — *The subject ele performs both actions.* (BP/EP)
27
Example (Personal): Fico feliz por vocês estarem aqui. (I'm happy for you all to be here / because you all are here.) — *Subjects differ: eu (implied fico) vs. vocês (explicit estarem).* (BP/EP)
28
Example (Personal): Eles foram punidos por terem chegado atrasados. (They were punished for having arrived late.) — *Explicit subject eles for the infinitive terem.* (BP/EP)
29
por causa de + [Noun/Pronoun]
30
Structure: Main Clause + por causa de + [Noun/Pronoun/Gerundive nominalization (BP)].
31
Explanation: A very common, neutral way to express because of or due to. It attributes the cause to a specific noun or nominalized concept. The de contracts with articles (e.g., da, do, dos, das). In BP, it's sometimes colloquially followed by a clause (por causa que), but this is grammatically incorrect in standard Portuguese.
32
Example: O voo atrasou por causa da névoa. (The flight was delayed because of the fog.) (BP/EP)
33
Example (BP colloquial, avoid in formal): O voo atrasou por causa que tinha névoa. (Incorrect for formal writing).
34
graças a + [Noun/Pronoun]
35
Structure: Main Clause + graças a + [Noun/Pronoun].
36
Explanation: Specifically attributes a *positive* outcome to the noun that follows. It expresses gratitude or acknowledges a beneficial influence. The a contracts with articles (e.g., à, ao, aos, às). This is universally understood to mean thanks to.
37
Example: Vencemos o jogo graças ao esforço da equipe. (We won the game thanks to the team's effort.) (BP/EP)
38
devido a + [Noun/Pronoun]
39
Structure: Main Clause + devido a + [Noun/Pronoun].
40
Explanation: A formal and neutral way to express due to or owing to. It's often used in reports, official communications, or academic texts when simply stating a cause without positive or negative judgment. The a contracts with articles.
41
Example: O evento foi cancelado devido à falta de fundos. (The event was canceled due to the lack of funds.) (BP/EP)
42
por culpa de + [Noun/Pronoun]
43
Structure: Main Clause + por culpa de + [Noun/Pronoun].
44
Explanation: Attributes a *negative* outcome or problem to the noun, explicitly implying fault or blame. Means
due to the fault of
or "because of (someone's mistake)." The de contracts with articles.
45
Example: Atrasamos por culpa do trânsito. (We were late due to the fault of the traffic / because of the traffic.) (BP/EP)

