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A2 noun #3,000 最常用 9分钟阅读

بشر

开始练习 例句 笔记与提示 بشر 30秒了解
解析 بشر in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are just beginning their journey into the Persian language. The word بشر is generally considered too advanced and abstract for everyday survival communication, which focuses on immediate needs, greetings, and simple descriptions. A beginner will likely learn words like 'مرد' (man), 'زن' (woman), 'پسر' (boy), 'دختر' (girl), and 'آدم' (person). However, an A1 learner might passively encounter this word if they watch Persian news channels or look at international organization logos. They might hear the phrase 'حقوق بشر' (human rights) repeatedly on television without fully grasping its grammatical structure. The primary goal at this stage is simply recognition. If an A1 student sees this word, they should know it relates to people in a very broad, formal sense, but they are not expected to use it in their own basic sentences about going to the market or introducing their family. Understanding that Persian has different registers—casual words for daily life and formal words for the news—is a crucial conceptual step at this level.
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As learners progress to the A2 level, they start to engage with slightly more complex texts and broader topics beyond their immediate personal environment. At this stage, بشر becomes a highly relevant vocabulary word, primarily because A2 learners begin to read simple news articles, short informational texts, and basic cultural descriptions. They will officially learn the phrase 'حقوق بشر' (human rights) as a fixed vocabulary item. They will understand that while 'آدم' is used to say 'He is a good person', بشر is used to say 'Humanity needs water'. A2 learners will practice using this word as a subject in simple present and past tense sentences. They will learn to avoid the common mistake of using it with numbers (e.g., they will know not to say 'two bashars'). The focus is on understanding its role as a collective noun representing the human race. They might write simple sentences like 'بشر در زمین زندگی می‌کند' (Mankind lives on Earth) to practice general statements.
At the B1 level, learners are capable of expressing opinions on abstract and cultural topics. The usage of بشر expands significantly here. Students will use it to discuss history, the environment, and society. They will learn to form the adjective 'بشری' (human/pertaining to humanity) and use it in phrases like 'جامعه بشری' (human society) or 'تاریخ بشری' (human history). B1 learners will engage in debates or write short essays about global issues, such as pollution or technology, where this word is indispensable. They will understand the subtle differences between 'انسان' (human/person) and بشر (mankind), recognizing that the latter has a more collective and sometimes biological or historical connotation. They will also encounter it in slightly more complex grammatical structures, such as relative clauses ('بشری که امروز زندگی می‌کند...' - The mankind that lives today...). The word becomes an active part of their vocabulary for formal discussions and writing.
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B2 learners are expected to have a strong command of formal Persian and the ability to understand and produce complex arguments. At this level, بشر is used fluidly in academic and journalistic contexts. Learners will read authentic Persian news reports, opinion pieces, and historical texts where this word is used to convey philosophical or societal critiques. They will master collocations like 'نسل بشر' (the human race), 'تمدن بشر' (human civilization), and 'دستاوردهای بشر' (human achievements). B2 students will use the word to articulate nuanced perspectives on human nature, ethics, and global challenges. They will also be comfortable with the abstract noun 'بشریت' (humanity) and use it to discuss moral imperatives, such as 'جنایت علیه بشریت' (crimes against humanity). The distinction between various synonyms for 'human' is fully internalized, and the learner can effortlessly switch between 'آدم' in a casual chat and بشر in a formal presentation without hesitation.
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At the C1 level, the learner's proficiency approaches that of a well-educated native speaker. The word بشر is utilized in highly sophisticated, abstract, and literary contexts. C1 learners will encounter this word in classical and modern Persian literature, philosophical essays, and advanced scientific discourse. They will understand its etymological roots and its resonance in Islamic and Persian philosophy, where the mortal, earthly nature of بشر is often contrasted with the divine or spiritual. They will comfortably read texts that use complex rhetorical devices involving this word. In their own writing and speaking, they will use it to craft elegant, persuasive arguments about the human condition, existential threats, or sociological theories. They will understand idiomatic and poetic extensions of the word, such as 'ابوالبشر' (the father of mankind, referring to Adam). The word is no longer just a vocabulary item; it is a conceptual tool for deep intellectual engagement in Persian.
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At the C2 level of mastery, the learner possesses a deep, intuitive, and culturally rich understanding of the Persian language. The word بشر is understood not just in its literal sense, but with all its historical, poetic, and cultural baggage. C2 learners can analyze how different Persian poets, from Rumi to contemporary writers, manipulate the concept of بشر to explore the duality of human existence. They can engage in highly specialized academic or diplomatic discourse, using the word with absolute precision. They understand the subtle phonetic and rhythmic reasons a writer might choose بشر over انسان in a specific line of poetry or prose. At this level, the learner can play with the language, perhaps creating novel metaphors or participating in high-level philosophical debates about the future of mankind, artificial intelligence, and transhumanism, using the vocabulary of بشر and its derivatives flawlessly and persuasively.
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开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

