Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Transition adverbials are 'signposts' that tell your reader how the next sentence relates to the previous one.
- Use a comma after the adverbial when starting a sentence (e.g., 'However, ...').
- Choose the word based on the relationship: contrast, addition, or result.
- Don't over-use them; sometimes a simple 'But' or 'And' is better for flow.
Overview
and, but, so, because와 같은 단순 접속사(Conjunctions)를 사용해 문장을 연결하는 법을 배웁니다.however, consequently, furthermore와 같은 표현들은 문장과 문장을 단순히 붙여주는 것이 아니라, 앞 문장과 뒷 문장이 어떤 논리적 관계를 맺고 있는지 알려주는 '이정표(signpost)' 역할을 합니다.-지만, -어서, -니까)를 통해 문장 간의 관계를 아주 세밀하게 표현할 수 있는 언어입니다. 반면 영어는 단어의 형태 변화보다는 문장 앞에 위치하는 접속부사를 통해 이 논리적 흐름을 명시적으로 보여주는 것을 선호합니다.but을 쓰는 것보다 Nevertheless(그럼에도 불구하고)를 사용하면 훨씬 더 정교하고 강조된 대조의 의미를 전달할 수 있습니다. 이번 강의에서는 여러분의 영어를 한 단계 업그레이드해 줄 접속부사의 세계를 깊이 있게 탐구해 보겠습니다.furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition | The new software is user-friendly. Furthermore, it is significantly faster than the previous version. |however, in contrast, on the other hand, conversely | The project was completed on time. However, the costs exceeded the initial budget. |nevertheless, nonetheless, even so, all the same | The market conditions are challenging. Nevertheless, we see great potential for growth. |consequently, therefore, as a result, thus, hence | The shipment was delayed by a week. Consequently, the production schedule had to be revised. |for example, for instance, to illustrate, specifically | Seoul offers many cultural attractions. For instance, Gyeongbokgung Palace is a must-visit site. |in other words, that is to say, to put it another way | He is a polymath. In other words, he possesses extensive knowledge in many different fields. |indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, above all | The situation is urgent. Indeed, immediate action is required to prevent further loss. |firstly, secondly, subsequently, finally, meanwhile | Firstly, we need to gather data. Subsequently, we will conduct a thorough analysis. |- 형태:
[접속부사], + [주어] + [동사]... The deadline is tomorrow. Therefore, we must finish the report tonight.- 한국어의 «따라서,» «하지만,»과 같은 부사어와 쓰임새가 비슷하여 한국인들이 가장 편하게 사용하는 방식입니다.
- 형태:
[문장 1]; + [접속부사], + [문장 2]. The experiment was a success; however, more tests are needed to confirm the results.- 이 패턴은 격식 있는 보고서나 논문에서 문장 간의 결속력을 높이기 위해 자주 사용됩니다.
however, therefore, indeed와 같은 단어들은 주어 뒤나 동사구 사이에 삽입되어 문장의 흐름을 부드럽게 만들 수 있습니다. 이때는 접속부사 앞뒤로 콤마를 찍어야 합니다.- 형태:
[주어], + [접속부사], + [동사]... The CEO, however, had a different vision for the company's future.- 이 방식은 문장의 리듬감을 조절하고, 특정 단어(주어 등)를 강조하는 효과가 있습니다. B2 레벨에서 이 패턴을 자유자재로 구사하면 훨씬 세련된 인상을 줍니다.
우리 회사가 이 시장에 진출해야 하는 이유는 세 가지입니다. 첫째(Firstly), 시장 규모가 큽니다. 둘째(Secondly), 경쟁사가 적습니다. 마지막으로(Finally), 우리의 기술력이 우위에 있습니다.
Your proposal is very innovative. Nevertheless, we need to consider the budgetary constraints.(당신의 제안은 혁신적입니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 예산 제약을 고려해야 합니다.)
so를 쓰는 것보다 consequently나 as a result를 쓰면, 결과의 중대성이나 논리적 필연성을 더 강조할 수 있습니다.The server went down for five hours. As a result, we lost thousands of dollars in potential sales.(서버가 5시간 동안 다운되었습니다. 그 결과, 수천 달러의 잠재적 매출 손실이 발생했습니다.)