When To Use It

The selection of a causal connector is a strategic decision, reflecting not only grammatical accuracy but also your awareness of context, register, and the intended impact of your message. Your choice subtly influences how your message is received.
1. General & Everyday Communication:
  • Use porque for the vast majority of everyday causal statements. It is versatile, understood by everyone, and perfectly acceptable in most informal and semi-formal contexts. It's your default for simple explanations. If you are unsure, porque is often a safe, though perhaps not the most elegant, choice.
  • *Example:* Não saí porque estava cansado. (I didn't go out because I was tired.) (BP/EP)
  • por causa de is the go-to for because of followed by a noun or pronoun. It's common in all registers, providing a direct link between a cause and its effect without implying a full clause.
  • *Example:* Não fomos por causa da chuva. (We didn't go because of the rain.) (BP/EP)
  • Já que can be used informally when the reason is immediately obvious or a shared understanding. It often implies a mild expectation or logical next step.
  • *Example:* Já que você já está aqui, poderia me ajudar com isso? (Since you're already here, could you help me with this?) (BP/EP)
2. Formal & Academic Writing / Official Correspondence:
  • For academic papers, business emails, reports, or legal documents, elevate your language. These contexts demand precision and a more detached, objective tone.
  • Visto que, dado que, uma vez que are excellent choices to introduce a reason that is presented as a verifiable fact or an established premise. They lend an air of authority and objectivity. Using these distinguishes your writing from basic conversational prose.
  • *Example:* Visto que os dados corroboram a hipótese, a pesquisa será expandida. (Given that the data corroborates the hypothesis, the research will be expanded.) (BP/EP)
  • Devido a is a formal, neutral option for attributing cause without implying praise or blame. It is frequently used in technical or administrative explanations, where objectivity is paramount.
  • *Example:* O atraso ocorreu devido a problemas técnicos. (The delay occurred due to technical problems.) (BP/EP)
  • Pois is often used formally, or in literary contexts, to provide an explanation or justification for a preceding statement. It typically introduces information that reinforces or clarifies, often functioning like for in English, and typically follows a comma or semicolon.
  • *Example:* É preciso agir com cautela, pois a situação é delicada. (It's necessary to act cautiously, for the situation is delicate.) (BP/EP)
  • Na medida em que is suited for formal contexts when you want to specify the *extent* or *degree* to which something is a cause. It's about proportionality of the reason.
  • *Example:* A decisão é justa na medida em que considera todas as partes envolvidas. (The decision is fair insofar as it considers all parties involved.) (BP/EP)
3. Emphasizing the Cause (Sentence-Initial Placement):
  • Como is the primary choice when you want to foreground the cause, especially if it's already known or serves as background context for the main action. It signals to the reader/listener that the reason is primary information, establishing the condition before stating the consequence. This is crucial for logical flow.
  • *Example:* Como o prazo está apertado, precisamos acelerar o projeto. (As the deadline is tight, we need to speed up the project.) (BP/EP)
  • *Cultural Insight:* In Portugal, Como is generally preferred over starting a sentence with Porque for causal clauses in formal contexts.
4. Conciseness and Elegance:
  • The construction por + [Infinitive] offers a very compact and elegant way to express cause, especially when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the main verb or when it's a general truth. This is a hallmark of C1-level fluency and conciseness, allowing for more sophisticated sentence structures.
  • *Example:* Ele foi elogiado por resolver o problema rapidamente. (He was praised for solving the problem quickly.) (BP/EP)
5. Expressing Attribution (Positive, Neutral, Negative):
  • Graças a: Use exclusively for positive causation. It expresses gratitude or acknowledges a beneficial influence, assigning credit where due. Avoid using it for neutral or negative outcomes, as it would sound sarcastic.
  • *Example:* Concluí o trabalho a tempo graças à sua ajuda. (I finished the work on time thanks to your help.) (BP/EP)
  • Por culpa de: Use for negative causation, explicitly implying fault or blame. This phrase assigns responsibility for an undesirable outcome.
  • *Example:* A empresa perdeu clientes por culpa da má gestão. (The company lost clients due to the fault of poor management.) (BP/EP)
  • Devido a: As mentioned, it's a neutral and formal attribution. It simply states the cause of an event without praise or blame, making it suitable for objective reporting.
  • *Example:* O engarrafamento foi causado devido a um acidente. (The traffic jam was caused due to an accident.) (BP/EP)
6. Denying a Reason (The Subjunctive Context):
  • The structure não porque + Subjunctive... mas porque + Indicative is vital for rhetorical precision. It allows you to explicitly correct a misconception about your motives or the cause of an event, providing the true reason. The subjunctive here highlights the speaker's assessment that the denied reason is not factual in this context.
  • *Example:* Votei nele, não porque fosse meu amigo, mas porque acreditava nas suas propostas. (I voted for him, not because he was my friend, but because I believed in his proposals.) (BP/EP)

