B2 Conjunctions & Connectors 12 min read 中等

用 'kar' 连接动作 (做完...后)

Use verb root + kar to say 'having done X' and connect actions fluidly.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'kar' to link two actions where the first one is completed before the second begins.

  • Remove the 'na' from the infinitive verb: 'khana' (to eat) becomes 'kha'.
  • Add 'kar' to the root: 'kha' + 'kar' = 'khakar' (having eaten).
  • The subject remains the same for both actions: 'Main khakar so gaya' (I ate and then slept).
Verb Root + कर (kar) + Second Action

Overview

### Overview
在印地语的高级语法中，कर (kar) 连接词（Conjunctive Participle）是构建复杂句子的基石。如果你想让自己的印地语听起来不再像初学者那样“一顿一顿”的，掌握这个语法是必经之路。简单来说，它的功能是将两个动作串联起来，表示“做完某事后，再做另一件事”。
在中文里，我们习惯用连词“然后”或者直接并列动词，比如“我回家，然后吃饭”。但在印地语中，如果两个动作的主语一致，我们通常会把第一个动作变成“非限定形式”，即在动词词根后加上 कर。这与中文的“连动式”结构（如“他拿起书看了看”）有异曲同工之妙，但印地语的 kar 结构更加强调动作的先后完成性（Sequence）。对于B2水平的学习者来说，这不仅能增加句子的逻辑感，还能显著减少 और (aur) 的滥用，让表达更地道。
### How This Grammar Works
kar 结构的核心在于将第一个动作“冻结”为非限定动词（Non-finite verb）。这意味着这个动词不再受主语的性别、数（单复数）或时态的影响。它就像一个“挂钩”，把动作挂在主句上。主句的谓语动词才负责承载所有的语法信息（时态、语态、一致性）。
语法结构如下：
[主语] + [第一个动作词根+कर] + [第二个动作（主句谓语）]
例如：वह खाना खाकर सो गया। (Vah khānā khākar so gayā.)
这里，खाकर 是非限定的，无论主语是男是女，它永远是 खाकर。而 सो गया（睡了）则根据主语 वह（他）的性别进行了变位。这与中文语法中的“状语”概念类似，第一个动作充当了第二个动作的时间状语或方式状语。
最重要的一点是“主语一致性原则”：kar 结构要求前后两个动作的主语必须是同一个人。如果主语不同，就不能使用 kar，而必须使用从句（如 जब...तब）。这在中文里我们很少刻意区分，但在印地语中这是绝对的语法红线。
### Formation Pattern
形成规则非常简单：去掉动词不定式词尾 -nā，得到词根，加上 कर。对于口语，有时会简写为 के (ke)。
| 动词原形 | 动词词根 | kar 形式 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| आना | आ | आकर | 过来后 |
| देखना | देख | देखकर | 看过后 |
| लिखना | likh | लिखकर | 写过后 |
| पीना | pī | पीकर | 喝过后 |
特殊情况：करना (karnā) 的 kar 形式是 करके (karke)，而不是 करकर。这是为了避免发音重复（Euphony），类似于中文里为了节奏感而进行的词汇选择。
### When To Use It
  1. 1表示先后顺序：这是最常用的情况。例如：वह नहाकर ऑफ़िस गया।（他洗完澡后去了办公室）。
  2. 2表示方式（Adverbial）：描述动作进行的状态。例如：उसने हँसकर जवाब दिया।（他笑着回答了）。这对应中文的“地”字结构。
  3. 3表示原因：例如：यह ख़बर सुनकर मैं खुश हुआ।（听到这个消息，我很高兴）。这里 कर 起到了“因为”的作用。
  4. 4表示路径（hokar）：例如：यह ट्रेन कानपुर होकर जाएगी।（这趟车会经由坎普尔）。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1主语不一致（Dangling Participle）：这是中文母语者最容易犯的错误。例如：बस लेट होकर, मुझे देर हो गई।（因为公交晚点，我迟到了）。在印地语里，这句语法是错误的，因为 kar 要求主语一致，这里主语一个是“公交”，一个是“我”。正确应使用 की वजह से。
  2. 2混淆 kar 和 -te hue：kar 表示动作完成（Sequence），而 -te hue 表示动作同时进行（Simultaneity）。中文里我们有时不分，但在印地语里，चाय पीकर 是“喝完茶后”，चाय पीते हुए 是“一边喝茶一边……”。
  3. 3否定形式错误：很多学生想说“没做某事”，会写成 न खाकर。这是错误的！正确形式是使用 बिना (binā)，如 खाए बिना（没吃就……）。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| 特征 | kar 结构 | -te hue 结构 |
|---|---|---|
| 动作关系 | 先后顺序 | 同时进行 |
| 语法性质 | 完成体状语 | 进行体状语 |
| 中文对应 | “做完…后” | “一边…一边” |
| 例子 | पढ़कर सो गया | पढ़ते हुए सो गया |
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问：kar 和 ke 可以互换吗？
答：在口语中经常互换，但在正式书面语中，建议始终使用 कर。
  1. 1问：我可以连续使用多个 kar 吗？
答：可以，但不要超过两个，否则句子会变得非常冗长且不自然。建议用 और 连接。
  1. 1问：为什么 karnā 的形式是 karke？
答：这是为了避免 kar-kar 这种发音上的重复，这是印地语中的一种语音避讳规则。

