Persian Prepositions: In, On, Under (dar, ru-ye, zir-e)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Persian uses 'postpositions' that attach to the end of nouns to describe location: 'In', 'On', and 'Under'.
- Use 'dar' (in) before the noun: 'dar ketab' (in the book).
- Use 'ru-ye' (on) after the noun: 'miz-e ru-ye' (on the table).
- Use 'zir-e' (under) after the noun: 'sandali-e zir-e' (under the chair).
Overview
Mastering prepositions is fundamental to describing spatial relationships in any language. In Persian, three core prepositions allow you to express location: dar (در), ru-ye (روی), and zir-e (زیر). While dar formally means "in" or "at," its usage is predominantly confined to written or highly formal contexts.
For everyday spoken Persian, learners must internalize tu (تو) as the primary equivalent for "in." The prepositions ru-ye signify "on" or "upon," implying direct contact with a surface, while zir-e conveys "under" or "beneath." Understanding these distinctions and their appropriate contexts is crucial for A1 learners to form basic sentences and effectively navigate daily interactions in Persian-speaking environments.
This guide will provide a structured approach to comprehending these essential spatial indicators. We will delve into their precise formation rules, explore their practical applications in modern Persian, highlight common pitfalls for learners, and demonstrate their use in authentic conversational scenarios. By focusing on both the grammatical mechanics and the idiomatic preferences of native speakers, you will gain the confidence to express where things are with clarity and natural fluency.
How This Grammar Works
ru (رو) and zir (زیر), the Ezafe is essential. Its form depends on the sound ending the preceding word:- If the preposition ends in a consonant (e.g.,
zirزیر), the Ezafe is represented by an-e(ـِ) sound. - If the preposition ends in a vowel (e.g.,
ruرو), the Ezafe is represented by a-ye(ـیه) sound.
ru-ye and zir-e. For example, zir (under) combines with the Ezafe to form zir-e (زیرِ), as seen in zir-e miz (زیرِ میز - under the table). Similarly, ru (on), ending in the vowel u (و), takes the -ye Ezafe, becoming ru-ye (روی), as in ru-ye divar (روی دیوار - on the wall).dar (در) usually stands alone, directly preceding the noun without an Ezafe. For instance, dar keshvar (در کشور - in the country) is grammatically correct in formal Persian.tu (تو), almost always employs the Ezafe. Since tu (تو) ends in a vowel (u), it typically takes the -ye Ezafe, forming tu-ye (توی). This distinction between dar and tu-ye reflects a broader pattern in Persian where formal written language often differs from everyday speech.Formation Pattern
ru-ye, zir-e, and tu-ye follows a consistent pattern centered around the Ezafe connective. Understanding this structure allows you to confidently express locations. The general formula is [Preposition] + [Ezafe] + [Noun].
zir-e (زیرِ) - Under / Beneath
zir (زیر), meaning "under" or "bottom."
zir ends in a consonant (r), it takes the simple Ezafe -e (ـِ). The full form is zir-e (زیرِ).
zir-e.
zir-e miz (زیرِ میز) - under the table
zir-e patu (زیرِ پتو) - under the blanket
zir-e barf (زیرِ برف) - under the snow
ru-ye (روی) - On / Upon
ru (رو), meaning "face," "surface," or "top."
ru ends in a vowel (u), it takes the Ezafe -ye (ـیه). The full form is ru-ye (روی).
ru-ye is the grammatically complete form, in fast, casual spoken Persian, the -ye Ezafe is frequently dropped, resulting in simply ru (رو) followed directly by the noun. Both ru-ye miz and ru miz are common for "on the table."
ru-ye sandali (روی صندلی) - on the chair
ru keshidan (رو کشیدن) - to pull on (e.g., a blanket)
ru-ye zamin (روی زمین) - on the ground/floor
tu-ye (توی) - In (Colloquial)
tu (تو), meaning "inside" or "within." This is the ubiquitous informal replacement for dar.
tu ends in a vowel (u), so it typically takes the Ezafe -ye (ـیه). The full form is tu-ye (توی).
