Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'ki' to bridge the speaker's statement to the reported content, similar to 'that' in English.
- Place 'ki' immediately after the reporting verb (e.g., usne kaha ki...).
- Adjust pronouns to reflect the perspective of the current speaker.
- Tense shifts are less rigid in Hindi than English; context often dictates the verb form.
Overview
Word Order Rules
How This Grammar Works
apratyaksh kathan) 的工作原理是将原始陈述锚定在当前说话者的视角上...
Formation Pattern
Pattern Variations
Real Conversations
说话者 A: 'अमित ने क्या मैसेज किया?'...
Common Mistakes
Quick FAQ
Reported Speech Structure
| Subject | Reporting Verb | Connector | Reported Clause |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Usne
|
kaha
|
ki
|
vah aa raha hai
|
|
Maine
|
bataya
|
ki
|
main busy hoon
|
|
Usne
|
pucha
|
ki
|
tum kahan ho
|
|
Ve
|
sochte hain
|
ki
|
yeh sahi hai
|
|
Usne
|
daava kiya
|
ki
|
vah sach bol raha hai
|
|
Maine
|
maana
|
ki
|
yeh mushkil hai
|
Meanings
The 'ki' particle acts as a subordinating conjunction, linking a reporting clause to the content being reported.
Direct Reporting
Reporting a statement made by someone else.
“राम ने कहा कि वह बीमार है।”
“सीता ने बताया कि उसे देर हो जाएगी।”
Reporting Thoughts/Beliefs
Reporting what someone thinks or believes.
“मुझे लगता है कि यह सही है।”
“उसने सोचा कि वह जीत जाएगा।”
Reporting Questions
Reporting an inquiry indirectly.
“उसने पूछा कि तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो।”
“मैंने पूछा कि क्या तुम आओगे।”
Reference Table
| 类别 | 直接引语词汇 | 间接引语词汇 | 含义变化 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
人称代词
|
मैं (main)
|
वह (vah)
|
我 → 他/她
|
|
人称代词
|
तुम (tum)
|
वह / वे (vah/ve)
|
你 → 他/他们
|
|
指示词
|
यह (yah)
|
वह (vah)
|
这个 → 那个
|
|
地点
|
यहाँ (yahan)
|
वहाँ (vahan)
|
这里 → 那里
|
|
时间
|
आज (aaj)
|
उस दिन (us din)
|
今天 → 那天
|
|
时间
|
कल (kal - 明天)
|
अगले दिन (agle din)
|
明天 → 第二天
|
|
时间
|
अब (ab)
|
तब (tab)
|
现在 → 那时
|
正式程度
Unhone kaha ki ve aa rahe hain. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne kaha ki vah aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne bola ki woh aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
Usne bola ki aa raha hai. (Reporting a friend's arrival)
间接引语要素
连接词
- कि that (用于陈述)
- को to (用于命令)
代词转换
- मैं -> वह 我 -> 他/她
- हम -> वे 我们 -> 他们
直接引语 vs. 间接引语
是命令还是陈述？
是命令或请求吗？
是陈述句吗？
视角标记转换
时间
- • 今天 -> 那天
- • 明天 -> 第二天
- • 现在 -> 那时
地点
- • 这里 -> 那里
- • 这个 -> 那个
按水平分级的例句
उसने कहा कि वह आएगा।
He said that he will come.
मैंने कहा कि यह अच्छा है।
I said that this is good.
उसने कहा कि वह खुश है।
He said that he is happy.
उसने कहा कि वह घर जा रहा है।
He said that he is going home.
उसने बताया कि वह कल नहीं आएगा।
He told that he will not come tomorrow.
उसने पूछा कि तुम कहाँ हो।
He asked where you are.
माँ ने कहा कि खाना तैयार है।
Mother said that the food is ready.
उसने सोचा कि यह आसान है।
He thought that this is easy.
शिक्षक ने कहा कि कल परीक्षा होगी।
The teacher said that there will be an exam tomorrow.
उसने मुझे बताया कि वह काम कर रहा था।
He told me that he was working.
मैंने सोचा कि शायद वह नहीं आएगा।
I thought that perhaps he will not come.
उसने पूछा कि क्या तुम आ सकते हो।
He asked if you can come.
अधिकारी ने स्पष्ट किया कि नियम बदल गए हैं।
The official clarified that the rules have changed.
उसने दावा किया कि वह निर्दोष है।
He claimed that he is innocent.
मुझे लगा कि यह एक अच्छा विचार होगा।
I felt that it would be a good idea.
उसने जानना चाहा कि क्या यह संभव है।
He wanted to know if this is possible.
उसने तर्क दिया कि यह नीति अनुचित है।
He argued that this policy is unfair.
प्रबंधक ने संकेत दिया कि पदोन्नति मिल सकती है।
The manager hinted that a promotion might be possible.
उसने स्वीकार किया कि उसने गलती की थी।
He admitted that he had made a mistake.
उसने जोर देकर कहा कि यह काम आज ही पूरा होना चाहिए।
He insisted that this work must be completed today.
उसने इस बात पर बल दिया कि एकता ही सफलता की कुंजी है।
He emphasized that unity is the key to success.
उसने यह मानने से इनकार कर दिया कि वह गलत था।
He refused to accept that he was wrong.
उसने यह सुनिश्चित किया कि सभी को जानकारी मिल जाए।
He ensured that everyone gets the information.
उसने यह कल्पना भी नहीं की थी कि परिणाम इतना अच्छा होगा।
He had not even imagined that the result would be so good.
容易混淆
Learners mix up the pronoun usage.
