O 'Você' formal e informal (shomā vs. to)
to para proximidade e shomā para respeito, e sempre use -id para ser educado.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'to' for friends and family, and 'shomā' for everyone else to stay polite.
- Use 'to' (تو) for close friends, family, and children.
- Use 'shomā' (شما) for strangers, elders, teachers, and in professional settings.
- Always use 'shomā' if you are unsure; it is safer to be polite.
Overview
cara?... (Portuguese translation with English headings)Verb Conjugation: 'To' vs 'Shomā'
| Pronoun | Verb Ending | Example (to be) | Example (to go) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
تو (To)
|
-i
|
هستی (hasti)
|
میروی (miravi)
|
|
شما (Shomā)
|
-id
|
هستید (hastid)
|
میروید (miravid)
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Short Form |
|---|---|
|
تو هستی
|
تویی
|
|
شما هستید
|
شماها
|
Meanings
The distinction between the singular informal second-person pronoun and the plural/formal second-person pronoun.
Informal Singular
Used for people you are close to.
“تو کجایی؟”
“تو دوستم هستی”
Formal/Plural
Used for respect or addressing multiple people.
“شما اهل کجا هستید؟”
“شما استاد هستید”
Reference Table
| Pronome | Terminação | Contexto Social | Vibe |
|---|---|---|---|
|
`to` (تو)
|
`-i` (ی-)
|
Amigos, irmãos, crianças, pets
|
Casual / Quente
|
|
`shomā` (شما)
|
`-id` (ید-)
|
Chefes, estranhos, professores
|
Formal / Educado
|
|
`shomā` (plural)
|
`-id` (ید-)
|
Um grupo de pessoas
|
Neutro
|
|
`to` (Falado)
|
`-i` (ی-)
|
Mandando mensagem para o melhor amigo
|
Muito Próximo
|
|
`shomā` (Falado)
|
`-in` (ین-)
|
Falando com um lojista
|
Polidez do dia a dia
|
|
`to` (Poético)
|
`-i` (ی-)
|
Rezando ou lendo Rumi
|
Íntimo / Divino
|
Espectro de formalidade
شما چطور هستید؟ (Greeting)
شما چطورید؟ (Greeting)
تو چطوری؟ (Greeting)
چطوری؟ (Greeting)
O Mapa Social do Persa
Círculo Íntimo (to)
- Família Khānevāde
- Amigos Próximos Doostān
- Pets Heyvānāt
Círculo Externo (shomā)
- Mais Velhos Bozorgtar-hā
- Estranhos Gharibe-hā
- Profissionais Hamkārān
Comparação To vs. Shomā
Qual 'Você' eu devo usar?
A pessoa é mais velha que você?
É uma criança ou um pet?
Vocês comem pizza juntos?
Cenários de Uso Moderno
Instagram DM
- • Shomā (Estranhos)
- • To (Amigos mútuos)
Chat de Games
- • To (Casual)
- • Shomā (Mod/Admin)
Zoom do Trabalho
- • Shomā (Padrão)
- • Shomā (Até para subordinados)
Exemplos por nível
تو دوست من هستی
You are my friend
شما معلم هستید
You are the teacher
تو کجایی؟
Where are you?
شما اهل کجا هستید؟
Where are you from?
تو میتوانی بیایی
You can come
شما میتوانید بنشینید
You can sit down
تو کتاب را داری؟
Do you have the book?
شما کتاب را دارید؟
Do you have the book?
تو باید زودتر بیایی
You must come earlier
شما باید زودتر تشریف بیاورید
You must come earlier (polite)
تو چرا ناراحتی؟
Why are you sad?
شما چرا ناراحت هستید؟
Why are you sad?
تو که میدانستی، چرا نگفتی؟
You knew, why didn't you say?
شما که میدانستید، چرا نگفتید؟
You knew, why didn't you say?
تو همیشه به من کمک میکنی
You always help me
شما همیشه به من کمک میکنید
You always help me
تو در این مورد چه فکر میکنی؟
What do you think about this?
شما در این مورد چه نظری دارید؟
What is your opinion on this?
تو باید به حرف من گوش کنی
You should listen to me
شما باید به سخنان من توجه کنید
You should pay attention to my words
تو که خودت میدانی قضیه چیست
You know what the matter is yourself
شما که خودتان مستحضرید قضیه چیست
You are aware of what the matter is
تو بهتر است بروی
You had better go
شما بهتر است تشریف ببرید
You had better go (polite)
Fácil de confundir
Learners think 'shomā' is only for respect, but it is also the plural of 'to'.
