C1 Sistema de escrita 6 min read Difícil

Research Paper Structure

Master the IMRaD framework to produce professional, peer-review-ready Swedish academic papers with precision and objectivity.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Swedish academic writing follows the IMRaD model (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) to ensure objectivity, clarity, and a logical 'red thread'.

  • Use the IMRaD structure: Inledning, Metod, Resultat, och Diskussion for logical flow.
  • Maintain a formal tone: Avoid 'jag' (I) unless necessary; use passive or 'man'.
  • Ensure a 'röd tråd': Every section must logically link back to your initial research questions.
Inledning ➡️ Metod ➡️ Resultat ➡️ Diskussion = 🎓

Overview

## Overview of Swedish Academic Structure
Writing a research paper in Swedish, especially at the C1 level, requires more than just good grammar; it demands a mastery of the IMRaD (Inledning, Metod, Resultat, och Diskussion) structure. This framework is the backbone of scientific communication in Sweden, from undergraduate theses (C-uppsats) to doctoral dissertations. The primary goal is objektivitet (objectivity).
Swedish academic culture values a direct, clear, and concise style. You are expected to maintain a röd tråd (red thread)—a metaphor for a logical progression where every sentence serves the purpose of answering your frågeställningar (research questions). Unlike creative writing, academic Swedish avoids flowery language and emotional appeals, focusing instead on saklighet (factualness) and precision.
Understanding this structure is essential for anyone aiming to participate in Swedish professional or academic life, as it reflects the systematic way Swedes approach problem-solving and knowledge sharing.
## How to Construct the Paper
A standard Swedish research paper begins with a Sammanfattning (Abstract), providing a snapshot of the entire work. This is followed by the Inledning, which includes the Bakgrund (Background), Syfte (Aim), and Frågeställningar.
  1. 1Inledning: Start broad and narrow down to your specific aim. Use phrases like *'Syftet med denna studie är att...'*
  2. 2Metod: Describe your process. Use the past tense (preteritum) because the actions are completed: *'Data samlades in genom enkäter.'*
  3. 3Resultat: Present facts. Use neutral verbs like *'visar'* (shows), *'tyder på'* (indicates), or *'framgår'* (appears). Avoid adjectives that imply value judgments.
  4. 4Diskussion: This is where you synthesize. Use the present tense (presens) to discuss the implications of your findings: *'Resultaten tyder på att...'*.
Don't forget the Referenslista (Reference List), usually following the APA or Harvard system, which is critical for academic integrity.
## When and Where to Use This Structure
While primarily used in universities, the principles of Swedish research structure apply to professional reports, government white papers (SOU), and analytical journalism. In a job interview for a research or policy role, demonstrating knowledge of vetenskaplig metod (scientific method) is a major asset. Even in high-level business environments, presenting a proposal using a simplified IMRaD structure—stating the problem (Intro), the analysis process (Method), the findings (Results), and the recommendation (Discussion)—is seen as a sign of professional maturity and analytical rigor.
On social media, you might see these terms used ironically or in debates to demand evidence: *'Var är din metodbeskrivning?'* (Where is your method description?). Mastering this structure allows you to navigate the most formal levels of Swedish society with confidence.