ru-ye, the -ye Ezafe in tu-ye is often omitted in rapid, casual speech, especially when the noun is short or begins with a vowel. Both tu-ye otagh and tu otagh are widely used for "in the room."
tu-ye mashin (توی ماشین) - in the car
tu kif (تو کیف) - in the bag
tu-ye internet (توی اینترنت) - in the internet
dar (در) - In / At (Formal/Written)
dar (در), meaning "in," "at," or "door."
dar does not typically take an Ezafe when used as a preposition. It directly precedes the noun.
dar for formal writing, official documents, news broadcasts, or highly elevated speech. Using it in casual conversation often sounds unnatural or overly pedantic to native speakers.
dar Tehran (در تهران) - in Tehran (formal context)
dar ketab (در کتاب) - in the book (written reference)
dar gozashte (در گذشته) - in the past (fixed formal expression)
zir (زیر) | Consonant | -e (ـِ) | zir-e (زیرِ) | zir-e (زیرِ) | under |
ru (رو) | Vowel | -ye (ـیه) | ru-ye (روی) | ru (رو) | on |
tu (تو) | Vowel | -ye (ـیه) | tu-ye (توی) | tu (تو) | in (informal) |
dar (در) | Consonant | None | dar (در) | N/A | in (formal) |
When To Use It
tu-ye, ru-ye, zir-e, or dar) depends heavily on the specific spatial relationship you wish to convey and the context (formal vs. informal) of your communication. Each preposition carries distinct implications for the location and nature of the object.tu-ye (توی) / tu (تو) - In, Inside, Withintu-ye is the most versatile and commonly used preposition for "in" in spoken Persian. It is employed for:- Enclosed Spaces: Any area with clear boundaries or walls, whether physical or conceptual.
Man tu-ye otagh hastam.(من توی اتاق هستم.) - I am in the room.Ketab tu-ye kif-am hast.(کتاب توی کیفم هست.) - The book is in my bag.- Vehicles: Persian conceptualizes most modes of transport (cars, trains, buses, planes) as enclosed spaces you enter.
Man tu-ye mashin-am.(من توی ماشینم.) - I am in the car.Ma tu-ye ghetar be Esfahan raftim.(ما توی قطار به اصفهان رفتیم.) - We went to Isfahan on the train (literally, in the train).- Containers: Objects designed to hold other items.
Shir tu-ye yakhchal-e.(شیر توی یخچالِ.) - The milk is in the fridge.Ghalam tu-ye jaqalami-ye.(قلم توی جا قلمیِ.) - The pen is in the pencil holder.- Abstract/Digital Spaces: Websites, social media, the internet, or even thoughts.
Ax-et-o tu-ye Instagram didam.(عکستو توی اینستاگرام دیدم.) - I saw your picture on Instagram (literally, in Instagram).In khabar tu-ye internet montasher shod.(این خبر توی اینترنت منتشر شد.) - This news was published on the internet.- General Locations (Informal): Broader areas like cities, countries, or neighborhoods, especially in speech.
Un tu-ye Tehran zendegi mikoneh.(اون توی تهران زندگی میکنه.) - He/She lives in Tehran.
ru-ye (روی) / ru (رو) - On, Uponru-ye indicates physical contact with a surface. It implies an object is resting directly on another.- Flat, Horizontal Surfaces: The most common use, for items placed on tables, floors, shelves, etc.
Ghalam ru-ye miz-e.(قلم روی میزِ.) - The pen is on the table.Kotab ru-ye raf-e.(کتاب روی رفِ.) - The book is on the shelf.- Vertical Surfaces (e.g., walls): For items attached to or displayed on walls.
Ax ru-ye divar ast.(عکس روی دیوار است.) - The picture is on the wall.Saa't ru-ye divar nist.(ساعت روی دیوار نیست.) - The clock isn't on the wall.- Ground/Floor: For anything resting on the earth or a floor.
Bacheha ru-ye zamin bazi mikonand.(بچهها روی زمین بازی میکنند.) - The children are playing on the ground.- As a topic (less common for A1): To discuss things "on" a subject, similar to "about" or "regarding."