بشر 30秒了解

  • Means 'mankind' or 'humanity'.
  • Used for the whole human race.
  • Essential for 'Human Rights' (حقوق بشر).
  • Not used for counting individuals.
The Persian word بشر (bashar) is a fundamental noun used to describe a human being, mankind, or humanity as a collective whole. Originating from the Arabic root ب-ش-ر, it carries a profound weight in both everyday language and elevated literary contexts. Understanding this word requires diving deep into the philosophical, historical, and sociological nuances of how Persian speakers view the human race. Unlike simpler words for person, this term emphasizes the biological and collective nature of humanity. Throughout history, Persian literature has utilized this term to reflect on the human condition, our shared vulnerabilities, and our collective destiny on Earth. When you encounter this word, it is rarely referring to a single, specific individual in a casual setting; rather, it invokes the entire species.
Collective Noun
Refers to the entirety of the human race, often translated as mankind or humanity.
Biological Entity
Highlights the mortal, physical nature of humans as opposed to divine or spiritual beings.
Legal Context
Forms the basis of terms like human rights, indicating universal applicability.

این یک قدم کوچک برای یک انسان و یک جهش بزرگ برای بشر است.

Translation: That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
The concept of humanity is deeply embedded in Persian culture, famously encapsulated in Saadi's poem 'Bani Adam' (Children of Adam), which, while using a different term, shares the exact semantic space as our target word. The usage of this noun extends into modern journalism, science, and politics. For instance, discussions about climate change often frame the issue as a threat to the future of mankind. In these contexts, using a lesser word would fail to capture the gravity of the situation. Furthermore, the word is inherently gender-neutral, encompassing all individuals regardless of their specific identities. It is a unifying term that strips away societal divisions to focus on our shared biological and existential reality.

تاریخ بشر پر از جنگ و صلح است.

Societal Impact
Used to describe macroscopic trends affecting everyone.

حقوق بشر باید در همه جا رعایت شود.

آینده بشر در گرو حفظ محیط زیست است.

پیشرفت‌های علمی به نفع تمام بشر است.

Scientific Usage
Common in anthropology and evolutionary biology texts in Persian.
To master this word is to unlock a higher register of Persian, allowing the learner to engage in sophisticated conversations about global issues, philosophy, and the shared human experience. It is a word that connects the ancient wisdom of Persian poets to the pressing global challenges of the modern era.
Using بشر correctly in Persian requires an understanding of its register and typical collocations. Unlike the English word 'human', which can be used as both an adjective and a noun, this Persian term is strictly a noun, though it can form adjectives by adding suffixes (like بشری). In daily conversation, you will rarely use this word to refer to the person standing next to you. Instead, it is reserved for broad, sweeping statements.
As a Subject
Often the subject of sentences discussing global achievements or failures.
In Genitive Constructions (Ezafe)
Frequently follows other nouns to specify that they relate to humanity.
With Prepositions
Commonly used with 'for' (برای) to indicate benefit or harm to mankind.

این دارو جان میلیون‌ها بشر را نجات داد.

