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B2 noun ニュートラル 3分で読める

burger

A legally recognized subject of a state

ˈbʏr.ɣər
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Overview

The Dutch word 'burger' directly translates to 'citizen' in English, and it encompasses a legally recognized subject of a state. This term is fundamental to understanding the political and social structure of the Netherlands, as it defines an individual's relationship with the state and society.

Legal and Constitutional Context:

In the Netherlands, the concept of a 'burger' is enshrined in its constitution and various laws. A Dutch 'burger' possesses specific rights and obligations. These rights typically include the right to vote in elections, the right to stand for public office, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and access to social welfare programs. In return, 'burgers' are expected to uphold the law, pay taxes, and, in some cases, fulfill civic duties such as jury service (though the Netherlands has a professional judiciary and no jury system in the same way as some other countries).

Acquisition of Citizenship:

One can become a Dutch 'burger' through several avenues:

  1. 1Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood): Most commonly, individuals acquire Dutch citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a Dutch citizen.
  1. 1Jus Soli (Right of Soil): While less prominent than in countries like the United States, a child born in the Netherlands to parents who are both legally resident, even if not Dutch citizens, can sometimes acquire citizenship under specific conditions.
  1. 1Naturalization: Foreign nationals can apply for naturalization after a period of lawful residence in the Netherlands, typically five years. This process involves demonstrating integration into Dutch society, often through language proficiency and knowledge of Dutch culture and political system.
  1. 1Option Procedure: In certain circumstances, individuals (e.g., former Dutch citizens, those who have lived in the Netherlands for a long time) can choose to become Dutch citizens through a simplified 'option procedure'.

Rights and Responsibilities:

As a 'burger', an individual is entitled to the protection of the Dutch state, both domestically and abroad. They have the right to a Dutch passport, enabling travel and consular assistance. Economically, they have the right to work and establish businesses within the Netherlands without requiring special permits. Socially, they can access public education, healthcare, and social security benefits.

However, these rights come with responsibilities. 'Burgers' are expected to contribute to the common good, respect the democratic principles of the state, and participate in civic life. The concept of 'burgerschap' (citizenship) in the Netherlands also emphasizes active participation and integration into society.

Distinction from 'Inwoner' (Resident):

It's important to differentiate 'burger' from 'inwoner' (resident). An 'inwoner' is simply someone residing in the Netherlands, regardless of their nationality. They may have certain rights (e.g., access to healthcare, education for children) but generally do not possess the full political rights of a 'burger', such as the right to vote in national elections or hold public office.

In essence, 'burger' signifies full membership in the Dutch political community, conferring a comprehensive set of rights and duties that are central to an individual's identity and interaction with the state.

例文

1

De Nederlandse burger geniet veel vrijheden.

Describes a person's nationality and their rights within that nation.

The Dutch citizen enjoys many freedoms.

2

Als burger heb je stemrecht en mag je je mening uiten.

Highlights the rights and responsibilities associated with being a citizen.

As a citizen, you have the right to vote and express your opinion.

3

De overheid dient de belangen van haar burgers.

Pertains to the relationship between the government and the populace.

The government serves the interests of its citizens.

4

Hij is een trouwe burger van deze stad.

Can also refer to an inhabitant of a city or town, emphasizing their belonging and loyalty.

He is a loyal citizen of this city.

5

De burgers protesteerden tegen de nieuwe wet.

Refers to the collective body of people within a state or community.

The citizens protested against the new law.

よく使う組み合わせ

Nederlandse burger
burgerrechten
burgerplicht
burgerschap

よく混同される語

burger 対 burger (hamburger)
The word 'burger' in Dutch can also refer to a hamburger, which is a different meaning from a legally recognized subject of a state. This can lead to confusion if the context is not clear.
burger 対 inwoner
'Inwoner' means inhabitant or resident, which is a broader term than 'burger'. While a burger is usually an inwoner, an inwoner is not necessarily a burger (e.g., a foreign resident).

文法パターン

De burger heeft rechten en plichten. (The citizen has rights and duties.) Een goede burger draagt bij aan de samenleving. (A good citizen contributes to society.) Het is belangrijk dat burgers betrokken zijn bij de politiek. (It is important that citizens are involved in politics.)

使い方

使い方のコツ

The word 'burger' is commonly used in formal and informal contexts to refer to a citizen. It appears in legal documents, political discourse, and everyday conversations. For example, 'Nederlandse burger' specifically means 'Dutch citizen.' The term can also be used in compounds, such as 'burgerrechten' (civil rights) or 'burgerplicht' (civic duty). While 'burger' primarily denotes legal status, it also subtly implies a member of civil society with certain rights and obligations. It's distinct from 'ingezetene,' which refers to a resident (someone living in a place), regardless of their citizenship status. When discussing general members of the public or common people, 'burger' is a suitable and frequently used term. It doesn't carry negative connotations and is a neutral way to refer to individuals as members of a state or society.

よくある間違い

One common mistake is confusing 'burger' (citizen) with 'inwoner' (resident). While a citizen is always a resident of their state, a resident is not necessarily a citizen. For example, a tourist or an expatriate living in a country is an 'inwoner' but not a 'burger' of that country. Another mistake can be the pronunciation; ensure the 'g' is a guttural sound, similar to the 'ch' in Scottish 'loch,' and not a soft 'g' like in English 'gem.' The 'u' sound is similar to the 'oo' in 'book' but shorter. Finally, sometimes learners might incorrectly assume 'burger' refers only to someone born in the country; however, it also includes naturalized citizens. It's crucial to remember that 'burger' specifically denotes legal recognition as a subject of a state, with all the rights and responsibilities that entail, which differentiates it from merely living in a place.

