A1 Questions & Negation 3 min read 쉬움

영어 부정문: 'not'을 올바르게 사용하는 방법

문장을 부정으로 만드는 건 정말 중요해요! 'not'과 함께 be, can, do/does를 잘 쓰는 방법을 익혀봐요.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

To make a sentence negative in English, place 'not' after the auxiliary verb or the verb 'to be'.

  • With 'to be', put 'not' directly after the verb: 'I am not tired.'
  • With other verbs, use 'do/does' + 'not' + base verb: 'She does not like tea.'
  • With modal verbs like 'can', put 'not' after the modal: 'I cannot swim.'
Subject + (Auxiliary/Be) + not + Verb

Overview

I not like coffee라고 말하고 당황스러운 시선을 받은 적이 있나요? 영어를 배우기 시작할 때 누구나 겪는 일입니다. «아니요»라고 말하는 것은 «네»라고 말하는 것만큼 중요합니다.
사실, 여러분은 생각보다 부정문을 더 많이 사용합니다. 음식 배달이 늦어질 때나 휴대폰 신호가 없을 때 말이죠. 영어 부정문은 마치 퍼즐처럼 느껴질 수 있습니다.
not을 아무 데나 던져 놓을 수 없기 때문입니다. not이 들어가는 곳에는 구체적인 논리가 있습니다. not을 파트너가 필요한 작은 수식어라고 생각해보세요.
일반 동사와 혼자 쓰이는 경우는 드뭅니다. 보통 «조동사(헬퍼)»에 올라타곤 하죠. 이것을 마스터하면 로봇처럼 말하는 것을 멈추고 영어를 정말 아는 사람처럼 들리게 될 것입니다.
부정은 어떤 것이 *아닌* 상태를 말하는 기술입니다. 영어에서는 주로 not이라는 단어를 사용합니다. 하지만 not을 사용하는 방법은 문장 속 동사에 따라 완전히 달라집니다.
알아두어야 할 두 가지 큰 그룹이 있습니다. 첫째, be 동사(am, is, are)입니다. 이 동사들은 힘이 세서 도움이 필요 없습니다.
바로 뒤에 not을 붙이면 됩니다. 둘째, like, go, want와 같은 «일반(동작)» 동사입니다. 이 동사들은 조금 게을러서 not을 옮기기 위해 dodoes라는 조동사가 필요합니다.
만약 여러분이 I not want라고 말한다면, 헬퍼를 빼먹은 것입니다. 포크로 국을 먹으려는 것과 같죠. 그냥 작동하지 않습니다!

How This Grammar Works

영어 동사에 서로 다른 «파워 레벨»이 있다고 생각해보세요. be 동사는 영어 문법의 슈퍼히어로입니다. 자립적이죠.
부정문으로 만들고 싶을 때는 그냥 뒤에 not을 붙이면 됩니다. I am happyI am not happy가 됩니다. 간단하죠?
하지만 대부분의 다른 동사들은 일반 시민과 같습니다. 스스로 not이라는 단어를 감당할 수 없습니다. «보디가드»나 헬퍼가 필요한데, 그게 바로 do입니다.
대부분의 사람(I, you, we, they)에게 헬퍼는 do입니다. «S-그룹»(he, she, it)에게 헬퍼는 does입니다. 헬퍼가 도착하면 not을 붙잡습니다.
그리고 종종 don'tdoesn't처럼 줄여서 씁니다. 이때 메인 동사는 가장 단순한 형태(원형)로 돌아가며 -s와 같은 어미는 사라집니다.

Formation Pattern

1
부정문을 만드는 데는 매우 엄격한 레시피가 있습니다. 매번 완벽한 문장을 만들기 위해 다음 단계를 따르세요.
2
be 동사(am, is, are)의 경우:
3
주어 + be 동사 + not + 나머지 생각.
4
예: She is not ready.
5
일반 동사(go, like, work)의 경우:
6
주어 + do/does + not + 동사 원형.
7
예: I do not like pizza. 또는 He does not like pizza.
8
조동사(can)의 경우:
9
주어 + can + not + 동사 원형.
10
예: I cannot swim.