## Common Pitfalls to Avoid
The most frequent mistake for advanced learners is mixing the Resultat and Diskussion. In Swedish academia, these must be strictly separated. If you start explaining *why* something happened in the Results section, you break the objectivity of the report.
Another common error is the inconsistent use of perspektiv (perspective). While some modern Swedish disciplines allow the use of 'jag' (I), many still prefer the passive voice (*'undersökningen genomfördes'*) or the generic 'man' (*'man kan konstatera'*). Using overly informal language or 'vague' words like *'grej'* or *'saker'* is a major red flag at the C1 level.
Finally, failing to link the conclusion back to the initial syfte (aim) breaks the 'red thread' and weakens the entire argument.
## Academic vs. Journalistic Writing
It is crucial to distinguish between akademiskt skrivande and journalistiskt skrivande. A Swedish news article often uses an 'inverted pyramid' structure, putting the most important conclusion in the headline and lead. In contrast, a research paper builds a case systematically, saving the final synthesis for the discussion.
While a journalist might use emotive language to engage the reader, an academic writer uses hedging (gardering)—phrases like *'det är möjligt att'* (it is possible that) or *'vissa indikationer tyder på'* (certain indications suggest)—to show scientific caution. Understanding this contrast prevents you from sounding too 'sensationalist' in your academic work or too 'dry' in a professional blog post.
## CEFR-Level Explanations
A1: In Swedish, a big school paper has parts. First, you say what you will do. Then, you say how you did it. Then, you show what you found. Finally, you talk about it. It is like a story with a plan. Use simple words like 'först' (first) and 'sen' (then).
A2: When you write a report in Swedish, you use a special order. You start with an 'Inledning' (Introduction) to explain the topic. Then you have a 'Metod' (Method) to show your work.
After that comes 'Resultat' (Results) with facts. Finally, you write a 'Diskussion'. Use words like 'eftersom' (because) and 'därför' (therefore).
B1: A research paper follows the IMRaD model. You must have a clear 'syfte' (aim) and 'frågeställningar' (questions). In the 'Metod' section, explain if you used interviews or surveys.
In 'Resultat', just give the facts. In 'Diskussion', you explain what the facts mean. It's important to be formal and not use too much 'jag'.
B2: At this level, you should focus on the 'röd tråd' (logical thread). Your 'Inledning' must lead naturally into your 'Metod'. You should use academic verbs like 'analysera', 'identifiera', and 'illustrera'.
The 'Resultat' section should be objective, while the 'Diskussion' should link your findings to the 'teoretiska referensramen' (theoretical framework). Avoid informal expressions.
C1: C1 mastery requires a sophisticated use of 'metadiskurs'—words that guide the reader through your argument. You must distinguish clearly between empirical data and theoretical interpretation. The 'Metod' section should address 'validitet' and 'reliabilitet'.
In the 'Diskussion', you should engage in 'problematisering', showing you understand the complexities and limitations of your study. Use precise, academic Swedish and maintain a consistent formal register throughout.
C2: At the C2 level, the research paper structure is second nature, allowing you to focus on subtle nuances of 'vetenskaplig stringens' (scientific rigor). You can navigate complex 'intertextualitet' by synthesizing multiple sources seamlessly. Your writing should demonstrate 'epistemologisk medvetenhet' (epistemological awareness), critiquing not just the results but the underlying assumptions of the chosen methodology.
The 'röd tråd' is not just logical but stylistically elegant, employing advanced rhetorical devices and a perfect command of academic Swedish conventions.

