C1 Sentence Structure 20 min read 困难

印地语的句子胶水：关系从句与连接词 (Jo, Ki)

掌握“关系-相关”配对（如 Jo...Vo, Jab...Tab），让你的句子像丝绸一样顺滑，不再是破碎的短句。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Jo' (who/which) to start a clause and 'So' (that/he/she) to complete it for perfect complex sentences.

  • The 'Jo' clause acts as the subject or object modifier: 'Jo ladka wahan khada hai...' (The boy who is standing there...)
  • The 'So' or 'Voh' pronoun acts as the anchor in the main clause: '...so mera bhai hai' (...he is my brother).
  • Always maintain the relative-correlative pair: Jo/So, Jaisa/Vaisa, Jitna/Utna.
Jo [Clause A] + So [Clause B]

Overview

有没有觉得你的印地语句子只是一堆短促、细碎的陈述？“我去了商店。它关门了。我回来了。”这是机器人的说话方式。想要听起来像母语者——尤其是在大学或职场水平——你需要掌握从句结合 (Clause Binding)。这是一门利用关系代词、关联词对和特定连词将想法粘合成流畅、复杂句子的艺术。

Word Order Rules

你已经知道了黄金法则：主语-宾语-动词 (SOV)。但 C1 级别的转折点是：印地语喜欢成双成对。与中文通常使用单个连接词（如“虽然”）不同，印地语更喜欢“相对-相关”结构。你在前半部分建立预期（jab - 当...），并在后半部分解决它（tab - 那时...）。

How This Grammar Works

把印地语语法想象成一个钩子和环的系统。一个词钩住听众的注意力，另一个词将其带回要点。这里的主角是 J-词 (相对词) 和 T/V-词 (相关词)。
  • J-列表 (铺垫): jo (谁/哪个), jab (当), jahaan (哪里), jaisa (像), jitna (多少)。
  • V/T-列表 (呼应): vo (那个), tab (那时), wahaan (那里), vaisa (那样), utna (那么多)。
当你使用 J-词时，听众的大脑会自动等待匹配的 V/T-词。

Formation Pattern

1
构建复杂的关系从句 (Jo... Vo 模式)：
2
找出两个想法中的共同名词。
3
以 J-词开始，连接该名词。注意：如果名词有后置词（如 ne, ko, se），jo 必须变为 jis (单数) 或 jin (复数)。
4
完成描述性从句。
5
加逗号。
6
以匹配的 vo, us, 或 un 开始主句。
7
*例子:* Jo ladka wahaan khada hai, vo mera bhai hai. (站在那里的那个男孩，他是我的兄弟。)

Pattern Variations

1. Ki 从句 (也就是说/That):
常用于转述话语或思想。它稍微颠倒了 SOV 顺序。主句*先*来，然后 ki，然后是内容。
*例子:* Main ne socha ki aaj chutti hai. (我想*说*今天是假期。)
2. 让步 (虽然... 仍然):
使用 haalaanki (虽然) 搭配 phir bhi (仍然)。
*例子:* Haalaanki phone mehenga hai, phir bhi log khareedte hain. (虽然手机很贵，人们仍然购买。)
3. 目的 (以便/So that):
使用 taaki 连接行动和目标。
*例子:* Main jaldi utha taaki flight miss na ho. (我起得很早*以便*不错过航班。)

Real Conversations

说话者 A: Jaisa tumne bataya tha, maine vaisa hi kiya, par code nahi chala.

(就像你说的*那样*，我完全*照样*做了，但代码没跑起来。)

说话者 B: Are yaar, jab tak tum server restart nahi karoge, tab tak changes nahi dikhenge.

(哎呀，*只要*你不重启服务器，*直到那时*更改都不会显示。)

说话者 A: Jis video ko tumne bheja tha, usme to ye step nahi tha!

(你发的*那个*视频，里面根本没有这步！)

Common Mistakes

1. Who 的混淆:
不要用 kaun (谁？) 来连接句子。Kaun 只用于提问。连接要用 jo。
*错:* Wo ladka kaun aaya... (来的*谁？*那个男孩...)
*对:* Wo ladka jo aaya... (来的*那个*男孩...)
2. 忘记变格:
当 jo 遇到后置词时，它变成 jis。
*错:* Jo ladki ko tumne dekha...
*对:* Jis ladki ko tumne dekha... (你看到的那个女孩...)