This medicine saved the lives of millions of human beings.
One of the most critical phrases to learn is 'حقوق بشر' (hoquq-e bashar), which translates directly to 'human rights'. This phrase is ubiquitous in news broadcasts, political discussions, and academic writing. When you want to describe something as 'human' in an adjectival sense, such as 'human error' or 'human nature', you typically use the derived adjective 'بشری' (bashari) or switch to the alternative word 'انسانی' (ensani). For example, 'جامعه بشری' (jame'e-ye bashari) means 'human society'.

سازمان ملل متحد اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر را تصویب کرد.

Pluralization
It is rarely pluralized in modern Persian, as it already functions as a collective noun.

طبیعت بشر همواره به دنبال کشف ناشناخته‌هاست.

هیچ بشری کامل نیست.

وظیفه هر بشری کمک به همنوع است.

Indefinite Form
Adding an 'ی' (yee) at the end makes it 'a human being' (بشری), emphasizing any single mortal.
When writing essays or formal emails, incorporating this word elevates your tone. It signals to the reader that you are discussing matters of universal importance. However, forcing it into casual dialogues about going to the grocery store or meeting friends will sound incredibly awkward and out of place. It is a heavy word, carrying the weight of the entire species, and should be deployed when the context demands such gravity.
The word بشر is pervasive across various domains of Persian media, literature, and formal discourse. If you tune into any Persian-speaking news channel, such as BBC Persian, Iran International, or domestic Iranian networks, you are almost guaranteed to hear this word within the first hour, especially during segments covering international relations, humanitarian crises, or scientific breakthroughs.
News and Politics
Used extensively in reports about the UN, NGOs, and global policies.
Documentaries
Nature and history documentaries use it to narrate the human journey.
Religious Texts
Appears in Islamic sermons and translations of the Quran to denote mortal man.

اخبار امروز بر نقض حقوق بشر تمرکز داشت.

Today's news focused on human rights violations.
In the realm of literature and poetry, it serves as a philosophical anchor. Classical poets like Rumi, Hafez, and Saadi often explored the duality of man—the earthly, flawed nature represented by this word, versus the divine spark within. In modern literature, science fiction translated into Persian relies heavily on this term to distinguish humans from aliens or artificial intelligence.

در این رمان، بشر با هوش مصنوعی وارد جنگ می‌شود.

Science Fiction
The standard term for 'the human race' when contrasted with extraterrestrials.

مستند درباره مهاجرت‌های اولیه بشر بود.

آیا بشر روزی در مریخ زندگی خواهد کرد؟

این بزرگترین دستاورد پزشکی برای بشر است.

Academic Lectures
Professors in sociology and history use it to frame broad human timelines.
Furthermore, in everyday philosophical musings or deep conversations among friends at a café, someone might sigh and say something about the nature of humanity, using this word to express a sense of collective exhaustion or hope. It is a word that bridges the gap between the highly formal and the deeply personal, provided the topic is broad enough. Listening to Persian podcasts on history or philosophy is an excellent way to familiarize yourself with the natural cadence and context of this powerful noun.
When learning the word بشر, students frequently stumble over its specific usage constraints, often treating it as a direct, interchangeable synonym for any English word meaning 'person' or 'people'. This leads to several common and sometimes comical errors. The most prevalent mistake is using it for counting or referring to specific small groups.
Counting Error
Using it with numbers (e.g., saying 'two humankinds' instead of 'two people').
Casual Register Error
Using it in informal settings to refer to a specific individual.
Pluralization Error
Attempting to pluralize it with standard Persian suffixes unnecessarily.

❌ غلط: سه بشر در اتاق هستند.
✅ درست: سه نفر در اتاق هستند.

Incorrect: Three humankinds are in the room. Correct: Three people are in the room.
Another frequent error involves the confusion between this word and 'مردم' (mardom), which means 'people' in the sense of the public or a specific population. If you want to say 'The people of Iran', you must use 'مردم ایران', not 'بشر ایران'. The latter sounds nonsensical, translating roughly to 'the mankind of Iran'.