Common Mistakes

Advanced learners often grapple with the subtleties of causal connectors. Being aware of these common pitfalls will significantly enhance your accuracy and naturalness.
  • Misplacing como: The most frequent error is using como in the middle of a sentence to mean because. Como for causality must begin the sentence. Using it mid-sentence renders its meaning as as, like, or
    in the way that.
  • Wrong: Eu não fui como estava doente. (I didn't go as/like I was sick.)
  • Right: Como estava doente, não fui. (As I was sick, I didn't go.)
  • Right (alternative): Eu não fui porque estava doente. (I didn't go because I was sick.)
  • Using por causa que: While heard in informal Brazilian Portuguese, por causa que is grammatically incorrect. Always use por causa de followed by a noun or pronoun. If you need a clause, use porque.
  • Wrong (BP informal): Ele faltou por causa que choveu.
  • Right: Ele faltou por causa da chuva. (He was absent because of the rain.) (BP/EP)
  • Right: Ele faltou porque choveu. (He was absent because it rained.) (BP/EP)
  • Confusing na medida em que with à medida que: These two phrases look similar but have distinct meanings. Na medida em que is causal (insofar as,
    to the extent that
    ). À medida que is proportional (as,
    at the same rate that
    ). This is a C2-level distinction, and mixing them up is a clear indicator of non-native speech.
  • Causal (na medida em que): O projeto foi bem-sucedido na medida em que atendeu às expectativas. (The project was successful insofar as it met expectations.)
  • Proportional (à medida que): À medida que o tempo passa, as coisas mudam. (As time passes, things change.)
  • Incorrect mood with não porque: Failing to use the subjunctive after não porque is a common mistake. Remember, the subjunctive indicates that the reason is being denied or presented as non-factual.
  • Wrong: Fiz isso não porque era fácil, mas porque era necessário.
  • Right: Fiz isso, não porque fosse fácil, mas porque era necessário. (BP/EP)
  • Over-reliance on porque: While porque is foundational, a C1 learner should demonstrate a broader range of causal connectors to achieve nuance, register variation, and stylistic sophistication. Overusing porque can make your language sound repetitive or overly simplistic in formal contexts.
  • Misunderstanding pois: Pois is not a direct substitute for porque at the beginning of a sentence. Pois is explanatory and often follows a pause (comma or semicolon), clarifying or justifying a preceding statement. It cannot introduce a direct causal clause in the same way porque or como can.
  • Wrong: Pois ele estava doente, não veio.
  • Right: Ele não veio, pois estava doente. (He didn't come, for he was sick.) (BP/EP)

Real Conversations

Understanding how these advanced causal connectors are used by native speakers in various contexts provides invaluable insight into their pragmatic function. These examples illustrate the difference between textbook accuracy and natural, impactful communication.

1. Justifying a Decision (Work Email/Formal Context):

- Situation: Explaining why a project delay occurred to a client.

- Native Usage:

Prezados, gostaríamos de informar que houve um pequeno atraso na entrega, devido a uma atualização inesperada no software. Visto que a integridade dos dados é crucial, optamos por um período adicional de testes.
(Dear all, we would like to inform you that there was a small delay in delivery, due to an unexpected software update. Given that data integrity is crucial, we opted for an additional testing period.)

- Analysis: Devido a provides a neutral, formal explanation for the delay. Visto que frames data integrity as an undeniable fact, justifying the decision to extend testing.

2. Casual Explanation/Excuse (Text Message/Informal):

- Situation: Explaining why you can't meet up with a friend.

- Native Usage:

Não vou poder ir hj, já que tô com uma gripe daquelas. Fico em casa por causa da febre.
(I won't be able to go today, since I have a terrible flu. I'm staying home because of the fever.)

- Analysis: Já que is perfectly natural here for an obvious reason. Por causa da is a simple, direct, and common way to state the reason for staying home.

3. Expressing Gratitude (Social Media Post):

- Situation: Thanking followers for support.

- Native Usage:

Nossa comunidade cresce a cada dia, graças ao apoio de vocês! Somos muito gratos por termos essa oportunidade.
(Our community grows every day, thanks to your support! We are very grateful for having this opportunity.)

- Analysis: Graças ao explicitly attributes the positive growth to the followers. Por termos uses the personal infinitive for conciseness, expressing gratitude for the shared opportunity.