Formation of 'Kar' Participle

Infinitive Root Kar-Form Meaning
Khana
Kha
Khakar
Having eaten
Dekhna
Dekh
Dekhkar
Having seen
Padhna
Padh
Padhkar
Having read
Jana
Ja
Jakar
Having gone
Sona
So
Sokar
Having slept
Likhna
Likh
Likhkar
Having written

Meanings

The conjunctive participle indicates that the action expressed by the verb has been completed before the main action of the sentence occurs.

1

Sequential Action

Action A happens, then Action B happens.

“Main nahakar office gaya.”

“Usne kitab padhkar rakhi.”

2

Manner/Adverbial

Describes how an action is performed.

“Woh hanskar bola.”

“Usne sochkar jawab diya.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 用 'kar' 连接动作 (做完...后)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Root + kar
Main khakar gaya.
Negative
Bina + root + kiye
Main bina khaye gaya.
Question
Kya... kar...?
Kya tum khakar aaye?
Adverbial
Root + kar
Woh hanskar bola.
Causal
Root + kar
Woh darrkar bhaga.

正式程度

正式
Main bhojan karke jaunga.

Main bhojan karke jaunga. (Daily plans)

中性
Main khakar jaunga.

Main khakar jaunga. (Daily plans)

非正式
Main khake nikalta hoon.

Main khake nikalta hoon. (Daily plans)

俚语
Kha ke nikal raha hoon.

Kha ke nikal raha hoon. (Daily plans)

The 'Kar' Sequence

Action 1 (Root + kar)

Sequence

  • Nahakar After bathing

Manner

  • Hanskar Laughingly
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按水平分级的例句

1

Main khakar so gaya.

I ate and slept.

2

Woh nahakar aaya.

He came after bathing.

3

Main padhkar khelunga.

I will play after studying.

4

Woh jakar baitha.

He went and sat.

1

Usne sochkar jawab diya.

He answered after thinking.

2

Main bazar jakar sabzi launga.

I will go to the market and bring vegetables.

3

Woh hanskar boli.

She said laughing.

4

Tumne khakar kya kiya?

What did you do after eating?

1

Kaam khatam karke main ghar nikal gaya.

After finishing the work, I left for home.

2

Usne galti maan kar maafi mangi.

He apologized after admitting the mistake.

3

Main train pakadkar Delhi pahuncha.

I reached Delhi by catching the train.

4

Woh taiyar hokar party mein gaya.

He went to the party after getting ready.

1

Sarkar ne niyam badalkar janta ko rahat di.

The government gave relief to the public by changing the rules.

2

Main sab kuch dekhkar hairan reh gaya.

I was surprised after seeing everything.

3

Usne mehnat karke safalta hasil ki.

He achieved success by working hard.

4

Woh darwaza kholkar andar aaya.

He came inside after opening the door.

1

Itihas ko samajhkar hi hum bhavishya sudhar sakte hain.

Only by understanding history can we improve the future.

2

Usne apni galti ko sweekar karke sabke samne maafi mangi.

He apologized in front of everyone by accepting his mistake.

3

Woh gusse mein chilla kar wahan se chala gaya.

He shouted in anger and left from there.

4

Saboot dekhkar judge ne faisla sunaya.

The judge announced the verdict after seeing the evidence.

