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B1 adjective #3,000 最常用 9分钟阅读

erkältet

开始练习 例句 笔记与提示 erkältet 30秒了解
解析 erkältet in your Level:
At the A1 level, you learn 'erkältet' as a basic health status. You use it in simple sentences like 'Ich bin erkältet' (I have a cold) to explain why you might be coughing or why you cannot come to a meeting. The focus is on the 'Ich bin...' structure. You should learn to distinguish it from 'Mir ist kalt' (I feel cold). At this stage, it's just a vocabulary word to survive a visit to the doctor or a conversation with a friend. You don't need to worry about complex grammar, just the fact that 'erkältet' means you have a runny nose and a cough. It is one of the first 'health' words you encounter because colds are so common in Germany.
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At A2, you start to use 'erkältet' with more detail. You might say 'Ich bin stark erkältet' (I have a bad cold) or 'Ich bin seit drei Tagen erkältet' (I've had a cold for three days). You begin to understand the connection between the adjective 'erkältet' and the noun 'die Erkältung'. You can describe symptoms using 'Ich habe...' (Ich habe Schnupfen, ich bin erkältet). You also learn the reflexive verb 'sich erkälten' in the past tense: 'Ich habe mich im Regen erkältet' (I caught a cold in the rain). This level is about connecting the state of being sick with the reason why it happened.
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At the B1 level, you use 'erkältet' fluently in various contexts. You can discuss remedies: 'Wenn ich erkältet bin, trinke ich immer Tee mit Honig.' You understand the difference between being 'erkältet' and having the 'Grippe' (flu). You can use the word in professional settings to excuse yourself: 'Da ich leider erkältet bin, muss ich unseren Termin verschieben.' You also start to recognize the word in more complex sentence structures, such as relative clauses: 'Mein Kollege, der schon die ganze Woche erkältet ist, hat mich angesteckt.' You are expected to use the correct auxiliary verb 'sein' without thinking about it.
At B2, you explore the nuances of 'erkältet'. You might use synonyms like 'angeschlagen' or 'unpässlich' to vary your language. You understand the cultural context of being 'erkältet' in Germany, such as the importance of 'Lüften' (airing out the room) and 'Hausmittel'. You can read newspaper articles about the 'Erkältungswelle' and understand the statistics. You also use the word in more abstract ways, perhaps metaphorically, though it's rare. Your grammar is precise, and you can decline the adjective correctly when used before a noun: 'Trotz seiner schweren erkälteten Stimme hielt er die Rede.'
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At C1, 'erkältet' is a simple word that you use with absolute precision. You might discuss the medical differences between a 'grippaler Infekt' and other respiratory illnesses. You understand idiomatic expressions related to health and can use 'erkältet' in sophisticated arguments about workplace health or public hygiene. You recognize the word in literature where it might be used to set a mood (a cold, damp winter day). You are aware of regional differences, such as 'verkühlt' in Austria, and can adapt your language depending on where you are in the German-speaking world.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of the word and its entire semantic field. You can use it in any register, from slang to highly formal medical or legal contexts. You might analyze the etymology of the word or its historical usage in German literature. You can express subtle degrees of being 'erkältet' using a wide range of modifiers and related verbs. You are also able to explain the concept to others, including the subtle grammatical differences between 'erkältet sein', 'sich erkälten', and 'eine Erkältung haben', with the clarity of a native speaker.
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开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

erkältet 30秒了解

  • Erkältet means having a common cold (cough, sniffles).
  • Always use it with the verb 'sein' (Ich bin erkältet).
  • Do not confuse it with 'kalt' (feeling cold/temperature).
  • It is the past participle of the reflexive verb 'sich erkälten'.

The German adjective erkältet describes a physiological state where an individual is suffering from a common cold. It is essentially the past participle of the reflexive verb sich erkälten (to catch a cold), used here in its adjectival form to denote the resulting condition. In the German linguistic landscape, being 'erkältet' is a very specific health status, distinct from being seriously ill (krank) or having the flu (Grippe). When you say you are 'erkältet', you are signaling a cluster of symptoms: a runny nose (Schnupfen), a cough (Husten), and perhaps a sore throat (Halsschmerzen).