Specifically나 In fact를 사용하여 추상적인 이야기를 구체적인 데이터나 사실로 뒷받침할 때 사용합니다.The app has been very successful. In fact, it has reached one million downloads in just three months.(그 앱은 매우 성공적이었습니다. 사실, 단 3개월 만에 100만 다운로드를 기록했습니다.)
however는 접속사가 아니기 때문에 콤마만으로 두 문장을 연결할 수 없습니다.- 잘못된 예:
The team played well, however, they lost the game.(X) - 옳은 예 1:
The team played well. However, they lost the game.(O) - 옳은 예 2:
The team played well; however, they lost the game.(O)
but) | 접속부사 (however) | 결과 |Clause, but clause. | Clause, however, clause. | Incorrect (Error) |Clause. But clause. | Clause. However, clause. | Correct |Moreover는 앞의 내용과 '비슷하거나 더 강한' 긍정적/부정적 내용을 덧붙일 때 씁니다. 하지만 단순히 결과(Result)를 나타낼 때 이를 쓰면 문맥이 꼬입니다.- 잘못된 예:
The road was icy. Moreover, there was a car accident.(길이 얼어붙었다. 게다가 사고가 났다 - 사고가 얼음 때문에 난 것이 아니라 별개의 사건처럼 들림) - 옳은 예:
The road was icy. Consequently, there was a car accident.(길이 얼어붙었다. 결과적으로 사고가 발생했다 - 인과관계 명확)
Firstly, Secondly를 남발하면 초등학생의 일기처럼 보일 수 있으니 주의하세요.and, but, so, or | however, therefore, furthermore | despite, due to, in spite of |- 접속사:
It was raining, so we stayed home.(문법적으로 한 문장) - 접속부사:
It was raining. Therefore, we stayed home.(독립된 두 문장) - 전치사:
Due to the rain, we stayed home.(명사구와 문장의 결합)
However를 문장 맨 뒤에 써도 되나요?The food was great. The service was a bit slow, however. 이 경우 however 앞에 콤마를 찍어줍니다. 하지만 B2 수준의 공식적인 글쓰기에서는 문장 앞이나 주어 뒤에 쓰는 것을 더 권장합니다.And나 But으로 문장을 시작하는 것과 접속부사를 쓰는 것의 차이는 무엇인가요?And나 But으로 문장을 시작하는 것이 허용되지만, 여전히 다소 캐주얼한 느낌을 줍니다. 비즈니스 리포트나 학술 논문에서는 Furthermore나 However를 사용하는 것이 훨씬 더 전문적이고 신뢰감을 줍니다.Therefore와 Thus는 똑같은 뜻인가요?Thus가 훨씬 더 격식 있고(formal) 딱딱한 느낌입니다. Thus는 보통 수학적 증명이나 매우 격조 높은 문학적 텍스트에서 주로 쓰입니다. 일상적인 비즈니스 상황에서는 Therefore나 As a result가 더 자연스럽습니다.Punctuation Patterns for Transitions
| Pattern Name | Punctuation Before | Punctuation After | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Standard
|
Period (.)
|
Comma (,)
|
I am tired. However, I will work.
|
|
Semicolon
|
Semicolon (;)
|
Comma (,)
|
I am tired; however, I will work.
|
|
Interrupter
|
Period (.)
|
Two Commas (, ,)
|
I am tired. I, however, will work.
|
|
End of Sentence
|
Comma (,)
|
Period (.)
|
I am tired. I will work, however.
|
Meanings
Words or phrases placed at the beginning of a sentence to indicate the logical relationship between that sentence and the preceding one.
Contrast
Showing a difference or unexpected result between two ideas.
“However, the results were not what we expected.”
“On the other hand, some people prefer working from home.”
Addition
Adding more information that supports the previous point.
“Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of sleep.”
“Moreover, the cost of living has increased significantly.”
Cause and Effect
Showing that the second sentence is a result of the first.
“Therefore, we must reconsider our strategy.”
“Consequently, the flight was delayed by three hours.”
Reference Table
| 기능 | 연결 부사/구 | 예시 문장 |
|---|---|---|
|
추가
|
Furthermore,
|
Furthermore, we need more data.
|
|
추가
|
Moreover,
|
Moreover, the forecast looks grim.
|
|
대조
|
However,
|
However, the outcome was unexpected.
|
|
대조
|
Nevertheless,
|
Nevertheless, they persevered.
|
|
원인/결과
|
Therefore,
|
Therefore, a change was necessary.
|
|
원인/결과
|
Consequently,
|
Consequently, the event was cancelled.
|
|
순서
|
First,
|
First, preheat the oven.
|
|
순서
|
Finally,
|
Finally, enjoy your meal.
|
|
강조
|
Indeed,
|
Indeed, it was a challenging year.