❌ غلط: بشر این شهر خیلی مهربان هستند.
✅ درست: مردم این شهر خیلی مهربان هستند.

Adjectival Confusion
Using the noun form when the adjective 'بشری' is required.

❌ غلط: او یک بشر خوب است.
✅ درست: او آدم خوبی است.

❌ غلط: من با چند بشر صحبت کردم.
✅ درست: من با چند نفر صحبت کردم.

❌ غلط: بشرها باید به هم کمک کنند.
✅ درست: انسان‌ها باید به هم کمک کنند.

Pronunciation Mistake
Mispronouncing the vowels. It is ba-shar, not bo-shor or be-sher.
Understanding these boundaries is crucial for achieving fluency. The word is powerful precisely because of its exclusivity to grand, collective concepts. By avoiding these common pitfalls, learners can ensure their Persian sounds natural, educated, and contextually appropriate. Always ask yourself: Am I talking about the entire human race or just a few folks? If it's the latter, leave this word out of the sentence.
The Persian language is rich with vocabulary to describe humans, each carrying its own distinct flavor, register, and connotation. While بشر focuses on humanity as a collective, biological, and historical entity, several other words share this semantic field but are used differently. The most common synonym is 'انسان' (ensan). While highly interchangeable in formal contexts, 'انسان' often carries a slightly more moral, psychological, or individualistic tone. You can say 'او انسان خوبی است' (He is a good human/person), but you cannot say 'او بشر خوبی است'.
انسان (Ensan)
Human, person. More versatile, can refer to individuals or the collective, often with moral undertones.
آدم (Adam)
Person, human. Highly informal and conversational. Used daily for 'person' or 'guy'.
مردم (Mardom)
People, the public. Refers to a group of individuals, a society, or a nation's population.

تفاوت بین بشر و حیوان در قدرت تفکر است.

The difference between mankind and animals is the power of thought.
Another related term is 'بشریت' (bashariyat), which translates to 'humanity' in the abstract, philosophical sense, often referring to the quality of being humane or the collective human race in a highly elevated tone. For example, 'جنایت علیه بشریت' means 'crimes against humanity'. Furthermore, 'بنی‌آدم' (bani-adam), literally 'children of Adam', is a poetic and literary synonym famously used by Saadi.

بنی‌آدم اعضای یک پیکرند.

شخص (Shakhs)
Person, individual. Used in legal or highly specific formal contexts.

هر انسانی حق زندگی دارد.

این آدم خیلی عجیب است.

مردم در خیابان جمع شدند.

فرد (Fard)
Individual. Used when contrasting a single person with a group or society.
Navigating these synonyms is a hallmark of an advanced Persian speaker. While a beginner might use 'آدم' for everything, learning to deploy the target word for global issues, 'انسان' for moral discussions, and 'مردم' for societal observations will drastically improve the precision and elegance of your Persian communication.

How Formal Is It?

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

Ezafe construction (linking nouns).

Collective nouns taking singular verbs.

Forming adjectives from nouns using the suffix 'ی' (یای نسبت).

Using prepositions with abstract nouns.

Passive voice in formal journalistic texts.

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按水平分级的例句

1

من یک بشر هستم.

I am a human being.

Simple subject-verb agreement. Rarely used this way in real life, but grammatically correct for practice.

2

بشر آب می‌نوشد.

Mankind drinks water.

Used as a general subject with a simple present verb.

3

حقوق بشر مهم است.

Human rights are important.

Introduction to the fixed phrase 'حقوق بشر'.

4

ما بشر هستیم.

We are humans.

Plural pronoun with a collective noun.

5

بشر به غذا نیاز دارد.

Mankind needs food.

Using the preposition 'به' (to/for) with 'نیاز دارد' (needs).

6

تاریخ بشر طولانی است.

Human history is long.

Ezafe construction linking history and mankind.

7

بشر روی زمین است.

Mankind is on Earth.