4. Correcting a Misconception (Debate/Discussion):

- Situation: Clarifying motives for taking a difficult stance.

- Native Usage:

Defendi essa posição, não porque tivesse medo de mudar, mas porque a proposta atual carece de sustentabilidade a longo prazo.
(I defended this position, not because I was afraid of change, but because the current proposal lacks long-term sustainability.)

- Analysis: The não porque + subjunctive clearly denies a presumed, negative motive, while mas porque + indicative provides the factual, logical justification.

5. Official Announcement (Public Notice):

- Situation: Explaining a public service disruption.

- Native Usage:

A interrupção no fornecimento de energia ocorreu devido a falhas técnicas na subestação. Como as equipes já estão no local, a previsão é de restabelecimento em duas horas.
(The power supply interruption occurred due to technical failures at the substation. As the teams are already on site, restoration is expected in two hours.)

- Analysis: Devido a provides a neutral, official explanation. Como places the teams' presence as established background information, leading to the positive forecast.

Quick FAQ

These frequently asked questions address common points of confusion or areas requiring further clarification for advanced learners.
Q: Can I use porque at the start of a sentence?

Yes, but with specific usage. In spoken Portuguese, it's very common when directly answering a why question (Por que você não veio? – Porque estava doente.). In formal written Portuguese, starting a causal clause with porque is generally avoided in favor of Como, Visto que, or Já que. If porque initiates a sentence in writing, it often functions as a noun (O porquê de tudo isso...), or introduces an explanation (less common causally than como).

Q: Is devido a always neutral?

Yes, devido a is inherently neutral. It solely indicates a cause without attributing positive or negative sentiment. For positive attribution, use graças a. For negative attribution, use por culpa de. For instance, devido ao sucesso (due to the success) is correct, as is devido ao acidente (due to the accident), as both are objective statements of cause.

Q: What's the difference between pois and porque?

While both are causal, pois is more formal and explanatory, often introducing a justification for a preceding statement. It functions like for or as in English when providing an explanation. Porque is a direct causal conjunction meaning because. Pois cannot generally start a main causal clause, whereas porque can, especially in response to a question.

  • Ele não veio, pois estava doente. (He didn't come, for he was sick – explanation for the previous statement.)
  • Ele não veio porque estava doente. (He didn't come because he was sick – direct cause-effect.)
Q: When should I use the personal infinitive after por?

Use the personal infinitive after por when the subject of the infinitive verb is *different* from the subject of the main verb, or when explicitly stating the subject makes the sentence clearer and less ambiguous. If the subjects are the same, the impersonal infinitive is usually sufficient and more common. The personal infinitive requires agreement with its subject (por eles terem, por nós estarmos).

Q: Are there regional differences (BP vs. EP) in the use of these connectors?

While most are understood across both variants, there are subtle preferences. For instance, já que tends to be more frequent in BP. The very informal por causa que is exclusively BP slang and should be avoided in formal contexts. Como at the beginning of a causal clause is universally correct, but its preference over starting with porque for formal causality might be stronger in EP. These are nuances of style rather than strict grammatical rules.

This comprehensive guide provides you with the advanced tools necessary to articulate causality in Portuguese with precision, elegance, and contextual awareness, elevating your communication to a C1 level.

Connector Categories

Connector Type Followed By Register
Porque
Conjunction
Clause
Neutral
Visto que
Conjunction
Clause
Formal
Dado que
Conjunction
Clause
Formal
Por conta de
Preposition
Noun
Informal
Haja vista
Preposition
Noun
Formal
Já que
Conjunction
Clause
Neutral

Meanings

These connectors establish a logical relationship between a cause and an effect, replacing the ubiquitous 'porque'.

1

Formal Logic

Used to introduce a premise or established fact.

“Dado que os custos subiram, ajustamos o orçamento.”

“Visto que a reunião foi cancelada, trabalharemos de casa.”