|
|
요약
|
In conclusion,
|
In conclusion, we met our goals.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Nevertheless, the data suggests a different conclusion. (Reporting a result)
However, the results were different. (Reporting a result)
But it didn't work out that way. (Reporting a result)
Still, it was a total fail. (Reporting a result)
전환 부사: 당신의 흐름 부스터
기능
- Addition 정보 추가
- Contrast 대조 보여주기
- Cause/Effect 원인/결과 설명
- Sequence 사건 순서 정하기
위치
- Sentence-initial 새 문장의 시작
- Followed by comma 중요한 구두점
영향
- Clarity 이해하기 쉽게
- Coherence 아이디어가 논리적으로 흐름
- Sophistication 글/말의 수준 높이기
접속사와 전환 부사 비교
전환 부사 사용법: 빠른 가이드
두 개의 별개 문장/아이디어를 논리적으로 연결하고 싶나요?
새 문장을 시작하나요?
부사가 논리적 관계(추가, 대조, 결과)와 일치하나요?
흔히 사용되는 전환 부사 유형
추가
- • Furthermore,
- • Moreover,
- • Additionally,
대조
- • However,
- • Nevertheless,
- • In contrast,
원인/결과
- • Therefore,
- • Consequently,
- • As a result,
순서
- • First,
- • Next,
- • Finally,
수준별 예문
First, I eat breakfast.
Primero, desayuno.
Then, I go to work.
Luego, voy al trabajo.
Next, I see my friends.
Después, veo a mis amigos.
Finally, I go to sleep.
Finalmente, me voy a dormir.
Also, I have a dog.
También tengo un perro.
However, it is very cold today.
Sin embargo, hace mucho frío hoy.
So, I stayed at home.
Así que me quedé en casa.
First of all, thank you.
Antes que nada, gracias.
Moreover, the hotel was very clean.
Además, el hotel estaba muy limpio.
Therefore, we decided to cancel.
Por lo tanto, decidimos cancelar.
On the other hand, it was expensive.
Por otro lado, era caro.
In addition, there is a gym.
Además, hay un gimnasio.
Consequently, the data is unreliable.
En consecuencia, los datos no son fiables.
Nevertheless, we must continue.
No obstante, debemos continuar.
Furthermore, the costs are rising.
Además, los costes están subiendo.
Alternatively, we could fly.
Alternativamente, podríamos volar.
Conversely, the urban population is shrinking.
Por el contrario, la población urbana está disminuyendo.
Accordingly, the policy was changed.
En consecuencia, se cambió la política.
Hence, the argument is flawed.
Por lo tanto, el argumento es defectuoso.
Notwithstanding the rain, the event was a success.
A pesar de la lluvia, el evento fue un éxito.
Be that as it may, the ethical implications remain.
Sea como fuere, las implicaciones éticas permanecen.
Indeed, the evidence suggests otherwise.
De hecho, la evidencia sugiere lo contrario.
Thus, the cycle continues unabated.
Así, el ciclo continúa sin cesar.
Furthermore, and perhaps more importantly, the budget is gone.
Además, y quizás más importante, el presupuesto se ha acabado.
혼동하기 쉬운
Both show contrast, but 'Although' is a subordinator that needs to stay in the same sentence as the main clause.
Learners use 'Therefore' with a comma like 'So'.
자주 하는 실수
I like cats however I like dogs.
I like cats. Also, I like dogs.
First I go home.
First, I go home.
It was raining, therefore we stayed.
It was raining. Therefore, we stayed.
The results were, however, inconclusive.
The results, however, were inconclusive.
문장 패턴
___, the project was a success.
I love traveling. ___, I hate long flights.
Real World Usage
Furthermore, I am certified in Python.
Consequently, the hypothesis was rejected.
Anyway, I'll see you at 8.
Alternatively, we can offer a full refund.
However, police have not made an arrest.
Finally, turn left at the light.
다양한 연결 부사를 사용해 보세요
Moreover, Nonetheless, Consequently, 같은 다양한 표현을 써서 글을 더 풍부하고 세련되게 만들어 보세요. It keeps your writing fresh!
쉼표는 필수예요!
문맥이 가장 중요해요
However,를 쓰면 독자가 헷갈릴 수 있어요. Make sure the connector fits the message!
미묘한 차이를 이해하세요
and나 but이 더 자연스러울 때도 있어요. Find your balance!소리 내어 읽어 보세요
ensuring your usage sounds fluent and confident, not forced.
Smart Tips
Move the transition to the middle of the sentence.