Darbareh-ye in mozu' ru-ye sahbat kardim.(دربارهی این موضوع روی صحبت کردیم.) - We spoke on this topic. (More advanced usage)
zir-e (زیرِ) - Under, Beneathzir-e denotes a position directly below something else, often implying concealment or coverage.- Directly Below: The most straightforward application.
Gorbeh zir-e miz khabideh.(گربه زیرِ میز خوابیده.) - The cat is sleeping under the table.Kelid-am zir-e daftar-e.(کلیدم زیرِ دفترِ.) - My key is under the notebook.- Under Cover/Protection: When something is obscured or protected by what is above it.
Un zir-e patu-ye.(اون زیرِ پتوِ.) - He/She is under the blanket.Golha zir-e barf pinhun shodeh-and.(گلها زیرِ برف پنهان شدهاند.) - The flowers are hidden under the snow.- Subordinate/Inferior Position: Metaphorically, for being under someone's command or control.
Un zir-e dast-e modir kar mikoneh.(اون زیرِ دستِ مدیر کار میکنه.) - He/She works under the manager. (More nuanced, but an A1 learner might encounter this.)
dar (در) - In, At (Formal/Written)dar is the formal counterpart to tu-ye. Its usage is specific:- Formal Writing: Academic papers, legal documents, official correspondence.
Dar in keshvar, ghanun hay-e mokhtalefi vojoud darad.(در این کشور، قانونهای مختلفی وجود دارد.) - In this country, different laws exist.- News and Media: Used in broadcasts, newspaper articles, and formal reports.
Akhbar dar rooznameh chap shod.(اخبار در روزنامه چاپ شد.) - The news was printed in the newspaper.- Fixed Formal Expressions: Some idiomatic phrases retain
dareven in semi-formal speech. dar har surat(در هر صورت) - in any casedar natijeh(در نتیجه) - as a result
Common Mistakes
dar in Spoken Persian:dar (در) for "in" in all contexts. However, as discussed, dar is highly formal and sounds stiff or archaic in casual conversation. Using dar with friends or family would be akin to speaking in Shakespearean English in modern informal settings. Native speakers primarily use tu-ye (توی) or its shortened form tu (تو) for "in" in virtually all spoken situations.- Incorrect:
Man dar mashin hastam.(من در ماشین هستم.) - (Sounds overly formal) - Correct:
Man tu-ye mashin-am.(من توی ماشینم.) - I am in the car. - Correct (Casual):
Man tu mashin-am.(من تو ماشینم.) - I am in the car.
ru-ye internet or ru-ye Instagram. This is incorrect in Persian. Persian conceptualizes digital platforms and the internet as enclosed environments, similar to a room or a bag. Therefore, the preposition tu-ye is used.- Incorrect:
Un ax ru-ye Instagram-e.(اون عکس روی اینستاگرامِ.) - (Literally: That picture is on Instagram, as if Instagram is a physical surface.) - Correct:
Un ax tu-ye Instagram-e.(اون عکس توی اینستاگرامِ.) - That picture is on Instagram.
tu-ye is the appropriate preposition.- Incorrect:
Man ru-ye otobus-am.(من روی اتوبوسم.) - (Literally: I am on top of the bus.) - Correct:
Man tu-ye otobus-am.(من توی اتوبوسم.) - I am on the bus.
zir:tu-ye and ru-ye often drop their -ye Ezafe in casual speech, zir-e (زیرِ) almost always retains its -e. Omitting it makes the phrase sound incomplete or grammatically awkward to a native ear.- Incorrect:
Gorbeh zir miz-e.(گربه زیر میزِ.) - (Sounds ungrammatical) - Correct:
Gorbeh zir-e miz-e.(گربه زیرِ میزِ.) - The cat is under the table.
ru-ye with bala-ye:ru-ye (روی) and bala-ye (بالای). ru-ye implies physical contact with a surface, whereas bala-ye (above) denotes a position vertically higher than an object, but without direct contact. For example, a lamp is bala-ye the table (above it, not touching), while a plate is ru-ye the table (on it, touching).- Incorrect:
Cheragh ru-ye miz-e.(چراغ روی میزِ.) - (Implies the lamp is resting on the table's surface.) - Correct:
Cheragh bala-ye miz-e.(چراغ بالای میزِ.) - The lamp is above the table.