2

Informal Cause

Used to attribute a result to a specific factor.

“Não fui à festa por conta do cansaço.”

“Tudo isso aconteceu por causa da falta de planejamento.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 「〜なので」の高度な言い方 (Conjunções Causais)
接続詞 位置 レジスター・ニュアンス 動詞の法
Porque
文中
標準的・ニュートラル
直説法
Como
文頭
原因にフォーカス
直説法
Visto que / Dado que
文頭・文中
フォーマル・客観的事実
直説法
Já que
文頭・文中
周知の事実・ついでに
直説法
Por
動詞の前
簡潔・エレガント
不定詞
Não porque...
様々
理由を否定する
接続法

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Haja vista a chuva

Haja vista a chuva (Explaining a delay)

ニュートラル
Por causa da chuva

Por causa da chuva (Explaining a delay)

カジュアル
Por conta da chuva

Por conta da chuva (Explaining a delay)

スラング
Por causa da água

Por causa da água (Explaining a delay)

理由の接続詞マップ

理由・原因

文頭に置く

  • Como 〜なので

文中に置く

  • Porque なぜなら
  • Pois というのも

フォーマル・明白

  • Visto que 〜であることを鑑みると
  • Já que 〜なんだから（自明）

Como vs. Porque

Como
Como choveu, não fui. 雨だったので、行きませんでした。
思考の起点となる 文脈にフォーカス
Porque
Não fui porque choveu. 行きませんでした、雨が降ったからです。
結果の理由を説明する 原因にフォーカス

どの接続詞を使うべき？

1

理由は文の最初にありますか？

YES
'Como' か 'Visto que' を使おう
NO
次へ
2

後ろに来るのは名詞句ですか？

YES
'Por causa de' や 'Devido a' を使おう
NO
'Porque' を使おう

ニュアンスの分類

🎉

ポジティブ

  • • Graças a
  • • Felizmente
😠

ネガティブ・非難

  • • Por culpa de
  • • Devido a
🧐

論理的・フォーマル

  • • Visto que
  • • Dado que
  • • Uma vez que
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レベル別の例文

1

Estou feliz porque é hoje.

I am happy because it is today.

1

Não fui por causa do trânsito.

I didn't go because of the traffic.

1

Já que você está aqui, vamos conversar.

Since you are here, let's talk.

1

Visto que o prazo expirou, cancelamos o pedido.

Given that the deadline expired, we canceled the order.

1

Haja vista a complexidade do caso, pedimos mais tempo.

Given the complexity of the case, we asked for more time.

1

Dado que a premissa é falsa, a conclusão torna-se inválida.

Given that the premise is false, the conclusion becomes invalid.

間違えやすい

Advanced Ways to Say "Because" (Causal Conjunctions) 対 Porque vs Por que

One is for reasons, one is for questions.

よくある間違い

✗

Porque da chuva

✓

Por causa da chuva

Porque is a conjunction, not a preposition.
✗

Visto que a chuva

✓

Visto que choveu

Visto que needs a verb.
✗

Haja vista que choveu

✓

Haja vista a chuva

Haja vista takes a noun.
✗

Dado que a falta de tempo

✓

Dada a falta de tempo

Agreement error with 'dada'.

文型パターン

___ [reason], [result].

Real World Usage

Business Email very common

Visto que o prazo acabou...

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🎯

「Por causa que」は避けよう

街中で por causa que と言っているのを聞くかもしれないけど、これは文法的には間違いとされているんだ。 porque か por causa de + 名詞を使うのが正解だよ。
💬

Graças a Deus の魔法

ブラジルでは宗教に関係なく、何か良いことがあった時や災難を逃れた時に必ずと言っていいほど使われるフレーズだよ。
Graças a Deus, deu tudo certo!
のようにね。
⚠️

Na medida vs. À medida

原因を表すのは
Na medida em que
で、変化のプロセスを表すのは À medida que なんだ。ネイティブも作文でよく間違えるポイントだから、注意して使い分けよう！
Na medida em que o tempo passa, as coisas mudam.