Preposition of place 'روی' (on).

8

این برای بشر خوب است.

This is good for mankind.

Using 'برای' (for) to show benefit.

1

سازمان ملل از حقوق بشر دفاع می‌کند.

The UN defends human rights.

Using 'از ... دفاع می‌کند' (defends from/against).

2

بشر باید از طبیعت محافظت کند.

Mankind must protect nature.

Modal verb 'باید' (must) with subjunctive verb.

3

آینده بشر به علم بستگی دارد.

The future of mankind depends on science.

Ezafe 'آینده بشر' and verb 'بستگی دارد' (depends).

4

همه افراد بشر برابر هستند.

All members of humanity are equal.

Using 'همه افراد' (all individuals of).

5

بشر در فضا سفر کرده است.

Mankind has traveled in space.

Present perfect tense 'سفر کرده است'.

6

این بزرگترین مشکل بشر است.

This is mankind's biggest problem.

Superlative adjective 'بزرگترین' (biggest).

7

بشر همیشه به دنبال صلح بوده است.

Mankind has always sought peace.

Present perfect continuous concept using 'بوده است'.

8

زندگی بشر در حال تغییر است.

Human life is changing.

Present continuous using 'در حال'.

1

نقض حقوق بشر در بسیاری از کشورها یک بحران جدی است.

The violation of human rights in many countries is a serious crisis.

Complex noun phrase 'نقض حقوق بشر' (violation of human rights).

2

پیشرفت تکنولوژی تأثیر عمیقی بر جامعه بشری گذاشته است.

The advancement of technology has had a profound impact on human society.

Using the adjective form 'بشری' with 'جامعه'.

3

بشر در طول تاریخ با بیماری‌های زیادی مبارزه کرده است.

Throughout history, mankind has fought many diseases.

Prepositional phrase 'در طول تاریخ' (throughout history).

4

گرمایش زمین یک تهدید بزرگ برای بقای بشر محسوب می‌شود.

Global warming is considered a major threat to the survival of mankind.

Passive voice concept 'محسوب می‌شود' (is considered).

5

ادبیات آینه‌ای است که احساسات و افکار بشر را منعکس می‌کند.

Literature is a mirror that reflects the feelings and thoughts of mankind.

Relative clause starting with 'که' (that/which).

6

هیچ بشری نمی‌تواند بدون ارتباط با دیگران زندگی سالمی داشته باشد.

No human being can have a healthy life without connection to others.

Indefinite usage 'هیچ بشری' (no human being).

7

کشف آتش یکی از مهم‌ترین نقاط عطف در تمدن بشر بود.

The discovery of fire was one of the most important turning points in human civilization.

Ezafe chain 'نقاط عطف در تمدن بشر'.

8

آیا بشر روزی قادر خواهد بود به کهکشان‌های دیگر سفر کند؟

Will mankind one day be able to travel to other galaxies?

Future tense with 'قادر خواهد بود' (will be able).

1

اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر سندی است که حقوق بنیادین هر فرد را تضمین می‌کند.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a document that guarantees the fundamental rights of every individual.

Formal legal terminology and complex relative clause.

2

فیلسوفان همواره در تلاش بوده‌اند تا ماهیت پیچیده بشر را درک کنند.

Philosophers have always strived to understand the complex nature of mankind.

Infinitive clause with 'تا' (in order to).

3

تخریب محیط زیست نشان‌دهنده بی‌مسئولیتی بشر در قبال نسل‌های آینده است.

Environmental destruction indicates mankind's irresponsibility towards future generations.

Compound preposition 'در قبال' (towards/in relation to).

4

هوش مصنوعی ممکن است بزرگترین دستاورد یا آخرین اختراع بشر باشد.

Artificial intelligence might be mankind's greatest achievement or its final invention.

Subjunctive mood after 'ممکن است' (it is possible/might).

5

بشریت در تقاطع حساسی از تاریخ قرار گرفته است که نیازمند تصمیمات خردمندانه است.