Meanings

The standardized framework used in Swedish higher education and research to present empirical findings objectively.

1

Inledning (Introduction)

The section that provides background, defines the problem, and states the aim (syfte) and research questions (frågeställningar).

“Inledningen ska väcka intresse och tydligt definiera studiens syfte.”

“Här presenteras även den teoretiska referensramen.”

2

Metod (Method)

A detailed description of how the research was conducted, including data collection and analysis techniques.

“Metodavsnittet beskriver hur urvalet av informanter gick till.”

“Här motiveras valet av kvalitativ eller kvantitativ ansats.”

3

Resultat (Results)

The objective presentation of findings without interpretation or subjective commentary.

“Resultatet redovisas ofta med hjälp av tabeller och figurer.”

“I detta avsnitt presenteras den insamlade datan på ett neutralt sätt.”

4

Diskussion (Discussion)

The final section where results are interpreted, compared to previous research, and conclusions are drawn.

“I diskussionen kopplas resultaten samman med tidigare forskning.”

“Här diskuteras studiens begränsningar och framtida forskningsbehov.”

Key Verbs in Research Structure

Infinitive Present Past (Preteritum) Function in Paper
Undersöka Undersöker Undersökte Stating the aim
Beskriva Beskriver Beskrev Describing the method
Visa Visar Visade Presenting results
Analysera Analyserar Analyserade Interpreting data
Diskutera Diskuterar Diskuterade Synthesizing findings
Sluta Slutar Slutade Concluding (rarely used as verb, use 'Dra slutsatser')
Motivera Motiverar Motiverade Justifying choices
Koppla Kopplar Kopplade Linking to theory

Common Academic Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full Swedish English Meaning
t.ex. till exempel for example
m.fl. med flera and others (et al.)
s. sida page
kap. kapitel chapter
jfr jämför compare (cf.)
osv. och så vidare and so on

Reference Table

Reference table for Research Paper Structure
Section Content Focus Key Swedish Phrase
Inledning Background & Aim Syftet med denna studie är...
Metod Process & Tools Data samlades in genom...
Resultat Raw Findings Resultatet visar att...
Diskussion Interpretation Detta kan tolkas som...
Slutsats Final Answer Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga...
Referenser Sources Källförteckning / Referenslista
Bilagor Extra Data Se bilaga 1 för enkätfrågor.

Espectro de formalidade

Formal
Studien visar på en signifikant ökning av stressnivåerna i samhället.

Studien visar på en signifikant ökning av stressnivåerna i samhället. (Reporting findings)

Neutro
Undersökningen visar att fler människor känner sig stressade.

Undersökningen visar att fler människor känner sig stressade. (Reporting findings)

Informal
Kollen visar att folk är mer stressade nu.

Kollen visar att folk är mer stressade nu. (Reporting findings)

Gíria
Folk är helt sönderstressade enligt rapporten.

Folk är helt sönderstressade enligt rapporten. (Reporting findings)

The IMRaD Flow

IMRaD

Inledning

  • Syfte Aim
  • Frågeställning Research Question

Metod

  • Urval Sample
  • Analys Analysis

Resultat

  • Data Data
  • Fynd Findings

Diskussion

  • Tolkning Interpretation
  • Slutsats Conclusion

Resultat vs. Diskussion

Resultat (Facts)
Objektivt Objective
Tabeller Tables
Diskussion (Meaning)
Subjektivt/Tolkande Interpretive
Koppling till teori Link to theory

Is it Academic?

1

Is there a 'syfte'?

YES
Go to Method
NO
It's an essay, not a report
2

Are results separated from discussion?

YES
Scientific rigor met
NO
Revise structure

Academic Vocabulary Categories

📝

Verbs

  • • Undersöka
  • • Belysa
  • • Konstatera
📖

Nouns

  • • Ansats
  • • Validitet
  • • Empiri
🔗

Connectors

  • • Däremot
  • • Följaktligen
  • • Vidare
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Examples by Level

1

Jag skriver en rapport.

I am writing a report.

2

Här är mitt resultat.

Here is my result.

3

Först kommer inledningen.

First comes the introduction.

4

Vad betyder detta?

What does this mean?

1

Inledningen förklarar ämnet.

The introduction explains the topic.

2

Jag använde en enkät i min metod.

I used a survey in my method.

3

Resultatet visar att många läser.

The result shows that many people read.

4

Vi diskuterar svaren nu.

We are discussing the answers now.

1

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka språkbruk.

The aim of the thesis is to investigate language use.

2

Metoden består av kvalitativa intervjuer.

The method consists of qualitative interviews.

3

Det finns en tydlig röd tråd i texten.

There is a clear red thread in the text.

4

Referenslistan finns i slutet av rapporten.

The reference list is at the end of the report.

1

Studien avgränsas till att gälla vuxna elever.

The study is limited to adult students.

2

Resultaten presenteras i form av diagram.

The results are presented in the form of charts.

3

Diskussionen kopplar samman empiri och teori.

The discussion links empirical data and theory.

4

Uppsatsen uppfyller kraven på vetenskaplighet.

The thesis meets the requirements for scientific rigor.

1

Uppsatsen problematiserar begreppet integration.