Use 'Firstly, Secondly, Finally' instead of 'And then... and then...'
Use a semicolon and a transition to combine them.
Start with 'Actually,' or 'In fact,'
발음
The Comma Pause
When a transition starts a sentence, there is a slight upward intonation followed by a brief pause at the comma.
Rising-Falling
Therefore, ⤴ we ⤵ stayed.
Indicates the transition is a separate logical unit from the main clause.
암기하기
기억법
Remember 'HOT CAT': However, Otherwise, Therefore, Consequently, Additionally, Thus.
시각적 연상
Imagine a traffic signpost at the start of a road. The sign doesn't change the road, but it tells you where the road is going (e.g., a 'U-turn' sign for 'However').
Rhyme
When 'However' starts the line, a comma makes it look just fine.
Story
A man was lost in a forest. 'However,' he had a map. 'Therefore,' he found his way. 'Furthermore,' he found some gold.
Word Web
챌린지
Write a 5-sentence paragraph about your day, starting every sentence (except the first) with a different transition adverbial.
문화 노트
British speakers often use 'However' at the end of a sentence more frequently than Americans in casual speech.
In Western universities, failing to use these transitions is often seen as a sign of 'poor logic' or 'weak argumentation'.
Using 'Consequently' instead of 'So' in emails makes you sound more authoritative and professional.
Most English transitions come from Old English (Therefore - 'for that') or Latin-based French (Consequently - 'consequentia').
대화 시작하기
What is your favorite city? However, what is one thing you dislike about it?
Tell me about a time a plan failed. Consequently, what did you do?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
The weather was terrible. ___, we still had a great time at the beach.
Find and fix the mistake:
Firstly we need to discuss the project timeline.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'El examen fue difícil. No obstante, aprobé.'
Answer starts with: ["T...
Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercisesThe company lost money. ___, they had to lay off staff.
Find and fix the mistake:
I love the beach, however, I hate the sand.
The house is beautiful. ___, it is located in a great neighborhood.
However / the / was / expensive / car / .
1. Nevertheless, 2. Therefore, 3. Moreover
Pick the correct one:
He didn't study at all. ___, he passed the exam with an A.
Choose the best word for a text message.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesLearning a new language takes time. ___, consistent practice is crucial.
The project was complex nevertheless we managed to finish it.
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
Translate into English: 'Mi conexión a internet es lenta. Además, el sitio web tarda en cargar.'
Put the words in order:
Match each adverbial with its main purpose:
The forecast predicted rain. ___, the picnic was a huge success.
The movie was long, in addition it was quite boring.
Select the appropriate sentence:
Translate into English: 'No me gusta madrugar. Por consiguiente, suelo llegar tarde.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Score: /11
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, in modern English it is acceptable, but 'However' is preferred in formal writing.
Yes, in standard English, a comma should always follow a transition adverbial at the start of a sentence.
It's when you use a comma to join two full sentences, like: 'I'm happy, however, I'm tired.' This is a mistake.
Yes! For example: 'I am tired. I will go, however.' It's quite common in speech.
They are almost identical. 'Moreover' often adds a more important point, while 'Furthermore' just adds another point.
It can sound a bit stiff. In conversation, people usually just say 'So'.
Aim for one every 2-3 sentences. If you use one in every sentence, it sounds robotic.
You can, but it will sound like you are joking or being very dramatic/sarcastic.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Sin embargo / Por lo tanto
English requires a period or semicolon more strictly than Spanish.
Cependant / Par conséquent
French often places the transition later in the sentence more naturally than English.
Trotzdem / Deshalb
English word order is Subject-Verb after a transition; German is Transition-Verb-Subject.
Shikashi / Dakara
English requires an explicit subject after the transition.
Lakin / Ma'a dhalika
Do not start English transitions with 'And' (e.g., 'And therefore' is usually redundant).
Danshi / Suoyi
Never use 'Because' and 'Therefore' in the same sentence in English.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
관련 동영상
05:07 Ross Can't Get His Leather Pants Back On | Friends
06:21 Why do we have grass lawns?
12:54 Inside Out 1 & 2 | Full Story Recap | Ending Scenes & Final Battles | Joy vs Sadness & Anxiety Fight
영어 글쓰기 필수! 전환 부사 (Transition Words) 완벽 정리
라이팅코치 Writing Coach
영어 글쓰기, 말하기 실력 확 높여주는 전환부사 (Transition Words)
영어의비밀
영어 문장 연결 부사, 접속 부사, 전환 부사 차이점과 사용법
영어의비밀
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