Humanity is at a critical crossroads in history that requires wise decisions.

Using the abstract noun 'بشریت' (humanity).

6

تکامل بشر فرآیندی طولانی است که میلیون‌ها سال به طول انجامیده است.

Human evolution is a long process that has taken millions of years.

Verb phrase 'به طول انجامیده است' (has lasted/taken).

7

هنر زبانی جهانی است که مرزهای فرهنگی را درمی‌نوردد و با روح بشر سخن می‌گوید.

Art is a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries and speaks to the human soul.

Poetic/literary verb 'درمی‌نوردد' (transcends/traverses).

8

بسیاری از اندیشمندان معتقدند که طمع، پاشنه آشیل نوع بشر است.

Many thinkers believe that greed is the Achilles' heel of the human race.

Idiomatic expression 'پاشنه آشیل' (Achilles' heel) and 'نوع بشر' (human race).

1

گفتمان غالب در زمینه حقوق بشر غالباً تحت‌الشعاع منافع ژئوپلیتیک قدرت‌های بزرگ قرار می‌گیرد.

The dominant discourse in the field of human rights is often overshadowed by the geopolitical interests of major powers.

Advanced vocabulary 'تحت‌الشعاع' (overshadowed) and passive construction.

2

تراژدی‌های قرن بیستم نشان داد که ظرفیت بشر برای توحش به همان اندازه ظرفیت او برای تعالی است.

The tragedies of the 20th century showed that mankind's capacity for savagery is equal to its capacity for transcendence.

Parallel structure comparing two abstract capacities.

3

در متون عرفانی، بشر موجودی است که میان عالم خاک و عالم افلاک سرگردان است.

In mystical texts, man is a being wandering between the earthly realm and the celestial realm.

Literary/mystical vocabulary 'عالم خاک' and 'عالم افلاک'.

4

مفهوم کرامت بشری باید در هسته مرکزی هرگونه قانون‌گذاری بین‌المللی نهادینه شود.

The concept of human dignity must be institutionalized at the core of any international legislation.

Formal academic phrasing 'نهادینه شود' (be institutionalized).

5

بحران‌های وجودی معاصر، بشر را وادار ساخته تا در پارادایم‌های توسعه‌طلبانه خود تجدید نظر کند.

Contemporary existential crises have forced mankind to reconsider its expansionist paradigms.

Causative structure 'وادار ساخته تا' (has forced to).

6

تاریخ‌نگاران بر این باورند که هیچ تمدنی نمی‌تواند بدون احترام به حقوق بنیادین ابناء بشر پایدار بماند.

Historians believe that no civilization can remain sustainable without respecting the fundamental rights of the sons of humanity.

Use of the highly literary plural 'ابناء بشر' (sons of humanity).

7

ادبیات پادآرمان‌شهری تصویری تاریک از آینده‌ای ارائه می‌دهد که در آن بشر برده تکنولوژی دست‌ساز خویش است.

Dystopian literature presents a dark image of a future in which mankind is a slave to its own man-made technology.

Complex descriptive clause and vocabulary 'پادآرمان‌شهری' (dystopian).

8

رسالت هنر متعهد، بیداری وجدان خفته بشر در برابر بی‌عدالتی‌های ساختاری است.

The mission of committed art is the awakening of mankind's dormant conscience in the face of structural injustices.

Highly formal and abstract phrasing 'وجدان خفته' (dormant conscience).

1

سعدی در گلستان با ظرافتی بی‌نظیر، همبستگی ارگانیک آحاد بشر را در قالب تمثیلی جاودانه به تصویر می‌کشد.

In the Gulistan, Saadi portrays the organic solidarity of all human individuals with unparalleled elegance in the form of an immortal allegory.

Literary analysis vocabulary 'آحاد بشر' (individuals of mankind).

2

تقلیل دادن پیچیدگی‌های روان‌شناختی بشر به چند متغیر کمی، خطایی معرفت‌شناختی در علوم انسانی مدرن است.

Reducing the psychological complexities of mankind to a few quantitative variables is an epistemological error in modern humanities.

