Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Indirect speech in Hindi uses the conjunction 'ki' (कि) to link the reporting verb to the reported clause.
- Use 'ki' (कि) to connect the speaker's statement to your report: 'Usne kaha ki woh aa raha hai.'
- Shift pronouns to match your perspective: 'Main' (I) often becomes 'Woh' (he/she) in indirect speech.
- Adjust verb tenses logically: If the reporting verb is past, the reported clause often shifts to past tense.
Overview
अप्रत्यक्ष कथन (apratyaksh kathan)，即间接引语。它是直接重复别人的话和将信息自然融入自己句子之间的区别。直接引语像剧本一样使用引号，而间接引语则像真实的对话一样流畅。掌握这一点不仅是为了考试，更是为了让你听起来像个生活在21世纪的现代人。只是别用它来乱传朋友的话，否则你会被拉黑的！How This Grammar Works
कि (ki)。把 कि 想象成终极“胶水”，它将你的报道动词（如“他说”或“她告诉”）与实际信息连接起来。当你从直接引语转为间接引语时，引号消失， कि 取而代之。最需要注意的是视角的变化。如果拉胡尔说“我饿了”，你告诉别人时，必须把“我”改为“他”。
Formation Pattern
कहना (说) 或 बताना (告诉)。如果是问题，用 पूछना (问)。
« »。
कि：它总是紧跟在报道动词之后。
मैं (我) 通常变为 वह (他/她)。
के लिए。
When To Use It
- 八卦与社交： 告诉闺蜜你的暗恋对象在聚会上说了什么。
- 职场环境： 在Slack或Zoom会议后总结客户的要求。
- 新闻与媒体： 新闻主播报道政客的发言。
- 社交软件： “我妹妹告诉我她要把照片发到朋友圈。”
Common Mistakes
- 代词陷阱： 保留原代词。
उसने कहा कि मैं व्यस्त हूँ意思是“你”很忙，而不是他。 - 过度思考时态： 英语使用者常试图强加过去时，但在印地语中如果事情还在发生，用现在时即可。
Contrast With Similar Patterns
- 直接引语： 原话重复。
उसने कहा, «मैं आऊँगा»。 - 关系从句： 有时我们用
कि表示“……的事情”。不要混淆。
Quick FAQ
आज (今天)。Indirect Speech Structure
| Part | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Subject
|
The speaker
|
Ram ne
|
|
Reporting Verb
|
The action of speaking
|
kaha
|
|
Conjunction
|
The link
|
ki
|
|
Reported Clause
|
The message
|
woh aayega
|
Meanings
Indirect speech is used to report what someone else has said without using their exact words. It acts as a bridge between the original speaker and the current listener.
Reporting Statements
Relaying information or opinions expressed by others.
“Usne bataya ki kaam khatam ho gaya. (He told that the work is finished.)”
“Maa ne kaha ki khana taiyaar hai. (Mother said that the food is ready.)”
Reporting Questions
Relaying an inquiry made by someone else.
“Usne poocha ki tum kahan ja rahe ho. (He asked where you are going.)”
“Maine poocha ki kya tum aaoge. (I asked if you will come.)”
Reference Table
| 说话人视角 | 直接引语代词 | 间接引语代词 | 转换示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
第一人称
|
`मैं` (我)
|
`वह` (他/她)
|
"मैं ठीक हूँ" → "वह ठीक है"
|
|
所有格
|
`मेरा` (我的)
|
`उसका` (他/她的)
|
"मेरा घर" → "उसका घर"
|
|
第二人称
|
`तुम` (你)
|
`मैं` / `मुझे` (我)
|
"तुम कहाँ हो?" → "मैं कहाँ हूँ"
|
|
复数
|
`हम` (我们)
|
`वे` (他们)
|
"हम आएँगे" → "वे आएँगे"
|
|
命令
|
`जाओ!` (去！)
|
`जाने के लिए` (去...)
|
"जाओ" → "जाने के लिए कहा"
|
|
疑问
|
`क्या...?` (吗？)
|
`कि क्या` (是否)
|
"क्या तुम आओगे?" → "कि क्या मैं आऊँगा"
|
正式程度
Unhone kaha ki ve aa rahe hain. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne kaha ki woh aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne bola ki woh aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne bola woh aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
按水平分级的例句
Usne kaha ki woh khush hai.