When To Use It

거의 모든 대화에서 부정문을 사용합니다. 다음은 실제 사례들입니다.
  • 정보 수정: I am not from London.
  • 싫어하는 것 표현: I don't like spicy food.
  • 초대 거절: I'm not free tonight.
  • 리뷰 남기기: It isn't a good movie.
  • 앱 오류: You are not connected to the internet.
부정문은 경계를 설정하고 구체적으로 표현하는 데 도움을 줍니다. 모든 것에 «예»라고 하는 것과 자신의 의견을 갖는 것의 차이입니다.

Common Mistakes

숙련된 학습자들도 이런 실수를 합니다.
  • No의 함정: I don't like 대신 I no like라고 말하는 것. 영어에서는 헬퍼가 꼭 필요합니다!
  • 이중 S 오류: He doesn't likes라고 말하는 것. 헬퍼 does에 이미 S가 있다는 것을 기억하세요. 메인 동사는 원형을 유지합니다. 한 번에 한 명만 S 모자를 쓸 수 있다고 생각하세요.
  • Be 빠뜨리기: I not tired라고 말하는 것. 동사가 필요합니다. I am not tired가 맞습니다.
  • 이중 부정: I don't have nothing이라고 말하는 것. 표준 영어에서 부정어 두 개는 긍정이 됩니다. 대신 I don't have anything을 사용하세요.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

nonot을 혼동하기 쉽습니다.
  • No vs. Not: 짧은 답변이나 관사 없는 명사 앞에는 no를 사용하세요(I have no money). 동사를 부정할 때는 not을 사용하세요(I do not have money).
  • Don't vs. Doesn't: Don'tI, you, we, they용입니다. Doesn'the, she, it 전용입니다.
  • Am not vs. Don't: Am not은 상태나 묘사(I am not a student), Don't는 동작(I don't study)에 사용합니다.

Quick FAQ

질문: ain't를 사용해도 되나요?
답변: 노래나 영화에서 들릴 거예요! 매우 격식 없는 표현입니다. 하지만 면접이나 시험에서는 사용하지 마세요.
질문: cannot은 한 단어인가요, 두 단어인가요?
답변: 보통 한 단어인 cannot으로 씁니다. can't보다 격식 있는 표현입니다.
질문: 축약형을 꼭 써야 하나요?
답변: 필수는 아니지만 쓰는 것이 좋습니다! I do not like는 매우 진지하거나 화난 것처럼 들릴 수 있습니다. I don't like가 자연스럽습니다.

2. Common Negative Contractions

Full Form Contraction Usage Note
am not
I'm not
No 'amn't' in standard English.
is not
isn't
Very common in speech.
are not
aren't
Very common in speech.
do not
don't
Standard casual negation.
does not
doesn't
Standard casual negation.
cannot
can't
Standard casual negation.

Negation with 'To Be' and 'Do-Support'

Subject Verb (Affirmative) Negative Particle Main Verb (if needed) Example
I
am
not
-
I am not happy.
You/We/They
are
not
-
They are not here.
He/She/It
is
not
-
She is not a doctor.
I/You/We/They
do
not
like
I do not like tea.
He/She/It
does
not
like
He does not like tea.
I/You/He/She
can
not
swim
I cannot swim.

Meanings

The primary function of 'not' is to reverse the truth value of a statement, indicating that an action is not happening or a state does not exist.

1

Negating the verb 'to be'

Used to deny a state, identity, or location using am/is/are.

“They are not at home.”

“It is not cold today.”

2

Negating action verbs (Do-support)

Used with 'do' or 'does' to deny an action in the present simple tense.

“We do not eat meat.”

“He does not play football.”

3

Negating modal verbs

Used with verbs like 'can', 'will', or 'should' to deny ability or future intent.

“I cannot see the screen.”