Academic/philosophical terminology 'معرفت‌شناختی' (epistemological).

3

در غیاب یک اخلاق جهان‌شمول، پیشرفت‌های شگرف تکنولوژیک می‌تواند به ابزاری برای انقیاد نوع بشر بدل گردد.

In the absence of a universal ethic, tremendous technological advancements could turn into a tool for the subjugation of the human race.

Advanced formal verb 'بدل گردد' (turn into/become).

4

دیالکتیک ارباب و بنده هگل، چارچوبی مفهومی برای درک نزاع تاریخی بشر بر سر به رسمیت شناخته شدن فراهم می‌آورد.

Hegel's master-slave dialectic provides a conceptual framework for understanding mankind's historical struggle for recognition.

Philosophical discourse and complex noun phrases.

5

بشر در عصر آنتروپوسین، نه تنها ناظر، بلکه عامل اصلی تغییرات ژئولوژیک و اکولوژیک در مقیاس سیاره‌ای است.

Mankind in the Anthropocene epoch is not merely an observer, but the primary agent of geologic and ecologic changes on a planetary scale.

Scientific/geological terminology 'آنتروپوسین' (Anthropocene).

6

شعر حافظ، تجلی‌گاه تضادهای درونی بشری است که میان جبروت الهی و حضیض خاکی دست و پا می‌زند.

Hafez's poetry is the manifestation of the internal contradictions of a human struggling between divine majesty and earthly baseness.

Highly poetic and archaic vocabulary 'جبروت' and 'حضیض'.

7

مفهوم 'حقوق بشر' به مثابه یک برساخت اجتماعی، همواره در معرض بازتفسیرهای هژمونیک قرار داشته است.

The concept of 'human rights' as a social construct has always been subject to hegemonic reinterpretations.

Sociological/political theory terminology 'برساخت اجتماعی' (social construct).

8

فارغ از تمام تمایزات نژادی و طبقاتی، سرنوشت محتوم بشر در مواجهه با فناپذیری، یگانه نقطه اشتراک گریزناپذیر ماست.

Regardless of all racial and class distinctions, mankind's inevitable fate in the face of mortality is our sole inescapable commonality.

Elevated existential vocabulary 'سرنوشت محتوم' (inevitable fate).

常见搭配

حقوق بشر
تاریخ بشر
جامعه بشری
نسل بشر
تمدن بشر
آینده بشر
بقای بشر
طبیعت بشر
دستاوردهای بشر
دشمن بشر

常用短语

اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر
نقض حقوق بشر
به نفع بشر
دوستدار بشر
خطای بشری
نیروی بشری
دانش بشری
تکامل بشر
فاجعه بشری
رنج بشر

容易混淆的词

بشر vs انسان (Ensan - Human/Person: More focus on the individual or moral agent)

بشر vs مردم (Mardom - People: Focus on a specific population or society)

بشر vs آدم (Adam - Person: Casual, everyday word for a human)

习语与表达

"شیر خام خورده (referring to human fallibility)"
"بنی‌آدم اعضای یک پیکرند"
"جایزالخطا بودن بشر"
"از دست بشر خارج بودن"
"روی بشر ندیدن"
"به شکل بشر درآوردن"
"بشر دو پا"
"عقل بشر قد ندادن"
"فراتر از توان بشر"
"بشر خاکی"

容易混淆

بشر vs

بشر vs

بشر vs

بشر vs

بشر vs

句型

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如何使用

nuance

Emphasizes the biological or collective species rather than individual personality.

formality

High

frequency

Common in media, rare in street slang

常见错误
  • Using 'بشر' to count people (e.g., saying 'پنج بشر' instead of 'پنج نفر').
  • Using it to refer to a specific individual (e.g., 'آن بشر' instead of 'آن آدم').
  • Pluralizing it as 'بشرها' instead of using 'انسان‌ها'.
  • Confusing it with 'مردم' when talking about the citizens of a specific country.
  • Using the noun 'بشر' when the adjective 'بشری' is required (e.g., saying 'جامعه بشر' instead of 'جامعه بشری').