Real Conversations
To truly grasp how these prepositions function, observing their application in everyday spoken Persian is invaluable. These examples demonstrate the natural, fluid use of tu-ye, ru-ye, and zir-e in various contexts, reflecting the common patterns and casual omissions discussed previously.
Scenario 1
- A: Kelid-am kojast? Nemibinam-esh.
(کلیدم کجاست؟ نمیبینمش.)
- My key, where is it? I don't see it. (Lit: My key, where is it? I don't see it-it.)
- B: Fekr konam ru-ye mize, ya shayad zir-e ketab.
(فکر کنم روی میزه، یا شاید زیرِ کتاب.)
- I think it's on the table, or maybe under the book. (Note the standard ru-ye and zir-e usage).
- A: Ah, peyda-yesh kardam! Tu-ye jib-am bud!
(آه، پیدایش کردم! توی جیبم بود!)
- Ah, I found it! It was in my pocket! (Uses tu-ye for an enclosed space).
Scenario 2
- A: Salam! Kojas-i? Mishe ye kam dir-tar beresam.
(سلام! کجایی؟ میشه یه کم دیرتر برسم.)
- Hi! Where are you? I might arrive a bit later. (Lit: Where are you? It's possible I arrive a bit later.)
- B: Salam. Man alan tu kofe-am, montazer-et-am.
(سلام. من الان تو کافهام، منتظرتام.)
- Hi. I'm in the cafe right now, waiting for you. (Uses the casual tu without Ezafe).
- A: Ok, man tu-ye taxi-am, zud miresam.
(اوکی، من توی تاکسیام، زود میرسم.)
- Okay, I'm in a taxi, I'll arrive soon. (Uses tu-ye for a vehicle).
Scenario 3
- A: Vay, ax-e jaleb! Ino kojadid-i?
(وای، عکسِ جالب! اینو کجا دیدی؟)
- Wow, interesting photo! Where did you see this?
- B: Tu Instagram didam-esh. Kheyli bahaal bud!
(تو اینستاگرام دیدمش. خیلی باحال بود!)
- I saw it on Instagram. It was really cool! (Uses casual tu for digital space).
- A: Manam didam! Vali in ketab-e ke zir-e goshi-t-e chie?
(منم دیدم! ولی این کتابیه که زیرِ گوشیته چیه؟)
- I saw it too! But what's this book that's under your phone? (Uses zir-e for direct physical placement).
These dialogues demonstrate several key aspects: the prevalence of tu-ye (or tu) in spoken Persian for "in," the stable use of zir-e, and the slight variability of ru-ye (or ru). Pay attention to the verb endings and the attached personal pronouns, which often indicate the subject or possessor without explicit pronouns, a common feature of Persian speech that A1 learners should begin to notice.
Quick FAQ
dar, ru-ye, and zir-e to reinforce key concepts and clarify potential points of confusion.tu always interchangeable with dar?tu (تو) is the informal, colloquial equivalent of dar (در) for "in," they are not always interchangeable. dar is reserved for formal written contexts, official speeches, or very specific fixed expressions.dar in casual conversation will sound unnatural. Always prefer tu-ye or tu when speaking informally.tu-ye and ru-ye forms, or can I drop the -ye?-ye Ezafe is very often dropped for both tu-ye and ru-ye, resulting in tu and ru. This is perfectly natural and common. For beginners, it's safe to start with the full tu-ye and ru-ye forms for clarity, then gradually incorporate the shortened versions as you gain more listening and speaking experience.zir-e almost always retains its -e.ru-ye (روی) and bala-ye (بالای)?ru-ye implies direct physical contact with a surface, meaning one object is resting on another (e.g., ghalam ru-ye miz - pen on the table). bala-ye means "above" or "over" and indicates a position higher than an object without physical contact (e.g., cheragh bala-ye miz - lamp above the table). This distinction is crucial for accurate spatial description.tu-ye for "in the car" or "on the bus," even though English uses "on." Why is this?tu-ye (in/inside) is used to reflect this understanding of being within the vehicle, rather than on top of it as English often implies. This reflects a different cultural and linguistic framing of spatial relationships.ru-ye or tu-ye?tu-ye (or tu). These are considered virtual containers or environments that one is within, not physical surfaces one is on. So, you would say tu-ye internet (توی اینترنت) or tu-ye Instagram (توی اینستاگرام).dar is a notable exception that does not take Ezafe. Other prepositions might precede the Ezafe, or behave differently depending on their syntactic role.tu-ye, ru-ye, and zir-e will cover the most common use cases and their Ezafe behavior.Spatial Marker Formation
| Preposition/Postposition | Persian | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Preposition
|
در (dar)
|
In
|
در کیف (in the bag)
|
|
Postposition
|
روی (ru-ye)
|
On
|
میزِ روی (on the table)
|
|
Postposition
|
زیر (zir-e)
|
Under
|
صندلیِ زیر (under the chair)
|
Meanings
These particles define the spatial relationship between objects. 'Dar' is a preposition, while 'ru-ye' and 'zir-e' function as postpositions.