Smart Tips

Use 'visto que'.

Porque o projeto... → Visto que o projeto...

発音

VEES-toh keh

Stress

Ensure the stress on 'visto' is on the first syllable.

Logical pause

Visto que choveu, [pause] não saí.

Separates the premise from the conclusion.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Visto (Seen) + Dado (Given) = Logical Reasons.

視覚的連想

Imagine a scale. On one side, you place a 'Fact' (the cause), and on the other, the 'Result'. The connector is the fulcrum holding them together.

Rhyme

Visto que, dado que, a razão está aqui, para o seu português evoluir.

Story

Maria wanted to sound professional. Instead of saying 'porque' in her presentation, she used 'visto que' for the data and 'dado que' for the market trends. Her boss was impressed by her logical flow.

Word Web

Visto queDado queHaja vistaPor conta deJá queUma vez que

チャレンジ

Write three sentences about your day using a different connector for each.

文化メモ

Brazilians use 'por conta de' very frequently in casual speech.

Derived from Latin 'visum' (seen) and 'datum' (given).

会話のきっかけ

“

Por que você escolheu estudar português?

日記のテーマ

Describe a challenge you faced today using 'visto que'.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

文頭に置くのに最も適した接続詞を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
理由を文頭に置く場合、標準的には 'Como' を使用します。 'Porque' は通常、文中で使われます。
正しい前置詞を入れて文を完成させてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
「por + 不定詞（estacionar）」の形で、行動の理由や原因を表すことができます。
文中の誤りを見つけて正してください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
理由を表す 'Como' は文の途中で使うことはできません。 'porque' に変えるか、 'Como' を文頭に移動させる必要があります。

Score: /3

練習問題

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

___ a chuva, não saímos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Por conta de
Followed by a noun.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
フォーマルな接続詞を選んで空欄を埋めてください。 穴埋め問題

___ a sua vasta experiência, você é o candidato ideal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dada
接続法を正しく使っている文を選んでください。 選択問題

「その理由は事実ではない」というニュアンスを含む文はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Saí não porque quisesse, mas porque precisei.
接続詞とその典型的な使用コンテキストをマッチさせてください。 Match Pairs

正しい組み合わせを選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u679c","\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u7d50\u679c","\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u30fb\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684","\u6587\u982d\u306b\u7f6e\u304f"]
口語的な誤りを修正してください。 Error Correction

Fiz isso por causa que ele pediu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Fiz isso porque ele pediu.
正しい理由の文になるように並び替えてください。 Sentence Reorder

chover / não / praia / à / como / fomos / vai

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Como vai chover, não fomos à praia.
「あなたがここにいるので（せっかくだから）」をカジュアルに訳してください。 翻訳

___ você está aqui...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Já que
性数一致に注意して、正しい形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

___ os problemas recentes, mudamos a estratégia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dados
単なる原因ではなく、比例関係を示している文を選んでください。 選択問題

比例関係を表す文はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: À medida que estudava, ficava mais confiante.
適切な前置詞句で完成させてください。 穴埋め問題

O evento foi cancelado ___ falta de verba.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: devido à
理由を否定する構造において、正しい法に修正してください。 Error Correction

Não demiti ele porque é ruim, mas porque cortamos custos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Não demiti ele porque seja ruim, mas porque cortamos custos.

Score: /10

よくある質問 (1)

It's too formal.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Dado que

None.

French high

Vu que

None.

German moderate

In Anbetracht

Word order.

Japanese partial

〜ので

Suffix vs connector.

Arabic low

بسبب

No conjunction equivalent.

Chinese low

因为

Lack of register variation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
上級接続詞：結果と帰結 (tão... que, de modo que)

Learn These First

A1 Builds On

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