“She will not come to the party.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 영어 부정문: 'not'을 올바르게 사용하는 방법
주어 동사 종류 부정문 형태 줄임말 예문
I
'to be'
am not
I'm not
나는 피곤하지 않아요.
You/We/They
'to be'
are not
aren't
그들은 여기에 없어요.
He/She/It
'to be'
is not
isn't
춥지 않아요.
All Subjects
'can'
can not
can't
우리는 갈 수 없어요.
I/You/We/They
Other verbs
do not + verb
don't + verb
나는 그걸 좋아하지 않아요.
He/She/It
Other verbs
does not + verb
doesn't + verb
그는 일하지 않아요.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
I shall not be attending the gala.

I shall not be attending the gala. (Social attendance)

중립
I am not going to the party.

I am not going to the party. (Social attendance)

비격식체
I'm not going.

I'm not going. (Social attendance)

속어
I ain't goin'.

I ain't goin'. (Social attendance)

영어 부정문: 'Not' 사용법

문장을 부정으로 만들기

'be' 동사

  • am not I'm not tired.
  • is not (isn't) She isn't here.
  • are not (aren't) They aren't students.

조동사 'can'

  • can not (can't) I can't swim.
  • cannot He cannot come.

다른 동사 (현재 시제)

  • do not (don't) We don't live here.
  • does not (doesn't) She doesn't like coffee.

부정문 형태: 전체 vs. 줄임말

전체 형태
is not He is not happy.
are not They are not here.
do not I do not know.
does not She does not work.
can not We can not go.
줄임말
isn't He isn't happy.
aren't They aren't here.
don't I don't know.
doesn't She doesn't work.
can't We can't go.
사용 팁
비격식/말하기 대부분의 일상 대화에서는 줄임말을 사용해요.
격식/강조 강조하거나 아주 격식 있는 글에서는 전체 형태를 사용해요.
Am not 'I am not'은 'I'm not'으로 줄여 쓰고, 'amn't'는 아니에요.
Cannot (한 단어) 'cannot'은 종종 한 단어로 쓰여요.
일반 동사 대부분의 동사에는 'do/does'를 기억하세요.

부정문 흐름도: 'Not'을 어디에 둘까?

1

주 동사가 'be' 동사 (am, is, are)인가요?

YES
'am/is/are' 바로 뒤에 'not'을 붙여요. (예: 'I am not', 'She isn't')
NO
주 동사가 'can'인가요?
2

주 동사가 'can'인가요?

YES
'can' 바로 뒤에 'not'을 붙여요. (예: 'I can't', 'We cannot')
NO
다른 일반 동사인가요 (예: 'like', 'eat', 'work')?
3

다른 일반 동사인가요 (예: 'like', 'eat', 'work')?

YES
동사 원형 앞에 'do not'이나 'does not'을 붙여요. (예: 'I don't like', 'She doesn't work')
NO
이것은 더 고급 문장 구조이거나 다른 종류의 동사일 수 있어요. (예: 'have got', 과거 시제)

부정문 도우미 & 줄임말

🅰️

'Be' 동사

  • am not (I'm not)
  • is not (isn't)
  • are not (aren't)
Ⓜ️

조동사

  • can not (can't/cannot)

보조 동사 (다른 동사)

  • do not (don't)
  • does not (doesn't)
🚫

흔한 실수

  • no + 동사 (예: 'I no like')
  • 동사 + not + 주어 (예: 'Not she is')
  • amn't

수준별 예문

1

I am not a student.

I am not a student.

2

She does not like apples.

She does not like apples.

3

We do not have a car.

We do not have a car.

4

It is not hot today.

It is not hot today.

1

They didn't go to the party.

They didn't go to the party.

2

You shouldn't eat that.

You shouldn't eat that.

3

I won't be late tomorrow.

I won't be late tomorrow.

4

He doesn't want to help.

He doesn't want to help.

1

I haven't finished my homework yet.

I haven't finished my homework yet.

2

It wasn't as good as I expected.

It wasn't as good as I expected.

3

She might not come to the meeting.

