印地语高级分词:描述状态与动作 (-ta hua, -ya hua)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use -ta hua for ongoing actions and -ya hua for completed states to describe nouns in Hindi.
- Use -ta hua for continuous actions: 'हँसता हुआ लड़का' (the laughing boy).
- Use -ya hua for resulting states: 'टूटा हुआ गिलास' (the broken glass).
- Participles must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
Overview
Participle Agreement Table
| Form | Masc. Sing. | Fem. Sing. | Masc. Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Imperfective
|
चलता हुआ
|
चलती हुई
|
चलते हुए
|
|
Perfective
|
किया हुआ
|
की हुई
|
किए हुए
|
Meanings
These constructions function as adjectival phrases that describe the state or action of a noun.
Ongoing Action
Describes a noun performing an action simultaneously.
“गाता हुआ आदमी”
“रोती हुई बच्ची”
Resulting State
Describes a noun in a state resulting from a past action.
“लिखा हुआ पत्र”
“सजा हुआ कमरा”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Verb-ta + hua
|
सोता हुआ आदमी
|
|
Negative
|
Verb-ta + hua (negated)
|
न सोता हुआ आदमी
|
|
Question
|
Kya + noun + verb-ta hua?
|
क्या सोता हुआ आदमी?
|
|
State
|
Verb-ya + hua
|
लिखा हुआ पत्र
|
正式程度
सोता हुआ बालक (General)
सोता हुआ बच्चा (General)
सोता हुआ बच्चा (General)
सोता हुआ बच्चा (General)
Participle Logic
Ongoing
- ता हुआ Doing
Result
- या हुआ Done
按水平分级的例句
हँसता हुआ बच्चा
The laughing child
टूटा हुआ गिलास
The broken glass
गाती हुई महिला
The singing woman
सजी हुई दुकानें
The decorated shops
बहता हुआ पानी
The flowing water
खोई हुई यादें
The lost memories
容易混淆
Both use verb roots.
常见错误
हँसता हुआ लड़की
हँसती हुई लड़की
खाया हुआ खाना
खाया हुआ खाना (correct, but contextually odd)
सोते हुए बच्चे
सोते हुए बच्चे (correct)
दौड़ता हुआ सड़क
दौड़ती हुई सड़क
句型
___ हुआ ___
Real World Usage
एक चमकती हुई सुबह!
Agreement
Smart Tips
Use -ta hua.
发音
Hua
The 'h' is aspirated.
Rising
Noun + participle?
Questioning state
记住它
记忆技巧
TA for Taking action (ongoing), YA for Yesteryear (completed).
视觉联想
Imagine a boy running (TA-running) and a finished cake (YA-baked).
Rhyme
Ta is for the action flow, Ya is for the state we know.
Story
The sleeping (sota hua) cat saw the broken (tuta hua) vase. It jumped over the flowing (behta hua) water. It found the hidden (chupa hua) treat.
Word Web
挑战
Describe 3 things in your room using -ta hua and 3 using -ya hua.
文化笔记
Commonly used in storytelling.
Sanskrit roots.
对话开场白
What are you looking at?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
___ हुआ लड़का (हँसना)
Score: /1
练习题
1 exercises___ हुआ लड़का (हँसना)
Score: /1
Practice Bank
10 exercisesमेज पर ____ (to break) गिलास रखा है।
दौड़ते हुए लड़कों को पानी दो।
I like the smell of cooked food.
हुआ / पानी / उबलता / है / गरम / बहुत
Match the following:
How do you say 'A hidden message'?
वह गाना ____ (to sing) काम कर रही है।
मैने गिरती हुई आदमी को बचाया।
A crying girl was sitting there.
Which describes 'a developed country'?
Score: /10
常见问题 (1)
Yes, mostly.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Participio
Hindi uses hua explicitly.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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