Grammatical Category
Adjective (derived from the past participle of 'erkälten').
Core Meaning
To have a cold; to be suffering from a viral respiratory infection.
Semantic Range
Covers everything from a slight sniffle to a full-blown head cold.

It is crucial to understand that 'erkältet' refers to the illness itself, not the sensation of temperature. This is a common pitfall for English speakers. While 'cold' in English can mean both the temperature and the illness, German splits these concepts. If you feel cold because the window is open, you use the adjective kalt with a dative construction (Mir ist kalt). If you have a virus, you use erkältet (Ich bin erkältet). This distinction is fundamental to German health communication.

"Ich kann heute leider nicht zum Training kommen, ich bin total erkältet und habe Halsschmerzen."

Furthermore, the word implies a certain level of social expectation. In German culture, being 'erkältet' often warrants a specific set of home remedies (Hausmittel). People might suggest Wadenwickel (calf wraps) if you have a fever, or Zwiebelsaft (onion juice) for a cough. The state of being 'erkältet' is often attributed to Zugluft (drafts) or not wearing enough clothes, reflecting a traditional German belief in the direct link between cold air and the viral infection.

Synonym Note
'Angeschlagen' is often used if the cold is just starting or is mild.
Contextual Usage
Commonly used in professional environments to explain a slightly nasal voice or a cough.

"Bist du erkältet? Deine Stimme klingt heute so belegt."

In summary, 'erkältet' is the standard, everyday word for having a cold. It is neutral, descriptive, and essential for navigating daily life in German-speaking countries, especially during the Erkältungszeit (cold season) in autumn and winter. It bridges the gap between feeling perfectly fine and being 'bettlägerig' (bedridden).

Using erkältet correctly requires a grasp of its role as a predicative adjective. Most commonly, it follows the verb sein (to be). For example, 'Ich bin erkältet' (I have a cold). Unlike English, where you 'have' a cold, in German, you 'are' cold-ed. This reflects the state-oriented nature of the word. However, you can also use it attributively: 'Der erkältete Kollege' (The colleague with a cold). In this case, it must follow standard adjective declension rules based on the gender, case, and number of the noun it modifies.

Predicative Use
Subject + sein + erkältet (e.g., Wir sind erkältet).
Attributive Use
Adjective + Noun (e.g., Ein erkältetes Kind braucht viel Ruhe).

One must distinguish between the state (erkältet sein) and the process of getting sick (sich erkälten). If you want to say 'I caught a cold yesterday,' you would use the reflexive verb: 'Ich habe mich gestern erkältet.' If you want to describe your current state, you use the adjective: 'Ich bin seit gestern erkältet.' This distinction is vital for accurate storytelling and medical reporting. In professional settings, 'erkältet' is often paired with adverbs of degree to specify the severity: leicht erkältet (slightly), stark erkältet (heavily), or schwer erkältet (severely).

"Obwohl er stark erkältet war, ging er zur Arbeit, was die Kollegen nicht freute."

In more formal or medical contexts, you might encounter the phrase 'einen grippalen Infekt haben'. While 'erkältet' is perfectly acceptable, 'grippaler Infekt' sounds more clinical. However, in 95% of daily interactions—at the pharmacy, with friends, or notifying your boss—'erkältet' is the preferred term. It conveys the necessary information without being overly dramatic or overly technical. It is also frequently used in the negative to reassure others: 'Keine Sorge, ich bin nicht erkältet, es ist nur Heuschnupfen' (Don't worry, I don't have a cold, it's just hay fever).