She might not come to the meeting.

4

We don't really need to buy this.

We don't really need to buy this.

1

I would rather not talk about it.

I would rather not talk about it.

2

Not having a map, we got lost.

Not having a map, we got lost.

3

It is not only expensive but also ugly.

It is not only expensive but also ugly.

4

He was told not to touch the button.

He was told not to touch the button.

1

Not until much later did I realize the truth.

Not until much later did I realize the truth.

2

Under no circumstances should you leave.

Under no circumstances should you leave.

3

It was not for lack of trying that he failed.

It was not for lack of trying that he failed.

4

I cannot but agree with your assessment.

I cannot but agree with your assessment.

1

The results were not a little disappointing.

The results were not a little disappointing.

2

Try as he might, he could not but fail.

Try as he might, he could not but fail.

3

It is not that he is lazy, so much as he is bored.

It is not that he is lazy, so much as he is bored.

4

Were it not for your help, I would be lost.

Were it not for your help, I would be lost.

혼동하기 쉬운

English Negation: Using 'not' correctly No vs. Not

Learners often use 'no' to negate verbs because it's simpler.

English Negation: Using 'not' correctly Don't vs. Doesn't

Choosing the wrong helper for the third person singular (he/she/it).

English Negation: Using 'not' correctly Cannot vs. Can not

Learners aren't sure if it's one word or two.

자주 하는 실수

I no like coffee.

I do not like coffee.

In English, you cannot use 'no' to negate a verb. You must use 'do not'.

She not is happy.

She is not happy.

The word 'not' must come AFTER the verb 'to be'.

I not have a car.

I do not have a car.

Action verbs like 'have' require 'do-support' for negation.

He does not likes pizza.

He does not like pizza.

When you use 'does', the main verb loses its 's'.

I didn't went.

I didn't go.

After 'didn't', the verb must be in the base form.

I haven't no money.

I haven't any money. / I have no money.

Double negatives are incorrect in standard English.

Not only he was late...

Not only was he late...

Negative expressions at the start of a sentence require subject-verb inversion.

문장 패턴

I am not ___.

He/She does not ___.

We do not have ___.

They cannot ___ because ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

I'm not ready yet, give me 5 mins!

Ordering Food very common

I do not want any onions on my burger.

Job Interview occasional

I do not have much experience in sales, but I am a fast learner.

Social Media very common

This is not my photo, credit to the owner.

Travel / Airport common

This is not my suitcase.

Customer Support common

My internet is not working.

💡

줄임말을 활용해요!

줄임말은 ('isn't', 'aren't', 'can't', 'don't', 'doesn't') 영어 회화나 편한 글에서 아주 흔하게 쓰여요. 이걸 쓰면 더 자연스럽고 유창하게 들릴 거예요! 친구에게 '오늘 뭐 할까?'라고 물을 때, '우리 오늘 밤에 영화 보러 안 가?'라고 말하고 싶다면: "Aren't we going to watch a movie tonight?"
⚠️

이중 부정을 조심해요!

일반적인 영어에서는 같은 문장에 부정 단어를 두 개 쓰지 않아요 ('I don't have no money'처럼). 헷갈릴 수 있고, 문장이 긍정적인 의미가 될 수도 있거든요. 한 문장에는 하나의 부정적인 생각만 표현하는 게 좋아요. 예를 들어, 돈이 없다고 말할 때는 이렇게 해야 해요: "I don't have any money."
🎯

'Do/Does' 규칙!