小贴士

Singular Verb Agreement

Always use a singular verb with بشر. Think of it like the English word 'mankind'—mankind IS, not mankind ARE.

The Big Three

Memorize the big three synonyms: آدم (casual person), انسان (formal person/human), بشر (mankind).

News Trigger

Whenever you turn on Persian news, listen for 'حقوق بشر'. It's a great anchor phrase to help you tune your ear.

Elevate Your Essays

If you are taking a Persian proficiency test (like AMFA), using بشر instead of مردم in an essay about global issues will boost your score.

Short Vowels

Don't drag out the vowels. It's a quick, sharp ba-shar. Avoid making it sound like baa-shaar.

Ezafe is Your Friend

Get comfortable linking words to it with Ezafe: تاریخِ بشر (history of mankind), آیندهِ بشر (future of mankind).

Saadi's Influence

Read the translation of Saadi's 'Bani Adam'. It will give you the cultural soul of how Persians view humanity.

No Numbers

Never put a number before بشر. You cannot say 'دو بشر' (two humankinds). Use 'دو نفر' instead.

Add a 'Yee'

Adding 'ی' makes it an adjective (بشری). This is super useful for translating 'human' as an adjective (e.g., human error).

Sci-Fi Standard

If you like reading science fiction in Persian, بشر is the word used to contrast humans with aliens.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'BASH-ar'. Humans tend to BASH things around on Earth, making history.

词源

Arabic

文化背景

Saadi's 'Bani Adam' is the ultimate cultural reference for human unity in Persian.

The phrase 'Hoquq-e Bashar' is central to modern Iranian political discourse.

In the Quran, prophets are often reminded they are merely 'Bashar' (mortal humans).

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"به نظر شما بزرگترین تهدید برای آینده بشر چیست؟ (What do you think is the biggest threat to the future of mankind?)"

"آیا فکر می‌کنید بشر روزی در سیارات دیگر زندگی خواهد کرد؟ (Do you think mankind will one day live on other planets?)"

"مهم‌ترین دستاورد بشر در قرن گذشته چه بود؟ (What was mankind's most important achievement in the past century?)"

"چرا رعایت حقوق بشر در جهان امروز اینقدر دشوار است؟ (Why is respecting human rights so difficult in today's world?)"

"تفاوت اصلی بین انسان و سایر حیوانات چیست؟ (What is the main difference between humans and other animals?)"

日记主题

Write a short paragraph about what you think the future of humanity (آینده بشر) looks like in 100 years.

Describe a historical event that changed the course of human history (تاریخ بشر).

Explain what 'human rights' (حقوق بشر) means to you personally.

Discuss the impact of technology on human society (جامعه بشری).

Reflect on Saadi's poem about the children of Adam and its relevance today.

常见问题

10 个问题

No. You should use 'آدم' (adam) or 'انسان' (ensan) for individuals. بشر refers to the entire human race.

The exact translation is 'حقوق بشر' (hoquq-e bashar). This is a fixed phrase and very common in the news.

Grammatically, it is a singular collective noun. It takes a singular verb, even though it refers to all people.

While 'بشرها' is technically possible, it is almost never used by native speakers. Use 'انسان‌ها' if you need a plural word for humans.

The adjective form is 'بشری' (bashari), meaning 'human' or 'pertaining to humanity', like in 'جامعه بشری' (human society).

Yes, it originates from Arabic, but it has been fully integrated into Persian for over a thousand years.

'بشریت' (bashariyat) is an abstract noun meaning 'humanity', often used to describe the quality of being humane or the collective human race in a philosophical sense.

It is pronounced ba-shar. Both vowels are short 'a' sounds.

It is generally too formal for casual conversation unless you are discussing a deep, philosophical topic like the future of the world.

بشر means mankind as a species. مردم means 'people' in the sense of a specific group, public, or population (e.g., the people of Iran).

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