Physical Location
Describing where an object is physically located.
“گربه زیر میز است.”
“مداد در کیف است.”
Abstract/Metaphorical
Used in concepts like 'in the city' or 'on the list'.
“در تهران”
“روی لیست”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
dar + Noun
|
در خانه (in the house)
|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + -e + ru-ye
|
میزِ روی (on the table)
|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + -e + zir-e
|
تختِ زیر (under the bed)
|
|
Negative
|
dar + Noun + nist
|
در خانه نیست (not in the house)
|
|
Question
|
dar + Noun + ast?
|
در خانه است؟ (is it in the house?)
|
|
Pronoun
|
ru-ye + pronoun
|
روی آن (on it)
|
Formality Spectrum
گربه زیر میز است. (Describing location)
گربه زیر میزه. (Describing location)
گربه زیر میزه. (Describing location)
گربه زیر میزه دیگه. (Describing location)
Spatial Relationships
In
- در dar
On
- روی ru-ye
Under
- زیر zir-e
Examples by Level
کتاب در کیف است.
The book is in the bag.
گربه روی صندلی است.
The cat is on the chair.
کفش زیر تخت است.
The shoe is under the bed.
مداد در جعبه است.
The pencil is in the box.
آیا کلید روی میز است؟
Is the key on the table?
تلفن در جیب من نیست.
The phone is not in my pocket.
گربه زیر ماشین است.
The cat is under the car.
او در خانه است.
He is in the house.
روی آن صندلی بنشین.
Sit on that chair.
در این شهر، هوا سرد است.
In this city, the weather is cold.
زیر آن درخت، سایه است.
Under that tree, it is shady.
روی لیست اسم تو هست.
Your name is on the list.
او در حال کار کردن است.
He is in the middle of working.
روی میزِ چوبی، گلدان است.
On the wooden table, there is a vase.
زیرِ فشارِ زیاد، او خسته شد.
Under a lot of pressure, he got tired.
در مورد این موضوع صحبت کنیم.
Let's talk about this subject.
در اعماقِ دریا، نور کم است.
In the depths of the sea, there is little light.
روی هم رفته، خوب بود.
All in all, it was good.
زیرِ نظرِ پلیس است.
He is under police surveillance.
در پیِ موفقیت بود.
He was in pursuit of success.
در سایهیِ درختانِ کهن، آرامش یافت.
In the shadow of the ancient trees, he found peace.
رویِ اصلِ مطلب تمرکز کن.
Focus on the essence of the matter.
زیرِ لوایِ قانون عمل کرد.
He acted under the banner of the law.
در قبالِ این کار، پاداش گرفت.
In return for this work, he received a reward.
Easily Confused
Learners mix up the formal 'dar' and informal 'tu'.
Both mean 'on' or 'above'.
Both mean 'under' or 'below'.