The word erkältet is ubiquitous in German-speaking countries, particularly from October to March. You will hear it in pharmacies (Apotheken) when customers describe their symptoms: 'Ich bin erkältet und brauche etwas gegen Husten.' You will hear it in offices when someone sneezes and a colleague asks, 'Bist du etwa erkältet?' It is a staple of small talk during the winter months, often serving as a gateway to discussing the weather or the latest 'Grippewelle' (flu wave).

The Workplace
Used when calling in sick or explaining a lack of energy.
The Doctor's Office
The first thing a patient says: 'Herr Doktor, ich glaube, ich bin erkältet.'
Public Transport
Often whispered when someone is coughing loudly nearby.

In media, weather reports often mention the 'Erkältungsgefahr' (danger of catching a cold) when temperatures drop suddenly. Radio advertisements for nasal sprays, cough drops (Hustonbonbons), and tea frequently use the word to target their audience. For instance, 'Sind Sie erkältet? Wick VapoRub hilft!' Television dramas use it to humanize characters or create minor plot obstacles—a character might be 'erkältet' on the day of a big date or interview.

"Mensch, du siehst aber erkältet aus! Geh lieber nach Hause und leg dich hin."

You will also find it in literature and news articles discussing public health. When a prominent figure cancels an appearance, the official statement often reads: 'Aufgrund einer starken Erkältung...' (Due to a severe cold...). This use of the noun form 'Erkältung' is closely linked to the adjective 'erkältet'. In schools, teachers ask parents: 'War das Kind gestern erkältet?' It is truly a foundational word for describing the human condition in a temperate climate.

The most frequent mistake learners make with erkältet is confusing it with the adjective kalt. In English, 'I am cold' can mean 'I feel a low temperature' or 'I have a cold' (though the latter is less common than 'I have a cold'). In German, these are strictly separated. Saying 'Ich bin kalt' is a grave error; it literally means 'I am cold to the touch,' which is usually only said of dead bodies or very cold objects. To say you feel cold, you must use the dative: 'Mir ist kalt.'

Wrong
Ich bin kalt. (Means: I am a cold person/corpse)
Right
Ich bin erkältet. (Means: I have a cold)
Right
Mir ist kalt. (Means: I feel cold/chilly)

Another common error involves the verb 'haben'. English speakers want to say 'Ich habe erkältet,' translating 'I have cold' literally. However, 'erkältet' is an adjective in this context. You can say 'Ich habe eine Erkältung' (I have a cold - noun), but with the adjective, you must use 'sein': 'Ich bin erkältet.' Mixing these up is a hallmark of B1-level learners struggling with auxiliary verbs.

"Ich habe erkältet" (Incorrect) vs. "Ich bin erkältet" (Correct).

Finally, learners often forget the reflexive pronoun when using the verb form. You cannot just say 'Ich erkälte'; it must be 'Ich erkälte mich'. While this is a verb issue, it bleeds into the use of the adjective because the adjective 'erkältet' is the result of that reflexive action. Understanding that 'erkältet' describes a state you have fallen into (reflexively) helps clarify its usage.

While erkältet is the most common term, several synonyms and related words offer more nuance. Krank is the broad umbrella term for 'sick'. If you are 'erkältet', you are 'krank', but being 'krank' could mean anything from a broken leg to a serious infection. Angeschlagen is a great colloquial alternative; it means 'under the weather' or 'slightly ill,' often used when you feel a cold coming on but aren't fully incapacitated yet.

Angeschlagen
Weakened, slightly ill, 'under the weather'.
Unpässlich
Indisposed (more formal, often used as an excuse).
Schnupfig
Specifically having a runny/stuffy nose.

Another important distinction is grippal. A 'grippaler Infekt' is the medical term for a cold. This is often confused with Grippe (influenza). If you tell a German doctor 'Ich habe die Grippe,' they will expect high fever, muscle aches, and extreme fatigue. If you just have a cough and sniffles, you are simply 'erkältet'. Using 'Grippe' for a common cold is considered an exaggeration in German.

"Er ist nicht richtig krank, nur ein bisschen angeschlagen."