The conjunction 'ki' (that) sounds like the possessive 'ki' (of).
Learners use them interchangeably.
常见错误
Usne kaha vah aa raha hai.
Usne kaha ki vah aa raha hai.
Usne kaha ki main aa raha hoon.
Usne kaha ki vah aa raha hai.
Usne kaha ki aa raha hai.
Usne kaha ki vah aa raha hai.
Usne kaha ki vah aayega kal.
Usne kaha ki vah kal aayega.
Usne pucha ki tum kahan ho?
Usne pucha ki tum kahan ho.
Usne bataya ki vah gaya tha kal.
Usne bataya ki vah kal gaya tha.
Usne kaha ki vah nahi aana chahta.
Usne kaha ki vah nahi aana chahta hai.
Usne kaha ki vah aa gaya hoga.
Usne kaha ki vah aa gaya hai.
Maine socha ki vah aayega.
Maine socha tha ki vah aayega.
Usne pucha ki kya main aa sakta hoon.
Usne pucha ki kya vah aa sakta hai.
Usne kaha ki main wahan ja raha tha.
Usne kaha ki vah wahan ja raha tha.
Usne spasht kiya ki yeh zaroori hai.
Usne spasht kiya tha ki yeh zaroori tha.
Usne kaha ki woh aayega.
Usne kaha ki vah aayega.
句型
___ ne kaha ki ___.
___ ne pucha ki ___ kahan hai?
Mujhe lagta hai ki ___.
Usne spasht kiya ki ___.
Real World Usage
Usne msg kiya ki woh aa raha hai.
Manager ne kaha ki mujhe kal aana hai.
News mein kaha ki baarish hogi.
Usne bataya ki order ready hai.
Guide ne kaha ki yahan mat jao.
Papa ne kaha ki hum kal jayenge.
时态“不回退”法则
代词混淆陷阱
尊重至上
Smart Tips
Remember to remove the question mark from the reported clause.
Use 'lagta hai' or 'socha' to introduce your inner monologue.
Always check the pronoun shift first.
Use 'spasht kiya' (clarified) instead of 'kaha' (said).
发音
Ki
The 'ki' is pronounced with a short 'i' sound, like the 'i' in 'bit'.
Reporting clause
Usne kaha ki... ↗
Rising intonation on 'ki' indicates more information is coming.
记住它
记忆技巧
K-I: Keep Information linked with 'ki'.
视觉联想
Imagine a bridge labeled 'ki' connecting two islands: the Speaker's Island and the Reported Message Island.
Rhyme
When you want to say what they said, use 'ki' to keep the thread.
Story
Rahul told me he was busy. I reported this to my boss. I said, 'Rahul ne kaha ki vah busy hai.' The 'ki' made it easy to pass the message along.
Word Web
挑战
For the next 5 minutes, report everything you hear someone say using 'ki'.
文化笔记
In informal North Indian speech, 'ki' is often used even when it's not strictly necessary, acting as a filler.
In formal writing, 'ki' is essential for maintaining clarity in long, complex sentences.
Younger speakers often replace 'kaha' with 'bola' and 'vah' with 'woh'.
The 'ki' particle is derived from Persian influence on Hindi, serving as a subordinating conjunction.
对话开场白
Tumne kya suna?
Kya tumne Rahul se baat ki?
Manager ne meeting mein kya kaha?
Tumhare dost ne kya socha?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Find and fix the mistake:
राहुल ने कहा कि 'मैं' कल नहीं आऊँगा। (转述拉胡尔的话)
उसने मुझसे पूछा ___ क्या मैं कॉफी पियूँगा।
Score: /3
练习题
8 exercisesUsne kaha ___ vah aa raha hai.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Usne kaha ki main aa raha hoon.
Direct: 'Main busy hoon.' (Usne kaha)
Hindi requires tense backshifting in reported speech.
A: Rahul ne kya kaha? B: Usne kaha ___.
Order: ki / vah / kaha / Usne / aa raha hai
Match: 1. Kaha, 2. Bataya, 3. Pucha
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesसीता ने कहा कि वह ___ (今天) बाज़ार जाएगी।
她说她很忙。
排列： [सोने, उसने, को, कहा, मुझे]
उसने कहा कि 'यह' मेरा घर है। (改为间接引语)
校长说：“我很满意。”
匹配以下词汇：
उसने पूछा कि तुम ___ जा रहे हो।
他说他正要过来。（原话：我正要过来）
他们说他们已经完成了工作。
排列： [नहीं, कि, वह, कहा, आएगा, उसने]
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
Yes, in formal and standard Hindi, 'ki' is the required connector for reported speech.
Usually no. Hindi is more flexible than English regarding tense shifts in reported speech.
Use 'ki' followed by the question word or 'kya'. Example: 'Usne pucha ki tum kahan ho.'
Yes, it is very common with verbs like 'sochna' (to think) or 'lagna' (to feel).
You are likely keeping the original speaker's pronoun. You must shift it to the reporter's perspective.
No, they are homophones. The conjunction 'ki' connects clauses; the possessive 'ki' connects nouns.
Absolutely. It is the standard way to report information in reports, essays, and news.
Your sentence will sound fragmented and grammatically incorrect to native speakers.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
que
Spanish requires subjunctive mood in some reported clauses, which Hindi does not.
que
French has complex tense sequence rules that are absent in Hindi.
dass
German verb placement is strictly at the end of the clause, unlike Hindi.
to
Japanese 'to' is placed after the entire clause, while 'ki' is placed before.
anna
Arabic grammar is highly inflected, whereas Hindi is more analytical.
shuo
Chinese lacks the specific subordinating conjunction structure of Hindi.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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