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B1 suffix 8 min read

～式

shiki
Examples ～式 in 30 Seconds
Explanation ～式 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you will mostly see ～式 (shiki) in very common compound words that you might learn as single vocabulary items. The most important ones are 和式 (Washiki - Japanese style) and 洋式 (Yōshiki - Western style). You will see these on signs for toilets in train stations or parks. You will also learn 結婚式 (Kekkon-shiki - Wedding) and 卒業式 (Sotsugyō-shiki - Graduation ceremony). At this stage, don't worry too much about the suffix rules; just remember these specific words as they appear in your daily life in Japan. They help you choose the right bathroom or understand what kind of event you are attending.
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At the A2 level, you start to see ～式 (shiki) as a more flexible suffix. You might encounter it in descriptions of how things work, such as 自動式 (Jidō-shiki - Automatic) or 手動式 (Shudō-shiki - Manual). You'll notice that it attaches directly to nouns. You might also see it in words like 組み立て式 (Kumitate-shiki - Assembly style/flat-pack) when shopping for furniture. The key for A2 learners is to recognize that shiki turns the preceding word into a 'type' or 'method.' You should also start using the particle の to connect these words to other nouns, like 和式の部屋 (washiki no heya - Japanese-style room).
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At the B1 level, you should understand ～式 (shiki) as a productive suffix that can be used to categorize systems. You will encounter it in more abstract or professional contexts, such as 選択式 (Sentaku-shiki - Multiple choice) or 記述式 (Kijutsu-shiki - Essay/Description style) exams. You will also see it in business terms like 定額式 (Teigaku-shiki - Fixed-rate system). At this stage, you should be able to distinguish between shiki (system/method) and fū (appearance/vibe). For example, knowing that a 'Western-style' building is yōfū (aesthetic) but a 'Western-style' toilet is yōshiki (mechanical system).
At the B2 level, you will encounter ～式 (shiki) in technical, political, and scientific discussions. Words like 方程式 (Hōteishiki - Equation/Formula), 化学式 (Kagakushiki - Chemical formula), and 議会制民主主義式 (Gikaisei minshushugi-shiki - Parliamentary democracy style) become more common. You should understand the nuance of using shiki to describe formal methodologies. You will also see it used in historical contexts to describe specific eras or governance styles, such as 旧式 (Kyūshiki - Old-style/outdated) versus 最新式 (Saishin-shiki - State-of-the-art). Your usage should reflect an understanding of shiki as a tool for precise classification.
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At the C1 level, you should be able to appreciate the subtle nuances of ～式 (shiki) in literature and high-level discourse. It is used to describe complex social systems or philosophical frameworks. You might see it in terms like 叙情式 (Jojō-shiki - Lyrical style) or specialized architectural terms. You should also be comfortable with the 'ceremony' aspect of the kanji in more obscure settings, such as 地鎮式 (Jichin-shiki - Groundbreaking ceremony). At this level, you can use shiki to create your own compound descriptors in professional writing to categorize new methods or systems effectively, ensuring they sound formal and authoritative.
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At the C2 level, ～式 (shiki) is handled with native-like precision, distinguishing it from yōshiki (mode/form), keishiki (format), and hōshiki (method/system). You understand how shiki functions within the broader 'Sino-Japanese' (Kango) vocabulary to create dense, information-rich technical terms. You can navigate legal documents where shiki might define the 'form' of a contract or the 'method' of a trial. You also recognize its use in highly specific cultural or religious contexts, where the 'ceremony' and 'style' meanings blur, such as in the structural classifications of ancient shrines or the rhythmic 'formulas' of classical poetry.
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Examples

～式 in 30 Seconds

  • A suffix used to denote 'style,' 'system,' or 'method' (e.g., Japanese-style).
  • Essential for distinguishing between 'Washiki' (Japanese) and 'Yoshiki' (Western) facilities.
  • Commonly found in technical terms like 'automatic,' 'manual,' and 'folding.'
  • Functions as the standard suffix for formal ceremonies like weddings and graduations.