The thesis problematizes the concept of integration.

2

Metodvalet motiveras utifrån studiens syfte.

The choice of method is justified based on the study's aim.

3

Resultaten bör tolkas med viss försiktighet.

The results should be interpreted with some caution.

4

Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av diskursanalys.

The theoretical framework consists of discourse analysis.

1

Författaren belyser dikotomin mellan teori och praxis.

The author highlights the dichotomy between theory and practice.

2

Studiens reliabilitet säkerställs genom triangulering.

The study's reliability is ensured through triangulation.

3

Slutsatserna äger hög grad av generaliserbarhet.

The conclusions possess a high degree of generalizability.

4

Diskussionen genomsyras av ett kritiskt perspektiv.

The discussion is permeated by a critical perspective.

Easily Confused

Research Paper Structure vs Resultat vs. Diskussion

Learners often start interpreting data in the Results section.

Research Paper Structure vs Syfte vs. Frågeställning

Mixing the general aim with specific research questions.

Research Paper Structure vs Referenslista vs. Litteraturförteckning

Using these terms interchangeably.

Erros comuns

✗

Jag gillar min rapport.

✓

Rapporten handlar om...

Avoid personal feelings in academic writing.
✗

Det är bra.

✓

Resultatet är positivt.

Be specific, not vague.
✗

Slut.

✓

Sammanfattningsvis...

Use formal transition words.
✗

Här är saker.

✓

Här presenteras data.

Avoid the word 'saker' (things).
✗

Jag gjorde intervjuer.

✓

Intervjuer genomfördes.

Use passive voice for methods.
✗

Varför är det så?

✓

Studiens frågeställning är...

Use formal terminology for questions.
✗

Sen skrev jag.

✓

Därefter analyserades...

Use academic connectors like 'därefter'.
✗

Det var roligt.

✓

Studien var intressant ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv.

Avoid emotional adjectives.
✗

Resultatet är för att...

✓

Resultatet tyder på att...

Don't explain 'why' in the Results section.
✗

Man ser det i tabellen.

✓

Som framgår av tabell 1...

Use formal referencing to figures.
✗

Jag tycker att metoden var bra.

✓

Metoden bedöms vara tillförlitlig.

Evaluate objectively, not personally.
✗

Boken säger...

✓

Enligt Andersson (2023)...

Use proper academic citation format.
✗

Detta bevisar att...

✓

Detta tyder på att...

Use hedging; science rarely 'proves' absolutely.
✗

En jätteviktig aspekt...

✓

En central aspekt...

Avoid 'jätte-' in formal Swedish.
✗

Analysen av datan var svår.

✓

Analysen av datamaterialet var komplex.

Use 'komplex' instead of 'svår' for academic tasks.
✗

Vi ska titta på...

✓

Föreliggande studie avser att belysa...

Use 'avser att belysa' for a professional tone.

Sentence Patterns

Syftet med denna ___ är att undersöka ___.

Data samlades in genom ___ och analyserades med hjälp av ___.

Resultatet tyder på att ___, vilket stämmer överens med ___.

Trots studiens ___ kan man konstatera att ___.

Real World Usage

University Thesis (C-uppsats) constant

Uppsatsen lades fram vid seminariet.

Government Report (SOU) common

Utredningen följer de direktiv som getts.

Medical Journal Article very common

Patienterna delades in i två grupper.

Professional Grant Application occasional

Projektet avser att undersöka nya energikällor.

Academic Seminar common

Jag vill opponera på din metodbeskrivning.

LinkedIn Article (Professional) occasional

Här är resultaten från vår senaste marknadsundersökning.

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🎯

The 'Red Thread' Check

After writing, read only your research questions and your conclusion. If they don't match perfectly, your 'red thread' is broken.
⚠️

Avoid 'Jag'

Unless your professor specifically says otherwise, use 'denna studie' or 'undersökningen' instead of 'jag' to sound more professional.
💡

Tense Matters

Use past tense for what you DID (Method/Results) and present tense for what the facts MEAN (Discussion).
💬

Opponering

In Sweden, defending your paper (disputation/seminarium) is a key part of the structure. Be prepared to explain your 'Metodval' orally.