Lastly, consider kränklich, which describes someone who is often sick or looks pale and weak. Unlike 'erkältet', which is a temporary state, 'kränklich' describes a more permanent or recurring disposition. Knowing these synonyms allows you to describe your health with much greater precision, moving beyond the basic B1 vocabulary into more natural, native-like expressions.

How Formal Is It?

发音指南

押韵词
gemeldet, verschuldet

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

Reflexive verbs (sich erkälten)

Adjective declension

Dative with impersonal feelings (Mir ist kalt)

Subordinate clauses with 'weil' and 'wenn'

Participle II as an adjective

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按水平分级的例句

1

Ich bin erkältet.

I have a cold.

Subject + sein + erkältet.

2

Bist du erkältet?

Do you have a cold?

Question form.

3

Er ist nicht erkältet.

He doesn't have a cold.

Negation with 'nicht'.

4

Wir sind alle erkältet.

We all have a cold.

Plural form.

5

Ich bin ein bisschen erkältet.

I have a bit of a cold.

Adverb 'ein bisschen'.

6

Meine Mutter ist erkältet.

My mother has a cold.

Third person singular.

7

Bist du krank? Nein, nur erkältet.

Are you sick? No, just a cold.

Contrast between 'krank' and 'erkältet'.

8

Ich bin erkältet und müde.

I have a cold and I'm tired.

Connecting two adjectives.

1

Ich bin stark erkältet und bleibe zu Hause.

I have a bad cold and am staying home.

Adverb 'stark' for intensity.

2

Warum bist du so oft erkältet?

Why do you have a cold so often?

Use of 'oft' (often).

3

Sie ist seit Montag erkältet.

She has had a cold since Monday.

'Seit' + dative for duration.

4

Ich war letzte Woche erkältet.

I had a cold last week.

Präteritum of 'sein'.

5

Bist du immer noch erkältet?

Do you still have a cold?

'Immer noch' (still).

6

Wenn ich erkältet bin, trinke ich Tee.

When I have a cold, I drink tea.

Subordinate clause with 'wenn'.

7

Er sieht sehr erkältet aus.

He looks very much like he has a cold.

Verb 'aussehen' (to look like).

8

Ich fühle mich erkältet.

I feel like I'm getting a cold.

Reflexive 'sich fühlen'.

1

Trotz der Medikamente bin ich immer noch erkältet.

Despite the medication, I still have a cold.

Preposition 'trotz' + genitive.

2

Ich hoffe, dass ich morgen nicht mehr erkältet bin.

I hope that I won't have a cold anymore tomorrow.

Subordinate clause with 'dass'.

3

Mein erkälteter Bruder kann nicht mitkommen.

My brother, who has a cold, cannot come along.

Attributive adjective declension.

4

Wer erkältet ist, sollte viel Wasser trinken.

Whoever has a cold should drink a lot of water.

Relative pronoun 'wer'.

5

Ich bin so erkältet, dass ich kaum sprechen kann.

I have such a bad cold that I can hardly speak.

Consecutive clause 'so... dass'.

6

Sie ist leicht erkältet, aber sie geht trotzdem arbeiten.

She has a slight cold, but she's going to work anyway.

Adverb 'trotzdem'.

7

Haben Sie etwas für jemanden, der erkältet ist?

Do you have something for someone who has a cold?

Relative clause.

8

Ich bin erkältet, weil ich keine Jacke getragen habe.

I have a cold because I didn't wear a jacket.

Causal clause with 'weil'.

1

Es ist unangenehm, während einer Prüfung erkältet zu sein.

It's unpleasant to have a cold during an exam.

Infinitiv mit 'zu'.

2

Obwohl er erkältet war, erbrachte er eine Spitzenleistung.

Although he had a cold, he delivered a top performance.

Concessive clause with 'obwohl'.

3

Ein erkälteter Mitarbeiter sollte besser im Homeoffice bleiben.

An employee with a cold should better stay in the home office.

Adjective declension (nominative masculine).