The Japanese suffix ～式 (shiki) is a fundamental building block in the Japanese language, primarily used to denote a specific style, method, system, or type. Derived from the kanji meaning 'ceremony' or 'formula,' its application in modern Japanese has expanded to categorize almost anything that follows a particular pattern or standard. English speakers often encounter this when distinguishing between traditional Japanese styles and Western styles, but its utility extends far into technical, academic, and everyday contexts. Whether you are choosing a hotel room, operating machinery, or discussing mathematical formulas, shiki acts as the bridge between a noun and its functional classification.

Cultural Categorization
In the realm of lifestyle, ～式 is most famously used in the binary of 和式 (Washiki - Japanese style) and 洋式 (Yōshiki - Western style). This is most frequently seen in bathrooms (toilets) and bedrooms (futons vs. beds). When you see these terms, you aren't just looking at a description; you are looking at a classification of the system used.
Technical Operation
When describing how a machine or device functions, ～式 identifies the mechanism. For example, 手動式 (Shudō-shiki) means 'manual type' or 'manual system,' while 自動式 (Jidō-shiki) refers to an 'automatic system.' It tells the user the 'mode' of operation.
Formal Ceremonies
While often used as a suffix for 'style,' it also stands as the primary suffix for ceremonies. 卒業式 (Sotsugyō-shiki) for graduation and 結婚式 (Kekkon-shiki) for weddings utilize the original meaning of the kanji, representing a formal, structured event governed by rules and traditions.

このホテルは和式の部屋しかありません。(Kono hoteru wa washiki no heya shika arimasen.)
This hotel only has Japanese-style rooms.

新しい組み立て式の家具を買いました。(Atarashii kumitate-shiki no kagu o kaimashita.)
I bought some new assembly-style (flat-pack) furniture.

Understanding ～式 is essential for intermediate learners because it moves beyond simple adjectives into the realm of categorization. It allows you to speak about systems of governance, types of exams (like 選択式 - multiple choice), and even scientific formulas (化学式 - chemical formula). It is a precise, formal, and highly efficient way to describe the 'how' and 'what kind' of an object or event.

Using ～式 correctly requires understanding its role as a suffix that transforms a base noun into a descriptor of a system or style. It is remarkably consistent in its grammar: [Base Noun] + 式. Unlike some other suffixes, it rarely changes its reading (always shiki) and follows standard noun-modification rules. To use it as an adjective, you simply add the particle の (no) before the noun you are describing.

Categorizing Objects
When you want to specify the 'type' of a physical object, ～式 is your go-to suffix. For instance, if you are talking about a camera, you might specify 一眼レフ式 (Ichigan refu-shiki - SLR type). This tells the listener the specific mechanical system the camera uses.
Describing Procedures
In business or education, ～式 describes how things are done. An 記述式試験 (Kijutsu-shiki shiken) is a 'description-style exam' (essay-based), whereas a マークシート式 (Māku-shīto-shiki) is a 'bubble-sheet style.' This distinction is crucial for clear communication in professional settings.

このドアは引き戸式です。(Kono doa wa hikido-shiki desu.)
This door is a sliding-style door.

彼はアメリカ式のやり方でビジネスを進めた。(Kare wa Amerika-shiki no yarikata de bijinesu o susumeta.)
He proceeded with business in an American-style way.

One nuance to remember is that ～式 often implies a formalized or mechanical system. If you are talking about someone's personal 'vibe' or a loose 'flavor,' you might use ～風 (fū) instead. ～式 is for when there is a defined structure or a standard model being followed. It is the language of blueprints, manuals, and traditions.

You will hear ～式 in almost every corner of Japanese life, from the most mundane tasks to high-stakes formal events. Its presence is a testament to the Japanese penchant for clear categorization and systemic organization. In a country where tradition and high technology coexist, shiki provides the vocabulary to navigate both worlds.