Smart Tips

Replace it with 'Det kan argumenteras för att...' (It can be argued that...) to sound more academic.

Jag tycker att resultatet är intressant. → Resultatet är intressant ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv.

Use the past tense (preteritum) to show that the research has already been conducted.

Jag gör intervjuer. → Intervjuer genomfördes.

Use 'vilket' to combine them and show a logical connection.

Resultatet ökade. Det var väntat. → Resultatet ökade, vilket var väntat utifrån tidigare forskning.

Always replace it with a more specific noun like 'aspekter', 'faktorer', or 'variabler'.

Det finns många saker att titta på. → Det finns flera aspekter att beakta.

Pronúncia

/froːɡɛˌstɛlːnɪŋar/

Academic Stress

In long academic words like 'frågeställningar', the stress is on 'ställ'.

/ˈfɔʂkniŋsraˌpɔʈ/

The 'sj' sound

Words like 'forskningsrapport' use the Swedish 'sj-sound' (like a breathy 'sh').

Formal Statement

Studien visar... ↘

A falling intonation at the end of a sentence signals authority and completion.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember 'I-M-R-a-D': Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion. It's the 'I Make Research a Delight' formula!

Visual Association

Imagine a red thread (röd tråd) running through a needle. The needle is your 'syfte' (aim), and the thread must pass through every section of the paper without breaking.

Rhyme

Inledning, Metod, Resultat till slut, i Diskussionen reder vi ut!

Story

A detective (Researcher) has a mystery (Syfte). They explain their tools (Metod), show the fingerprints found (Resultat), and finally explain who did it and why (Diskussion).

Word Web

SyfteMetodResultatDiskussionValiditetReliabilitetEmpiriTeori

Desafio

Write a 3-sentence summary of your day using the IMRaD structure: 1. Aim (What you wanted to do), 2. Method (How you did it), 3. Result (What happened).

Notas culturais

Swedish universities emphasize 'självständighet' (independence). Students are expected to critique even established theories in their 'Diskussion'.

Many research ideas in Sweden are born during 'fika' (coffee breaks), but the final paper must remain strictly formal and devoid of social context.

While changing, 'Jantelagen' (don't think you're special) often leads to very humble 'hedging' in Swedish research, avoiding 'I have proven' in favor of 'The data suggests'.

The IMRaD structure became standard in the mid-20th century to manage the explosion of scientific data.

Conversation Starters

“

Vad är syftet med din undersökning?

“

Hur säkerställer du studiens validitet?

“

Kan du redogöra för din röda tråd?

“

Vilka slutsatser kan dras från ditt resultat?

Journal Prompts

Beskriv en undersökning du skulle vilja göra. Vad är syftet?
Skriv ett metodavsnitt för en studie om kaffekonsumtion.
Diskutera fördelar och nackdelar med kvalitativ metod.
Problematisera användningen av AI i akademiskt skrivande.
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Test Yourself

Sort these words into the correct IMRaD section. Grammar Sorting

Words: 1. Syfte, 2. Urval, 3. Tabell, 4. Felkällor

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Syfte belongs in the Intro, Urval in Method, Tabell in Results, and Felkällor in Discussion.
Which sentence is most appropriate for a 'Resultat' section? Múltipla escolha

Choose the objective sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Academic results must be objective and data-driven, not personal or emotional.
Fill in the missing academic connector.