4

Die erkältete Patientin klagte über Gliederschmerzen.

The patient with a cold complained about aching limbs.

Weak declension after definite article.

5

Man erkennt sofort, wenn jemand schwer erkältet ist.

One recognizes immediately when someone has a severe cold.

Indefinite pronoun 'man'.

6

Ich bin momentan etwas erkältet, daher die heisere Stimme.

I have a bit of a cold at the moment, hence the hoarse voice.

Adverb 'daher' (therefore).

7

Sollte ich morgen noch erkältet sein, gehe ich zum Arzt.

Should I still have a cold tomorrow, I'll go to the doctor.

Conditional clause with 'sollte'.

8

Wegen der vielen erkälteten Kinder blieb die Schule geschlossen.

Because of the many children with colds, the school remained closed.

Genitive plural declension.

1

Es ist fraglich, ob man erkältet Sport treiben sollte.

It is questionable whether one should exercise while having a cold.

Indirect question with 'ob'.

2

Die Zahl der erkälteten Personen steigt im Winter drastisch an.

The number of people with colds increases drastically in winter.

Participle used as adjective.

3

Trotz erkälteten Zustands nahm sie an der Konferenz teil.

Despite her cold-stricken state, she participated in the conference.

Genitive construction.

4

Das Risiko, sich im Flugzeug zu erkälten, ist hoch.

The risk of catching a cold on a plane is high.

Infinitive construction.

5

Er fühlte sich derart erkältet, dass er den Termin absagen musste.

He felt so cold-stricken that he had to cancel the appointment.

Adverb 'derart' (to such an extent).

6

Eine erkältete Belegschaft kann die Produktivität senken.

A staff suffering from colds can lower productivity.

Feminine adjective declension.

7

Kaum war er wieder gesund, war er schon wieder erkältet.

Hardly was he healthy again, he already had a cold again.

Inverted word order with 'kaum'.

8

Ich bin leider derart erkältet, dass meine Konzentration leidet.

Unfortunately, I have such a cold that my concentration is suffering.

Resultative clause.

1

Die Prävalenz erkälteter Individuen in Ballungsräumen ist signifikant.

The prevalence of individuals with colds in metropolitan areas is significant.

Academic register.

2

Inmitten der erkälteten Menge fühlte er sich seltsam isoliert.

In the midst of the cold-stricken crowd, he felt strangely isolated.

Preposition 'inmitten' + genitive.

3

Das Phänomen, chronisch erkältet zu sein, bedarf einer Untersuchung.

The phenomenon of being chronically cold-stricken requires investigation.

Apposition with infinitive.

4

Trotz seines erkälteten Äußeren wirkte er geistig hellwach.

Despite his cold-stricken appearance, he seemed mentally alert.

Contrastive construction.

5

Die sozioökonomischen Kosten erkälteter Arbeitnehmer sind enorm.

The socio-economic costs of employees with colds are enormous.

Compound nouns and genitive.

6

Er war derart schwer erkältet, dass eine Hospitalisierung erwogen wurde.

He had such a severe cold that hospitalization was considered.

Passive voice 'wurde erwogen'.

7

Die subtilen Anzeichen, erkältet zu sein, werden oft ignoriert.

The subtle signs of having a cold are often ignored.

Abstract noun phrase.

8

Ein erkälteter Organismus benötigt primär Ruhe und Hydratation.

An organism with a cold primarily needs rest and hydration.

Formal biological register.

常见搭配

stark erkältet
leicht erkältet
schwer erkältet
chronisch erkältet
total erkältet
immer noch erkältet
schon wieder erkältet
erkältet sein
sich erkältet fühlen
erkältet aussehen

常用短语

Ich bin total erkältet.
Bist du etwa erkältet?
Er ist schon wieder erkältet.
Ich fühle mich ein bisschen erkältet.
Alle im Büro sind erkältet.
Ich war den ganzen Winter erkältet.
Hoffentlich bist du bald nicht mehr erkältet.
Trotzdem er erkältet war...
Ein erkälteter Mensch...
Wegen meiner Erkältung...