In the Home and Hotels
When booking a Ryokan (traditional inn) or a modern hotel, you will inevitably see 和式 (Washiki) and 洋式 (Yōshiki). Staff might ask, "お部屋は和式と洋式、どちらがよろしいですか？" (Would you prefer a Japanese-style or Western-style room?). This refers to whether you will sleep on a futon or a bed, and whether the bathroom has a squat toilet or a pedestal toilet.
At School and Work
Students live their lives by the 'shiki.' The school year is punctuated by the 入学式 (Nyūgaku-shiki - Entrance Ceremony) and the 卒業式 (Sotsugyō-shiki - Graduation Ceremony). In the office, you might discuss a 定額式 (Teigaku-shiki - Fixed-amount system) for expenses or a 最新式 (Saishin-shiki - Latest model) of a computer or software.
Technical and DIY Contexts
If you go to a hardware store like Cainz or Hands, you'll see labels like ネジ式 (Neji-shiki - Screw-type), ワンタッチ式 (Wantatchi-shiki - One-touch type), or 折りたたみ式 (Oritatami-shiki - Folding type). These terms are essential for understanding how to assemble or use products.

明日は大学の卒業式です。(Ashita wa daigaku no sotsugyō-shiki desu.)
Tomorrow is the university graduation ceremony.

このカメラは最新式のモデルです。(Kono kamera wa saishin-shiki no moderu desu.)
This camera is the latest style/model.

Whether you are reading a menu, a manual, or an invitation, ～式 acts as a vital descriptor. It provides a level of specificity that simple adjectives cannot, categorizing the world into understandable, functional groups. Listening for this suffix will help you identify the 'system' behind the objects and events around you.

While ～式 (shiki) is versatile, English speakers often trip up by using it where other 'style' suffixes like ～風 (fū) or ～流 (ryū) are more appropriate. Understanding the boundaries of shiki is key to sounding natural and precise in Japanese.

Style vs. Vibe (~式 vs ~風)
The most common mistake is using ～式 for aesthetic 'vibes.' If a cafe looks like it's in Paris, you should say パリ風 (Pari-fū - Paris-style/flavor). Using パリ式 would imply that the cafe operates under a specific Parisian administrative or mechanical system, which sounds odd. Use shiki for systems and fū for appearances or flavors.
Style vs. School of Thought (~式 vs ~流)
When talking about a personal way of doing things or a lineage (like in martial arts or flower arrangement), ～流 (ryū) is used. 俺流 (Ore-ryū) means 'my own way.' Using 俺式 would sound like you are a robot with a specific operating system. Use ryū for traditions, schools, and personal styles.

❌ イタリア式の料理 (Itaria-shiki no ryōri)
✅ イタリア風の料理 (Itaria-fū no ryōri)
Explanation: Cooking is usually a 'flavor' or 'style' (fū), not a mechanical system (shiki).

❌ 彼は自分式のやり方がある。(Kare wa jibun-shiki no yarikata ga aru.)
✅ 彼は自分流のやり方がある。(Kare wa jibun-ryū no yarikata ga aru.)
Explanation: Personal methods are 'ryū' (lineage/way), not 'shiki' (system/formula).

Finally, remember that ～式 is a suffix. You cannot use it as a standalone word to mean 'style.' You must attach it to a noun. If you want to say 'The style is good,' you would use スタイル (sutairu) or 様式 (yōshiki), not just shiki.

Japanese has several ways to express 'style' or 'method.' Choosing the right one depends on whether you are talking about aesthetics, traditions, mechanical systems, or general characteristics. Comparing ～式 with its peers will sharpen your precision.