'be' 동사나 'can' 같은 조동사가 아닌 거의 모든 동사에는 'not'을 붙여 부정문을 만들 때 'do not'이나 'does not'을 써야 해요. 이건 많은 분이 어려워하는 부분이니, 자연스러워질 때까지 많이 연습해보세요! 커피를 안 마신다고 말할 때, '나는 커피를 마시지 않아.'라고 말하고 싶다면:
I do not drink coffee.
또는 "I don't drink coffee."
🌍

공손하게 부정하기

가끔은 'No, I don't like it'처럼 직접적으로 말하는 게 좀 무뚝뚝하게 들릴 수 있어요. 'I'm sorry, but...'이나 'Unfortunately, I can't...' 같은 공손한 표현을 덧붙이면 영어로 부정할 때 좀 더 부드럽게 들릴 거예요. 예를 들어, 거절할 때 '미안하지만, 갈 수 없어.'라고 할 때는: "I'm sorry, but I can't go."
💡

'Am not'의 특별한 경우

'am not'은 'amn't'로 줄여 쓰지 않는다는 걸 기억하세요! 대신, 보통 주어와 'am'을 줄여서 'I'm not'으로 만들어요. 예를 들어, 피곤하지 않다고 말할 때는: "I'm not tired."

Smart Tips

Just put 'not' after the verb. Don't look for any other helper verbs!

He doesn't be happy. He is not happy.

Think of 'does' as a magnet that pulls the 's' away from the main verb.

She does not likes apples. She does not like apples.

Use 'not really' instead of just 'not'. It sounds less aggressive.

I do not like this. I do not really like this.

Avoid all contractions. Use 'do not', 'is not', and 'cannot' in full.

I don't have the file. I do not have the file.

발음

/doʊnt/ (often sounds like /doʊn/ before a consonant)

The 't' in contractions

In fast speech, the 't' at the end of 'don't' or 'can't' is often a 'stop t', meaning the tongue hits the roof of the mouth but no air is released.

I am NOT going!

Stress on 'not'

If you want to emphasize the negation, put extra stress on the word 'not'.

Falling intonation for statements

I don't know. ↘

Conveys a certain, finished thought.

암기하기

기억법

Remember the 'Helper Sandwich': The helper verb and the main verb are the bread, and 'not' is the filling!

시각적 연상

Imagine a stop sign held by a small robot named 'Do'. The robot stands in front of the main verb to stop the action.

Rhyme

To say it's false, to say it's wrong, add a 'not' and sing along!

Story

Negative Ned is a character who disagrees with everything. If you say 'I like pizza,' Ned says 'I do NOT like pizza.' If you say 'It is sunny,' Ned says 'It is NOT sunny.' Ned always brings his friends 'Do' and 'Does' to help him disagree.

Word Web

notdon'tdoesn'tisn'taren'tcannotnever

챌린지

Look around your room and name 5 things that are NOT there using the sentence 'There is not a...' or 'I do not see a...'

문화 노트

Using full forms like 'do not' instead of 'don't' can sound very forceful or angry in casual conversation. It is often used for emphasis or when someone is being very serious.

The word 'ain't' is a common informal substitute for 'am not', 'is not', 'are not', 'has not', and 'have not'. While common, it is often considered non-standard in professional settings.

In some older or very formal British dialects, you might hear 'I have not' used without 'do-support' even for possession, though this is becoming rare.

The word 'not' comes from the Old English 'nāwiht', which literally meant 'no whit' or 'nothing'.

대화 시작하기

What is a food that you do not like?

Tell me about a city you are not from.

What is something you cannot do yet, but want to learn?

What are some things you did not do last weekend?

일기 주제

Write about your 'Anti-Bucket List': 5 things you do not want to do in your life.
Describe a person you know by only saying what they are NOT. (e.g., He is not tall, he is not mean...)
Write a short story about a day where everything went wrong because you did NOT do certain things.
Discuss a popular movie or book that you do not like and explain why.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

부정문을 완성하기 위해 올바른 형태를 선택하세요.

She ___ a doctor, she's a scientist.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: isn't
3인칭 단수 주어 (she, he, it)가 'be' 동사와 함께 쓰일 때, 'is not'을 사용하며, 이는 'isn't'로 줄여 쓸 수 있어요.
올바르게 부정문을 사용한 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I am not happy.
'be' 동사를 부정할 때는 'am', 'is', 'are' 바로 뒤에 'not'이 와요. 'I am not happy'가 올바른 구조예요.
올바른 영어 문장으로 번역하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Él no está aquí.'