1

Vividhata ko apnakar hi ek rashtra pragati kar sakta hai.

Only by embracing diversity can a nation progress.

2

Usne apni saari sampatti daan karke sannyas le liya.

He took renunciation after donating all his wealth.

3

Gahri chinta jatakar usne apna virodh darj karaya.

He registered his protest by expressing deep concern.

4

Woh apni kshamtaon ko pehchankar aage badha.

He moved forward by recognizing his capabilities.

容易混淆

Connecting Actions with 'kar' (Having done...) 对比 Kar vs. Aur

Learners use 'aur' for everything.

Connecting Actions with 'kar' (Having done...) 对比 Kar vs. Ke baad

Both mean 'after'.

Connecting Actions with 'kar' (Having done...) 对比 Kar vs. Infinitive

Using 'khana kar' instead of 'khakar'.

常见错误

✗

Main khata kar gaya.

✓

Main khakar gaya.

Do not use the habitual tense marker.
✗

Main khakar woh gaya.

✓

Main khakar gaya.

Subject must be the same.
✗

Main khana kar gaya.

✓

Main khakar gaya.

Use the root, not the infinitive.
✗

Main gaya kar khaya.

✓

Main jakar khaya.

The 'kar' must attach to the first action.
✗

Woh hans kar bola.

✓

Woh hanskar bola.

Usually written as one word.
✗

Main bina khakar gaya.

✓

Main bina khaye gaya.

Negative requires oblique infinitive.
✗

Woh jakar gaya.

✓

Woh gaya.

Redundant usage.
✗

Main khakar, woh gaya.

✓

Main khakar gaya.

Subject mismatch.
✗

Woh sochkar jawab diya.

✓

Usne sochkar jawab diya.

Transitive verb requires 'ne'.
✗

Woh jakar ke bola.

✓

Woh jakar bola.

Don't combine 'kar' and 'ke'.
✗

Woh khakar, main gaya.

✓

Uske khane ke baad main gaya.

Use 'ke baad' for different subjects.
✗

Woh khakar khush tha.

✓

Woh khakar khush hua.

Ensure the second verb is dynamic.
✗

Woh khakar, aur gaya.

✓

Woh khakar gaya.

Don't use 'aur' with 'kar'.

句型

Main ___ karke ___ gaya.

Usne ___ karke ___ diya.

___ karke hi main ___ sakta hoon.

Woh ___ karke ___ gaya.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Main pahunch kar call karta hoon.

Job Interview common

Maine project complete karke report submit ki.

Food Delivery common

Order receive karke check karein.

Travel very common

Ticket book karke station jana.

Social Media common

Photo upload karke tag kar dena.

Academic common

Research karke paper likha.

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💡

Consistency

Always check if the subject is the same before using 'kar'.
⚠️

No 'Aur'

Don't use 'aur' when you can use 'kar'. It makes your Hindi sound more natural.
🎯

Root focus

If you know the root, you know the 'kar' form. It's that simple.
💬

Spoken vs Written

In speech, you will hear 'ke' instead of 'kar' very often.

Smart Tips

Always check if the subject is the same.

Main gaya. Woh khaya. → Main jakar khaya.

Use 'ke' instead of 'kar' for speed.

Main khakar aata hoon. → Main kha ke aata hoon.

Use 'kar' to condense sentences.

Humne data dekha. Humne faisla liya. → Data dekhkar humne faisla liya.

Use 'kar' to add emotion.

Woh bola. → Woh hanskar bola.

发音

kha-KAR

Stress

The stress usually falls on the root of the verb.

Rising-Falling

Main khakar ↗ gaya ↘

Indicates completion of the first action before the second.

记住它

记忆技巧

Kar is the 'Key' to the next action. Think of 'Kar' as a key that unlocks the next door.

视觉联想

Imagine a person eating an apple (Action 1), then immediately jumping on a bike (Action 2). The 'kar' is the bridge between the apple and the bike.

Rhyme

Root plus kar, actions go far.

Story

Rahul woke up. He brushed his teeth (brush-kar). He ate breakfast (kha-kar). He left for work (ja-kar).

Word Web

KhakarDekhkarJakarPadhkarSochkarLikhkar

挑战

Describe your morning routine in 5 sentences using 'kar' for each action.

文化笔记

Very common in daily speech to link almost every action.

Used in news to summarize events.