Common Mistakes
dar miz
miz-e ru-ye
ru-ye miz
miz-e ru-ye
zir miz
miz-e zir-e
dar-e miz
dar miz
ru-ye man
ru-ye-am
zir-e-ash
zir-e-ash
dar-e-ash
dar-ash
ru-ye-e miz
ru-ye miz
zir-e-ye
zir-e
dar-e-ye
dar
dar-e-ash
dar-ash
ru-ye-ash-e
ru-ye-ash
zir-e-ash-e
zir-e-ash
dar-e-miz
dar miz
Sentence Patterns
___ در ___ است.
___ روی ___ است.
___ زیر ___ است.
آیا ___ در ___ است؟
Real World Usage
کجایی؟ در کافه.
هتل در مرکز شهر است.
غذا روی میز است.
در این شرکت کار میکنم.
در سفر هستم.
زیر پل برو.
Use Sticky Notes
Don't Forget Ezafe
Think in Pairs
Spoken vs Written
Smart Tips
Always check if you need a preposition or postposition.
Attach the pronoun to the postposition.
Use 'dar' instead of 'tu'.
Use 'tu' to sound like a local.
Pronunciation
Ezafe (-e)
Pronounced as a short 'eh' sound, like the 'e' in 'bed'.
Statement
کتاب روی میز است. ↘
Falling intonation for facts.
Question
کتاب روی میز است؟ ↗
Rising intonation for yes/no questions.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Dar is a Door: You go IN the door. Ru-ye is Rooftop: You are ON the roof. Zir-e is Zero: You are UNDER the ground.
Visual Association
Imagine a cat. If it's in a box, it's 'dar'. If it's on the roof, it's 'ru-ye'. If it's under the bed, it's 'zir-e'.
Rhyme
In the box is dar, on the table is ru-ye, under the bed is zir-e, learning Persian is easy!
Story
My cat is in (dar) the kitchen. He jumps on (ru-ye) the counter. Then he hides under (zir-e) the chair.
Word Web
Challenge
Look around your room and say 5 sentences using these three words in 5 minutes.
Cultural Notes
In spoken Tehrani, 'dar' is often replaced by 'tu' or 'tuye'.
In writing, 'dar' is preferred over 'tu'.
Poets often use these markers to create rhythm.
These particles evolved from Old Persian spatial nouns.
Conversation Starters
کلید کجاست؟ (Where is the key?)
گربه کجاست؟ (Where is the cat?)
کتاب کجاست؟ (Where is the book?)
تلفن کجاست؟ (Where is the phone?)
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
کتاب ___ میز است.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
کتاب در میز است.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
The cat is under the chair.
Answer starts with: گرب...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
مداد ___ کیف است.
کفش ___ تخت است.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesکتاب ___ میز است.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
کتاب در میز است.
میز / روی / کتاب / است
The cat is under the chair.
Match: In, On, Under
مداد ___ کیف است.
کفش ___ تخت است.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesLotfan ketab ra ___ keshuy-e miz bogzarid. (Please put the book in the desk drawer).
miz / ru-ye / kelid-am / ast
I saw it on TV.
Man dar otobus am. (I am on the bus - casual chat).
Choose the right option:
Bia beshin ___ farsh. (Come sit on the carpet).
Match the words:
khiyabun / montazer-am / tu
under the blanket (patu)
Kafsh-ha zir sandali ast. (The shoes are under the chair).
Choose the shortcut option:
Aks-et ro ___ inesta didam. (I saw your photo on Instagram).
Score: /12
FAQ (8)
It's a preposition, so it comes before the noun. The others are postpositions.
Yes, it connects the noun to the postposition.
Yes, in casual conversation.
The Ezafe becomes '-ye'.
It's two words: 'ru' (surface) and 'ye' (Ezafe).
Yes, like 'kenar-e' (next to).
Because 'ru-ye' is a postposition.
Use 'ru-ye-ash'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
en, sobre, debajo de
Persian word order is inverted for postpositions.
dans, sur, sous
Persian uses Ezafe to connect nouns to postpositions.
in, auf, unter
German changes articles; Persian changes word order.
ni, no ue ni, no shita ni
Japanese is strictly postpositional.
fi, 'ala, tahta
Arabic is strictly prepositional.
zai...li, zai...shang, zai...xia
Chinese uses 'zai' as a base.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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