He said that he is happy.
Maa ne kaha ki khana taiyaar hai.
Mother said that food is ready.
Ram ne kaha ki woh aayega.
Ram said that he will come.
Maine kaha ki main thak gaya hoon.
I said that I am tired.
Usne poocha ki tum kahan ho?
He asked where you are.
Rahul ne bataya ki woh nahi aayega.
Rahul told that he will not come.
Teacher ne kaha ki homework karo.
The teacher said to do homework.
Maine socha ki tum busy ho.
I thought that you are busy.
Usne mujhse kaha ki main jaldi pahunchun.
He told me that I should arrive early.
Maine poocha ki kya tum kal free ho?
I asked if you are free tomorrow.
Usne bataya ki usne kaam kar liya hai.
He said that he has finished the work.
Sabne kaha ki film bahut achhi hai.
Everyone said that the film is very good.
Manager ne nirdesh diya ki sab log time par aayein.
The manager instructed that everyone should arrive on time.
Usne kaha ki agar tumne mehnat ki hoti, toh safal hote.
He said that if you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.
Maine usse poocha ki woh kahan gaya tha.
I asked him where he had gone.
Usne dawa kiya ki woh sach bol raha hai.
He claimed that he is telling the truth.
Usne is baat par zor diya ki humein ekjut hona chahiye.
He emphasized that we should be united.
Maine socha ki shayad woh kal tak aa jaye.
I thought that perhaps he might come by tomorrow.
Usne bataya ki uske pita ji ne use mana kiya tha.
He told that his father had forbidden him.
Sabka manna hai ki yeh faisla galat hai.
Everyone believes that this decision is wrong.
Usne aisi baat kahi jaise ki woh sab jaanta ho.
He said something as if he knew everything.
Maine usse agrah kiya ki woh ek baar phir soche.
I urged him to think once more.
Usne yeh spasht kiya ki uski koi galti nahi thi.
He clarified that it was not his fault.
Logon ka kehna hai ki yeh purani parampara hai.
People say that this is an old tradition.
容易混淆
Learners often mix quotes with indirect structure.
Both sound similar, but one links clauses, the other links nouns.
Both mean 'said', but 'kaha' is more formal.
常见错误
Usne kaha main khush hoon.
Usne kaha ki woh khush hai.
Ram kaha ki woh aayega.
Ram ne kaha ki woh aayega.
Usne kaha ki main aa raha hoon.
Usne kaha ki woh aa raha hai.
Usne poocha ki tum kahan ho.
Usne poocha ki tum kahan ho?
Maine poocha ki kya tum aaoge?
Maine poocha ki kya woh aayega?
Usne bataya ki woh kal aaya tha.
Usne bataya ki woh kal aayega.
Usne kaha ki woh kaam kiya.
Usne kaha ki usne kaam kiya hai.
Usne kaha ki main jaana chahiye.
Usne kaha ki mujhe jaana chahiye.
Usne kaha ki woh aayega agar tum bulaoge.
Usne kaha ki woh aayega agar main bulaunga.
Usne kaha ki woh kar sakta hai.
Usne kaha ki woh kar sakta tha.
Usne kaha ki woh aana hai.
Usne kaha ki use aana hai.
Usne kaha ki main karta.
Usne kaha ki woh karta.
Usne kaha ki woh aa gaya hota.
Usne kaha ki woh aa gaya hota.
句型
___ ne kaha ki ___.
___ ne poocha ki ___ kahan hai?
___ ne bataya ki usne ___ kar liya hai.
Sabka manna hai ki ___.
Real World Usage
Usne msg kiya ki woh aa raha hai.
Manager ne kaha ki mujhe kal aana hai.
Sab keh rahe hain ki yeh trend hai.
Driver ne bataya ki rasta band hai.
App ne bataya ki order aa gaya hai.
Professor ne kaha ki assignment kal jama karna hai.