～式 (shiki) vs. ～風 (fū)
～式 refers to a formal system, a mechanical type, or a standardized method. ～風 refers to a 'look,' 'feel,' or 'flavor.' Use shiki for a 'Western-style toilet' (mechanical system) and fū for 'Western-style decor' (aesthetic appearance).
～式 (shiki) vs. ～流 (ryū)
～流 implies a lineage, a school of thought, or a personal way of doing things. It's often used in arts (tea ceremony) and sports. ～式 is more impersonal and systematic. You follow shiki rules, but you belong to a ryū school.
～式 (shiki) vs. ～的 (teki)
～的な is the general suffix for '-like' or '-al' (e.g., nihon-teki = Japan-like). It is much broader and more subjective than shiki. Shiki is a hard classification; teki is a descriptive quality.

それは日本式の経営ですか、それとも日本的な経営ですか？
Is that a Japanese-style management system (shiki), or just management with Japanese-like characteristics (teki)?

In academic contexts, you might also see ～法 (hō), which specifically means 'method' or 'law.' For example, 学習法 (gakushū-hō - study method). While shiki can sometimes overlap with hō, shiki usually refers to the 'type' of system, while hō refers to the 'process' or 'technique' used within it.

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Examples by Level

1

和式のトイレはありますか？

Are there any Japanese-style toilets?

和式 (Washiki) + の (no) + トイレ (toire).

2

洋式のベッドで寝たいです。

I want to sleep in a Western-style bed.

洋式 (Yōshiki) refers to Western style.

3

明日は卒業式です。

Tomorrow is the graduation ceremony.

卒業式 (Sotsugyō-shiki) is a fixed noun.

4

結婚式に行きます。

I am going to a wedding.

結婚式 (Kekkon-shiki) means wedding ceremony.

5

この部屋は和式です。

This room is Japanese style.

Used as a predicate with 'desu'.

6

入学式は四月です。

The entrance ceremony is in April.

入学式 (Nyūgaku-shiki) is the start of the school year.

7

和式のお菓子が好きです。

I like Japanese-style sweets.

Here 'Washiki' refers to the traditional category.

8

これは洋式のドアです。

This is a Western-style door.

Contrasted with sliding doors (Washiki/Hikido).

1

これは自動式のドアです。

This is an automatic door.

自動式 (Jidō-shiki) = Automatic type.

2

手動式のポンプを使います。

I use a manual pump.

手動式 (Shudō-shiki) = Manual type.

3

組み立て式の机を買いました。

I bought an assembly-style desk.

組み立て式 (Kumitate-shiki) = DIY/Self-assembly.

4

このカメラは旧式です。

This camera is an old model.

旧式 (Kyūshiki) = Old-style/model.

5

最新式のスマホが欲しいです。

I want the latest style smartphone.

最新式 (Saishin-shiki) = Latest/State-of-the-art.

6

折りたたみ式の傘を持っています。

I have a folding-style umbrella.

折りたたみ式 (Oritatami-shiki) = Folding type.

7

回転式の椅子は便利です。

Swivel-style chairs are convenient.

回転式 (Kaiten-shiki) = Rotating/Swivel type.

8

このペンはノック式です。

This pen is a click-style (retractable) pen.

ノック式 (Nokku-shiki) = Retractable/Click type.

1

試験は選択式でした。

The exam was multiple-choice style.

選択式 (Sentaku-shiki) = Selection/Choice style.

2

記述式の問題は難しいです。

Essay-style questions are difficult.

記述式 (Kijutsu-shiki) = Descriptive/Essay style.

3

アメリカ式の経営を導入する。

We will introduce American-style management.

アメリカ式 (Amerika-shiki) = American system.

4

この契約は月額式です。

This contract is a monthly-rate system.

月額式 (Getsugaku-shiki) = Monthly amount system.

5

彼は日本式の礼儀を重んじる。

He values Japanese-style etiquette.

日本式 (Nihon-shiki) = Japanese system/style.

6

この機械は充電式です。

This machine is a rechargeable type.

充電式 (Jūden-shiki) = Rechargeable.

7

会員式のクラブに入りました。

I joined a membership-style club.

会員式 (Kaiin-shiki) = Membership-based.