ヒント

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Gebruik 'burger' in formele en informele contexten

Het woord 'burger' is veelzijdig en kan zowel in formele documenten als in alledaagse gesprekken worden gebruikt om een inwoner van een land aan te duiden. Bijvoorbeeld: 'Elke burger heeft stemrecht' of 'De burgers van de stad kwamen bijeen'.
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Vermijd verwarring met 'hamburger'

Hoewel 'burger' in het Engels ook naar een 'hamburger' verwijst, is dit in het Nederlands niet het geval. Gebruik in het Nederlands altijd 'hamburger' voor het gerecht en 'burger' voor de inwoner van een staat om misverstanden te voorkomen.
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Context is belangrijk voor de precieze betekenis

Afhankelijk van de context kan 'burger' verschillende nuances hebben. Zo kan het in de politiek verwijzen naar een individu met stemrecht, terwijl het in een sociale context simpelweg een inwoner kan aanduiden. Let op de omringende woorden om de juiste interpretatie te bepalen.

語源

The Dutch word 'burger' originates from the Old French word 'burgeis' (later 'bourgeois'), which referred to an inhabitant of a 'bourg' (a fortified town or settlement). This term was adopted into Middle Dutch as 'burgher' or 'borger'. Historically, a 'burgher' was a free citizen of a town, enjoying certain rights and privileges that distinguished them from the rural population or nobility. These rights often included the ability to trade, own property, and participate in town governance. The Old French 'burgeis' itself comes from 'bourg,' which has Germanic roots, related to words meaning 'fortress' or 'castle.' This connection highlights the origin of towns as fortified places providing protection and attracting settlers. Over time, as societies evolved, the meaning of 'burger' broadened. In modern Dutch, while it still carries the connotation of a town dweller, its primary meaning, especially in legal and political contexts, has shifted to 'citizen' – a legally recognized subject of a state, possessing rights and responsibilities within that state. This evolution mirrors similar developments in other European languages, such as the English 'burgher' (now largely archaic, replaced by 'citizen') or the German 'Bürger,' all stemming from the same historical concept of a free inhabitant of a fortified settlement.

文化的な背景

The Dutch word 'burger' (plural: 'burgers') directly translates to 'citizen' in English, signifying a legally recognized subject of a state. The concept of 'burger' in the Netherlands is deeply rooted in its historical development as a nation that values civic participation and a sense of community. Historically, the 'burger' held certain rights and responsibilities within a city or state, a concept that evolved with the formation of the modern Dutch state. Today, being a 'burger' implies not only legal recognition but also an understanding of the country's democratic values, social norms, and the welfare state model. There's an emphasis on civic duty, social cohesion, and the expectation of contributing to society, whether through work, volunteering, or active participation in democratic processes. The term can also carry a connotation of being a 'regular' or 'ordinary' person, in contrast to those in positions of power or authority, highlighting a sense of egalitarianism.

覚え方のコツ

Visualize a juicy hamburger, a 'burger,' as a person who is a recognized subject of a state, just as a hamburger is a recognized staple in many cultures. The bun represents the state, and the patty, toppings, and condiments are the individual elements that make up the citizen. Imagine the burger proudly displaying a tiny passport.

よくある質問

4 問
In Dutch law, a 'burger' (citizen) refers to a legally recognized subject of the Dutch state. This status grants individuals certain rights and responsibilities, including the right to vote, reside in the Netherlands, and hold a Dutch passport. It also implies an obligation to adhere to Dutch laws and contribute to society. The concept is central to understanding civic participation and national identity within the Netherlands, encompassing both native-born individuals and those who have undergone naturalization.
A Dutch 'burger' enjoys fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, as well as the right to vote in national and local elections and to be elected to public office. They also have the right to social security benefits and access to public services. In terms of responsibilities, a Dutch citizen is expected to obey the law, pay taxes, and, if applicable, fulfill military service. These rights and responsibilities collectively define the role of a citizen within the Dutch democratic framework.
There are several ways to become a 'burger' in the Netherlands. The most common paths include being born to at least one Dutch parent (jus sanguinis), or through naturalization after living legally in the Netherlands for a certain period, usually five years, and demonstrating integration into Dutch society. This often involves passing a civic integration exam that tests knowledge of the Dutch language and society. Marriage to a Dutch citizen can also shorten the naturalization period. The process is overseen by the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND).
While both a 'burger' (citizen) and a resident live in the Netherlands, their legal statuses differ significantly. A 'burger' possesses Dutch nationality, which entails full political rights, such as voting and holding office, and protection from deportation. A resident, on the other hand, merely has legal permission to live in the country but does not hold Dutch nationality. Residents may have various types of permits (e.g., work, study, family reunification), which grant them certain rights but do not extend to full political participation or an unconditional right to remain in the Netherlands.

自分をテスト

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De ____ heeft rechten en plichten binnen een staat.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
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Een ____ kan stemmen bij verkiezingen.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
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Als ____ geniet men bescherming van de wet.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:

スコア： /3

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