Colloquial Persian often drops the 'h' in 'hastid'.
Learners forget to change possessive suffixes with the pronoun.
Erros comuns
شما هستی
شما هستید
تو هستید
تو هستی
شما کجایی؟
شما کجا هستید؟
تو کجا هستید؟
تو کجا هستی؟
شما میروی
شما میروید
تو میروید
تو میروی
شما کتابت را بده
شما کتابتان را بدهید
شما باید بیای
شما باید بیایید
تو باید بیایید
تو باید بیایی
شما دوست من هستی
شما دوست من هستید
شما که میدانی
شما که میدانید
Padrões de frases
تو ___ هستی؟
شما ___ هستید؟
تو ___ میکنی؟
شما ___ میکنید؟
Real World Usage
تو کجایی؟
شما استاد هستید
شما این را دارید؟
تو عالی هستی
شما تجربه دارید؟
شما میدانید کجاست؟
A Regra de Segurança
shomā. Ninguém se ofende por ser educado demais: «شما خیلی مهربان هستید.»Quebrando o Gelo
Cuidado com o Plural
shomā também significa 'vocês'. Use sempre com grupos: «بچهها، شما کجا هستید؟»Smart Tips
Always default to 'shomā'.
Always use 'shomā'.
Use 'shomā' and the formal verb ending.
Use 'to' to be friendly.
Pronúncia
Shomā
The 'ā' is a long vowel sound.
To
The 'o' is a short vowel sound.
Question
تو خوبی؟ ↑
Rising intonation for questions.
Memorize
Mnemônico
To is for Two (friends), Shomā is for Show-ma (respect).
Associação visual
Imagine a small circle of friends for 'to' and a large, grand stage for 'shomā'.
Rhyme
Use 'to' for a friend you know, use 'shomā' to put on a show.
Story
Ali meets his friend Reza and says 'to'. Then he meets his boss and says 'shomā'. He remembers this by thinking of his friend as a small 'to' and his boss as a big 'shomā'.
Word Web
Desafio
Write three sentences using 'to' and three using 'shomā' today.
Notas culturais
The use of 'shomā' is deeply tied to 'taarof', the Iranian art of etiquette.
In Tehran, people often switch to informal quickly.
Always use 'shomā' in business.
The use of plural pronouns for respect is a common Indo-European phenomenon.
Iniciadores de conversa
تو اهل کجایی؟
شما اهل کجا هستید؟
تو چرا امروز خوشحالی؟
شما چرا امروز خوشحال هستید؟
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
Escolha a forma educada:
shomā e a terminação plural -id.To chetor___? (Como você está?)
to sempre pede a terminação -i.Find and fix the mistake:
Shomā chetor hasti?
shomā exige a terminação -id (hastid) para estar gramaticalmente correto.Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercises___ (To/Shomā) اهل کجا هستید؟
تو خوشحال ___ (hasti/hastid).
Find and fix the mistake:
شما خوبی؟
تو میروی.
Match: To -> ?, Shomā -> ?
Which is more polite for a boss?
___ (To/Shomā) میدانید؟
Find and fix the mistake:
تو میدانید.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesOnde você está? (para um amigo)
hastid / kojā / shomā / ?
Combine corretamente:
Escolha a frase correta:
Salām, shomā chetor___?
To bebakhshid.
O senhor é professor?
Pishi (gatinho), ___ gashne-i?
miravi / be / to / khāne / ?
Falando com seu avô:
Score: /10
Perguntas frequentes (8)
Yes, but it might sound like you are joking or being sarcastic.
Grammatically yes, but it is used as a singular formal pronoun.
Try to learn the '-i' and '-id' endings first, they are the most important.
Yes, but 'to' and 'shomā' are the only ones for 'you'.
It is a common way to show distance and respect in many languages.
No, that would be very disrespectful.
No, it is gender-neutral.
Yes, in informal letters or texts.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tú/Usted
Spanish 'usted' uses 3rd person verbs, while Persian 'shomā' uses 2nd person plural verbs.
Tu/Vous
French 'vous' is also used for plural, exactly like Persian 'shomā'.
Du/Sie
German 'Sie' is capitalized and uses 3rd person plural verbs.
Kimi/Anata
Japanese politeness is often embedded in verb endings rather than just pronouns.
Anta/Antum
Arabic does not use the plural as a formal singular in the same way Persian does.
Nǐ/Nín
Chinese 'nín' is a specific formal pronoun, not a plural form.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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