Ki 救场小技巧
कि。这能帮你争取几秒钟组织后面的句子！比如：«उसने कहा कि...»消失的“我”
मैं (我)。这是让句子变混乱的头号错误。比如：«उसने कहा कि वह बीमार है।»现代口语表达
尊重依然重要
आप 的尊重级别。比如：«वे आएँगे» 而不是 «वह आएगा»。Smart Tips
Always use the question word after 'ki'.
Use the subjunctive form of the verb.
Keep the future tense in the reported clause.
Ensure the reported verb matches the original time frame.
发音
The 'ki' sound
The 'ki' (कि) is short and clipped, not long like 'ki' (की).
Reporting Statement
Usne kaha ki... ↘
Falling intonation at the end of the statement.
记住它
记忆技巧
Remember the 'K-I' rule: 'K' for Kaha (said) and 'I' for Indirect speech.
视觉联想
Imagine a telephone wire connecting two people. The wire is labeled 'KI'. Whatever the first person says travels through the 'KI' wire to the second person.
Rhyme
When you report what someone said, use 'ki' to keep the thread.
Story
Ram told Sita he was hungry. Sita told Laxman what Ram said. Sita said: 'Ram ne kaha ki woh bhookha hai'.
Word Web
挑战
Report three things your friends said to you today using 'ki'.
文化笔记
In informal North Indian speech, 'bola' is often used instead of 'kaha'.
In formal settings, 'kaha' is preferred over 'bola'.
The structure remains the same, but vocabulary might shift (e.g., 'bataya' vs 'kaha').
The word 'ki' comes from Persian influence on Hindi, serving as a versatile conjunction.
对话开场白
Tumhare dost ne kya kaha?
Teacher ne class mein kya bataya?
Kya tumne suna ki kal chutti hai?
Kya tumhe pata hai ki usne kya claim kiya?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
सारा ने कहा, "मैं कल आऊँगी।" → सारा ने कहा कि ___ कल आएगी।
मैं) 要变成“她” (वह) 来匹配她的身份。选择 "वहाँ मत जाओ!" 的正确间接引语版本：
जाने) 和 के लिए。否定词 मत 变成 न。उसने मुझसे पूछा कि मेरा नाम क्या है?
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesUsne kaha ___ woh aa raha hai.
Ram ne kaha ki ___ (main/woh) aayega.
Find and fix the mistake:
Usne kaha ki main khush hoon.
Ram ne kaha, 'Main ja raha hoon'.
ki / kaha / usne / woh / aayega
Match the verb to its meaning.
Usne poocha ki ___ kahan hai.
Find and fix the mistake:
Usne poocha ki kya tum aaoge?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesउसने कहा ___ वह व्यस्त है।
अमित ने कहा कि मैं खुश हूँ।
कि / वह / उसने / आएगा / कहा
Translate: She told me that she is tired.
Choose the best translation for: 'He asked where I was.'
Match the pairs:
मैंने उससे ___ कि वह कब जाएगी。
उसने कहा कि वह आ रहा था।
कहा / जाने / घर / लिए / के / उसने
Pick the right one:
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
In formal writing, yes. In casual speech, it can sometimes be omitted, but it's safer to include it.
Use 'ki' followed by the question word or 'kya'. Example: 'Usne poocha ki tum kahan ho'.
Not necessarily. Hindi is flexible. If the event is still true, you don't need to backshift.
Yes, use 'socha' (thought) or 'manna' (believed). Example: 'Maine socha ki main jaunga'.
They are similar, but 'kaha' is more standard and formal.
The verb in the reported clause will change to reflect the feminine gender. Example: 'Usne kaha ki woh aa rahi hai'.
Yes, use the subjunctive or infinitive. Example: 'Usne kaha ki main aaun'.
It requires you to step into the shoes of the reporter. Practice by imagining the original conversation.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que
Spanish requires more complex subjunctive backshifting.
que
French has strict sequence of tenses.
dass
German changes word order in the subordinate clause.
to
Japanese places the reporting verb at the end of the sentence.
anna
Arabic requires specific case endings.
shuo
Chinese does not change pronouns or tenses.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
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