Studien har ett litet urval, ___ kan resultatet inte generaliseras.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Därför' (therefore) shows the logical consequence of the small sample size.
Correct the informal word in this academic sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Metoden var jättebra för att få svar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Ändamålsenlig' (appropriate/fit for purpose) is a high-level academic word replacing the informal 'jättebra'.
Change this active sentence to a formal passive one. Sentence Transformation

Vi samlade in data under våren.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The 's-passive' (samlades) is the standard for formal Swedish research reports.
Is this statement about Swedish academic writing true or false? True False Rule

You should mix your interpretation of the data with the presentation of the data in the Results section.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Results and Discussion must be kept strictly separate in the IMRaD model.
Match the Swedish term with its English academic equivalent. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Syfte = Aim, Urval = Sample, Slutsats = Conclusion.
Complete the seminar dialogue with the correct term. Dialogue Completion

Professor: 'Hur har du tänkt kring studiens ___?' Student: 'Jag har använt triangulering för att öka tillförlitligheten.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Triangulation is a method used to ensure 'validitet' (validity).

Score: /8

Exercicios praticos

8 exercises
Sort these words into the correct IMRaD section. Grammar Sorting

Words: 1. Syfte, 2. Urval, 3. Tabell, 4. Felkällor

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Syfte belongs in the Intro, Urval in Method, Tabell in Results, and Felkällor in Discussion.
Which sentence is most appropriate for a 'Resultat' section? Múltipla escolha

Choose the objective sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Academic results must be objective and data-driven, not personal or emotional.
Fill in the missing academic connector.

Studien har ett litet urval, ___ kan resultatet inte generaliseras.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Därför' (therefore) shows the logical consequence of the small sample size.
Correct the informal word in this academic sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Metoden var jättebra för att få svar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Ändamålsenlig' (appropriate/fit for purpose) is a high-level academic word replacing the informal 'jättebra'.
Change this active sentence to a formal passive one. Sentence Transformation

Vi samlade in data under våren.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The 's-passive' (samlades) is the standard for formal Swedish research reports.
Is this statement about Swedish academic writing true or false? True False Rule

You should mix your interpretation of the data with the presentation of the data in the Results section.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Results and Discussion must be kept strictly separate in the IMRaD model.
Match the Swedish term with its English academic equivalent. Match Pairs

1. Syfte, 2. Urval, 3. Slutsats

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Syfte = Aim, Urval = Sample, Slutsats = Conclusion.
Complete the seminar dialogue with the correct term. Dialogue Completion

Professor: 'Hur har du tänkt kring studiens ___?' Student: 'Jag har använt triangulering för att öka tillförlitligheten.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Triangulation is a method used to ensure 'validitet' (validity).

Score: /8

Perguntas frequentes (8)

It stands for `Inledning` (Introduction), `Metod` (Method), `Resultat` (Results), and `Diskussion` (Discussion).

It depends on the field, but generally, it's safer to use the passive voice or `denna studie`. In qualitative research, 'jag' is more common.

It's the 'red thread' or logical flow that connects your aim, method, results, and discussion seamlessly.

They should go in a `Bilaga` (Appendix) at the very end of the paper.

Usually using (Author, Year), for example: `(Andersson, 2023)`. Check your specific 'referensstil'.

`Validitet` means you measured what you intended to measure. `Reliabilitet` means your measurements are consistent and can be repeated.

In Swedish universities, you often write a `Sammanfattning` in Swedish and an `Abstract` in English.

Because it's where you 'problematiserar' (problematize) your findings and link them to the wider world and previous research.

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In Other Languages

English high

IMRaD Structure

Swedish is more likely to use the passive voice in the Method section.

German high

Wissenschaftliches Schreiben

Swedish sentences are generally shorter and more direct than German ones.

French moderate

Le plan dialectique

French focuses on dialectical argument; Swedish focuses on empirical reporting.

Arabic moderate

البحث العلمي (Al-bahth al-ilmi)

Swedish avoids the rhetorical flourishes common in classical Arabic academic style.

Chinese moderate

学术论文结构 (Xuéshù lùnwén jiégòu)

Swedish conclusions are more data-bound and less 'visionary' than some Chinese academic styles.

Japanese low

起承転結 (Kishōtenketsu)

Swedish writing is linear; Japanese traditional structure can be more circular or include a 'turn'.

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