8

対話式の授業が人気です。

Interactive-style classes are popular.

対話式 (Taiwa-shiki) = Dialogue/Interactive style.

1

数学の方程式を解く。

Solve a mathematical equation.

方程式 (Hōteishiki) = Mathematical equation.

2

化学式を覚える必要があります。

It is necessary to memorize chemical formulas.

化学式 (Kagakushiki) = Chemical formula.

3

議会制民主主義式を維持する。

Maintain a parliamentary democracy system.

Refers to the specific system of governance.

4

この製品は開放式燃焼です。

This product uses open-type combustion.

Technical term: 開放式 (Kaihō-shiki).

5

定額式の給与体系を見直す。

Review the fixed-amount salary system.

定額式 (Teigaku-shiki) = Fixed-rate system.

6

分納式の支払いが可能です。

Installment-style payment is possible.

分納式 (Bunnō-shiki) = Installment system.

7

この建物は免震式です。

This building is a seismic-isolation type.

Technical architectural term.

8

密閉式の容器に入れてください。

Please put it in an airtight (closed-type) container.

密閉式 (Mippei-shiki) = Sealed/Closed type.

1

地鎮式が厳かに行われた。

The groundbreaking ceremony was held solemnly.

地鎮式 (Jichin-shiki) is a specific ritual.

2

叙情式の詩を執筆する。

Write a lyrical-style poem.

叙情式 (Jojō-shiki) refers to the genre/style.

3

彼の経営は独裁式と言える。

His management can be called dictatorial-style.

Metaphorical use for governance style.

4

この文書は形式式に則っている。

This document follows the formalistic style.

形式式 (Keishiki-shiki) - doubling for emphasis on 'form'.

5

収穫祭の儀式に参加した。

I participated in the harvest festival ritual.

儀式 (Gishiki) = Ritual/Ceremony.

6

これは一種の略式手続きです。

This is a kind of summary/informal procedure.

略式 (Ryaku-shiki) = Informal/Simplified style.

7

その寺院は権現造り式だ。

That temple is in the Gongen-style of architecture.

Highly specific architectural classification.

8

連想式の記憶術を試す。

Try an associative-style mnemonic technique.

連想式 (Rensō-shiki) = Association type.

1

法治主義式統治の限界を論じる。

Discuss the limits of rule-of-law style governance.

Complex political-philosophical term.

2

その論文は帰納式論理に基づく。

The paper is based on inductive-style logic.

帰納式 (Kinō-shiki) = Inductive type.

3

この建築は和洋折衷式である。

This architecture is a blend of Japanese and Western styles.

和洋折衷式 (Wayō-setchū-shiki) = Eclectic style.

4

彼は非公式の会合に出席した。

He attended an informal (unofficial) meeting.

非公式 (Hikōshiki) = Unofficial/Informal.

5

古典式の韻律を分析する。

Analyze the classical-style meter (in poetry).

古典式 (Koten-shiki) = Classical style.

6

その判決は略式起訴によるものだ。

The verdict is due to a summary indictment.

Legal term: 略式起訴 (Ryaku-shiki kiso).

7

浄土式庭園の美学を探求する。

Explore the aesthetics of Jodo-style gardens.

Religious/Architectural style.

8

演繹式推論の妥当性を問う。

Question the validity of deductive-style reasoning.

演繹式 (En'eki-shiki) = Deductive type.

Common Collocations

和式トイレ
最新式
組み立て式
自動式
選択式試験
結婚式場
方程式を解く
化学式
手動式
旧式

Common Phrases

和式か洋式か

— Choosing between Japanese style and Western style. Commonly asked in hotels.

「和式か洋式か、どちらのトイレがいいですか？」

最新式の設備

— State-of-the-art facilities. Used in real estate or marketing.

このジムには最新式の設備が整っています。

略式の手続き

— Simplified or informal procedure. Used in legal or bureaucratic contexts.

略式の手続きで時間を短縮する。

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