Often replaced by 'ke' (e.g., 'kha ke').

Derived from the Sanskrit absolutive suffix '-tvā'.

对话开场白

“

Aap subah uthkar sabse pehle kya karte hain?

“

Kya aapne kabhi sochkar koi bada faisla liya hai?

“

Kaam khatam karke aapko kaisa lagta hai?

“

Kya aapne kabhi bina soche koi kaam kiya hai?

日记主题

Describe your morning routine.
Write about a time you made a big decision.
Reflect on your language learning journey.
Analyze a recent news event.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct 'kar' form.

Main ___ (nahana) school gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nahakar
Root + kar.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main khakar gaya.
Root + kar.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Main khakar, woh gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main khakar gaya.
Subject must be same.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Transformation

Main gaya. Maine khaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main jakar khaya.
Sequence logic.
Match the root to the 'kar' form. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Padhkar, Sochkar, Jakar
All roots take 'kar'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Tumne kya kiya? B: Maine ___ (padhna) exam diya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: padhkar
Sequential action.
Sort the correct usage. Grammar Sorting

Which is a valid 'kar' sentence?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above.
Spacing varies but meaning is same.
Conjugate 'Likhna'. Conjugation Drill

What is the 'kar' form of Likhna?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Likhkar
Root + kar.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct 'kar' form.

Main ___ (nahana) school gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: nahakar
Root + kar.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main khakar gaya.
Root + kar.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Main khakar, woh gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main khakar gaya.
Subject must be same.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Transformation

Main gaya. Maine khaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main jakar khaya.
Sequence logic.
Match the root to the 'kar' form. Match Pairs

Match: Padh, Soch, Ja

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Padhkar, Sochkar, Jakar
All roots take 'kar'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Tumne kya kiya? B: Maine ___ (padhna) exam diya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: padhkar
Sequential action.
Sort the correct usage. Grammar Sorting

Which is a valid 'kar' sentence?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above.
Spacing varies but meaning is same.
Conjugate 'Likhna'. Conjugation Drill

What is the 'kar' form of Likhna?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Likhkar
Root + kar.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'dekhna' (to see/look). 填空

Woh menu ___ order karegi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dekhkar
Fill in the blank for 'karna' (to do). 填空

Kaam khatam ___ mujhe call karna.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: karke
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Woh uthkar brush kiya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Usne uthkar brush kiya.
How do you say 'The train goes via Delhi'? 多项选择

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Train Delhi hokar jaati hai.
Match the Hindi phrase to its English meaning. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Jaa kar","Aa kar","So kar","Pi kar"]
Arrange to say: 'Wash hands and eat food.' (literally: Having washed hands, eat food) Sentence Reorder

haath / khana / dhokar / khao

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haath dhokar khana khao
Translate: 'After thinking, tell me.' 翻译

Use the 'kar' form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sochkar batao.
Identify the incorrect form. Error Correction

Which word is wrong?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Karkar
Complete: 'Padh___' (Having read). 填空

Kitab padh___ wapas kar dena.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kar
When is 'kar' used? 多项选择

Select the best usage scenario:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: To show one action finishing before another starts.
Select the emphatic form of 'karna'. 填空

Login ___ check karo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: karke
Reorder: 'She sat down and cried.' (Having sat down, she cried). Sentence Reorder

woh / royi / baithkar

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh baithkar royi.

Score: /12

常见问题 (8)

Yes, almost all verbs work. Just drop the 'na'.

In spoken Hindi, 'ke' is often used as a shortcut for 'kar'.

The 'kar' construction implies a single actor performing a sequence of actions.

Use 'bina' + root + 'ye' (e.g., 'bina khaye').

It is neutral and used in all registers.

No, 'kar' is an indeclinable particle.

Yes, 'Main jakar khana khaunga' (I will eat after going).

You can chain them: 'Main uthkar, nahakar, khakar gaya.'

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish partial

Gerundio compuesto (Habiendo comido)

Hindi 'kar' is used in every casual conversation.

French moderate

Après + infinitif passé

Hindi 'kar' is a single word suffix.

German low

Nachdem + Perfekt

Hindi is much more concise.

Japanese high

Te-form

Both are agglutinative suffixes.

Arabic low

Wa (and) + verb

Hindi 'kar' specifies the sequence.

Chinese moderate

Verb + le + verb

Hindi uses a specific suffix.

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