容易混淆的词

erkältet vs kalt (temperature)

erkältet vs erkaltet (cooled down)

erkältet vs gekühlt (refrigerated)

习语与表达

"Sich den Tod erkälten (to catch a deathly cold - hyperbole)"
"Eine dicke Erkältung haben"
"Völlig flachliegen (to be bedridden with a cold/flu)"
"Einen Frosch im Hals haben (to have a frog in one's throat)"
"Die Nase voll haben (usually means fed up, but literal with a cold)"
"Husten und Prusten"
"Auf den Beinen sein (despite being erkältet)"
"Sich etwas eingefangen haben"
"Nicht auf dem Damm sein"
"Angeschlagen sein"

容易混淆

erkältet vs kalt

erkältet vs Grippe

erkältet vs krank

erkältet vs frieren

erkältet vs Schnupfen

句型

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如何使用

Nuance

Being 'erkältet' is less severe than having 'die Grippe'.

Regional

In Austria, 'verkühlt' is more common.

常见错误
  • Saying 'Ich bin kalt' instead of 'Ich bin erkältet'.
  • Using 'haben' with 'erkältet'.
  • Forgetting the reflexive pronoun in 'sich erkälten'.
  • Confusing 'erkältet' (cold) with 'Grippe' (flu).
  • Using 'erkältet' to mean 'chilled' (like food).

小贴士

Auxiliary Verb

Always use 'sein' with 'erkältet'. Never use 'haben' with the adjective form.

Intensity

Use 'stark' or 'leicht' to describe how bad your cold is.

Staying Home

If you are 'erkältet', Germans expect you to stay home and rest.

Pronunciation

The 'ä' is like the 'e' in 'bed'. Make it clear.

Adjective Endings

Remember to decline 'erkältet' if it comes before a noun.

Context Clues

If you hear someone sneezing, they are likely 'erkältet'.

Pharmacy

Ask for 'Mittel gegen Erkältung' if you are 'erkältet'.

Politeness

Say 'Gute Besserung!' to someone who is 'erkältet'.

Kalt vs Erkältet

Never say 'Ich bin kalt'. It sounds like you are dead.

Word Family

Learn 'kalt', 'Kälte', and 'Erkältung' together.

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词源

文化背景

Even when erkältet, Germans believe in opening windows for fresh air (Stoßlüften).

Tea with honey, onion juice, and warm beer are common remedies.

While Germans work hard, coming to work while erkältet is often seen as irresponsible (infecting others).

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"Bist du auch so erkältet wie ich?"

"Was machst du, wenn du erkältet bist?"

"Glaubst du, dass man von Zugluft erkältet wird?"

"Warst du diesen Winter schon erkältet?"

"Kennst du ein gutes Hausmittel, wenn man erkältet ist?"

日记主题

Beschreibe das letzte Mal, als du erkältet warst.

Was ist dein liebstes Hausmittel gegen Erkältungen?

Sollte man arbeiten gehen, wenn man leicht erkältet ist?

Wie fühlst du dich, wenn du erkältet bist?

Warum werden Menschen im Winter öfter erkältet?

常见问题

10 个问题

'Krank' is a general term for being sick. 'Erkältet' specifically means you have a common cold.

No, you must say 'Ich bin erkältet' or 'Ich habe eine Erkältung'.

It is the past participle of 'erkälten', but it is used as an adjective.

Use the reflexive verb: 'Ich habe mich erkältet'.

No, 'erkältet' means you have a virus. 'Mir ist kalt' means you are freezing.

'Erkältet' is the adjective; 'erkältet sein' is the state.

Usually Husten (cough), Schnupfen (runny nose), and Halsschmerzen (sore throat).

Yes, you can say 'Mein Hund ist erkältet'.

It is neutral and can be used in both formal and informal settings.

The opposite is 'gesund' (healthy).

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