Answer starts with: ["H...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["He is not here.","He isn't here."]
'is'를 부정하려면 그 뒤에 'not'을 붙여요. 전체 형태인 'is not'과 줄임말 'isn't' 모두 올바른 표현이에요.
문장의 실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

They no like pizza.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They don't like pizza.
일반 동사 'like'에는 보조 동사 'do' (또는 he/she/it의 경우 'does')와 'not'이 필요해요. 'Don't'는 'do not'의 줄임말이에요.

Score: /4

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct negative form of 'to be'.

They ___ not at the office today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: are
'They' requires the plural form of the verb 'to be', which is 'are'.
Choose the correct negative sentence. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He does not like pizza.
We use 'does not' + base verb (no 's') for third-person singular negation.
Correct the error in this sentence: 'I no am hungry.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

I no am hungry.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I am not hungry.
With the verb 'to be', 'not' comes after the verb.
Change this affirmative sentence to negative: 'We have a dog.' Sentence Transformation

We have a dog.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: We do not have a dog.
Action verbs like 'have' require 'do not' for negation.
Is the following rule true or false? True False Rule

In English, you can negate any verb by putting 'no' before it.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
You must use 'not' with an auxiliary verb or 'to be'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Can you swim? B: No, I ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cannot
The question uses 'can', so the negative answer should also use 'can'.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

[not / is / my / this / phone]

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: This is not my phone.
The order is Subject + Verb + Not + Object.
Which of these is a correct negative present simple form for 'she'? Grammar Sorting

Select the correct one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She doesn't go
'She' uses 'doesn't' followed by the base form of the verb.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

11 exercises
올바른 부정 형태를 선택하세요. 빈칸 채우기

We ___ speak French, only English.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: don't
올바른 부정 동사로 문장을 완성하세요. 빈칸 채우기

It ___ cold outside today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: isn't
실수를 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

He not work on weekends.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He doesn't work on weekends.
오류를 찾아 올바른 문장을 선택하세요. Error Correction

I can no hear you.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I can't hear you.
문법적으로 올바른 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They aren't ready for the test.
올바르게 구성된 부정문을 선택하세요. 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She doesn't speak Japanese.
문장을 영어로 번역하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'No entiendo.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["I don't understand.","I do not understand."]
가능하다면 줄임말을 사용하여 영어로 번역하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Ella no puede venir.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["She can't come.","She cannot come."]
단어들을 배열하여 부정문을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He is not tall.
단어들을 재배열하여 올바른 부정문을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I don't watch horror movies.
각 주어와 올바른 부정 동사 형태를 짝지으세요. Match Pairs

Match the subjects with the correct negative form:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /11

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

`No` is used as a direct answer or before nouns (`No money`). `Not` is used to negate verbs (`I am not`) or adjectives (`Not happy`).

No, this is a common mistake. You must use a helper verb: `I do not like`.

In English, the third-person 's' moves to the helper verb `do`, making it `does`. The main verb then stays in its base form.

Yes, but it is very informal and considered slang. It is best to avoid it in exams or professional writing.

It goes directly after 'can'. In writing, it is usually one word: `cannot`.

Use `do not` in formal writing (essays, business emails) or when you want to emphasize the negative very strongly.

Yes, but usually in more advanced structures like `Not many people know...` or in short commands like `Not now!`

No! Never use 'do' with 'to be'. Say `I am not`, never `I do not be`.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish low

no + verb

English needs a 'helper' verb (do/does) while Spanish does not.

French moderate

ne + verb + pas

English 'not' usually comes after the first auxiliary verb.

German moderate

verb + nicht

German doesn't use a helper verb like 'do' for negation.

Japanese none

verb + nai / masen

Japanese is agglutinative (suffixes), English is analytic (separate words).

Arabic low

la / ma + verb

Word order and the requirement of auxiliaries in English.

Chinese low

bu / mei + verb

English changes the auxiliary verb for tense, Chinese changes the negation particle.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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