Quick FAQ

问: 我可以省略 vo/tab 部分吗？
答: 在随意交谈中，有时可以。但在正式写作中，保持成对使用会让你听起来更有条理。
问: 为什么我到处都能听到 ki？
答: Ki 是印地语的胶带。它连接一切。只需记住：ki (短 i) 是“那个/that”，而 ki (长 i) 是“的/of” (阴性)。

Relative-Correlative Pairs

Relative (Jo-group) Correlative (So-group) Meaning
Jo
So / Woh
Who / That
Jaisa
Vaisa
As / Like
Jitna
Utna
As much as / That much
Jahan
Wahan
Where / There
Jab
Tab
When / Then
Jidhar
Udhar
Whither / Thither

Meanings

This structure links a relative clause to a main clause, allowing for sophisticated description and logical flow.

1

Relative-Correlative Binding

Connecting a descriptive clause to a specific noun in the main clause.

“Jo aadmi kal aaya tha, woh mera dost hai.”

“Jise tumne bulaya tha, woh nahi aaya.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 印地语的句子胶水：关系从句与连接词 (Jo, Ki)
关系类型 关系词 (钩子) 相关词 (环扣) 使用场景
人/物
Jo / Jis (谁/哪个)
Vo / Us (那个/他/她)
识别特定的人或物
时间
Jab (当...时)
Tab (那时)
设定时间线或条件
地点
Jahaan (哪里)
Wahaan (那里)
描述位置
方式
Jaisa (正如)
Vaisa (那样)
比较动作或风格
数量
Jitna (多少)
Utna (那么多)
比较程度或强度
让步
Yadyapi / Haalaanki (虽然)
Tathapi / Phir bhi (但是/仍然)
对比两个事实
条件
Agar / Yadi (如果)
To (那么)
假设情况

正式程度

正式
Jo vyakti aaye hain, ve mere prabandhak hain.

Jo vyakti aaye hain, ve mere prabandhak hain. (Workplace)

中性
Jo aadmi aaya hai, woh mera boss hai.

Jo aadmi aaya hai, woh mera boss hai. (Workplace)

非正式
Jo banda aaya, woh mera boss hai.

Jo banda aaya, woh mera boss hai. (Workplace)

俚语
Jo aaya hai, woh mera boss hai.

Jo aaya hai, woh mera boss hai. (Workplace)

钩扣系统（关系从句）

双部分句子

设定 (J-词)

  • Jo / Jis 谁/哪个
  • Jab 当...时
  • Jahaan 哪里

回应 (V/T-词)

  • Vo / Us 那个/他
  • Tab 那时
  • Wahaan 那里

Jo vs. Jis (格的变化)

直格 (主语)
Jo ladka... 那个男孩，他...
Jo log... 那些人，他们...
斜格 (带后置词)
Jis ladke ne... 那个男孩（做了）...
Jin logon ko... 那些人（被）...

构建 'Jo' 句子的步骤

1

你在描述一个人或物吗？

YES
以 'Jo' + 名词开头
NO
使用 Jab/Jahaan/Jaisa
2

后面有后置词 (ko, ne, se) 吗？

YES
将 'Jo' 变为 'Jis' (单数) 或 'Jin' (复数)
NO
保持 'Jo'
3

描述完了吗？

YES
加逗号，下一部分以 'Vo' 开头
NO ↓

常用绑定连接词

⚡

对比

  • • Haalaanki (虽然)
  • • Phir bhi (仍然)
  • • Par (但是)
🎯

目的

  • • Taaki (为了)
  • • Isliye (所以)
  • • Kyunki (因为)
❓

条件

  • • Agar (如果)
  • • Yadi (如果 - 正式)
  • • To (那么)
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按水平分级的例句

1

Jo mera hai, woh tera hai.

What is mine is yours.

2

Jo achha hai, woh lo.

Take what is good.

3

Jo yahan hai, woh mera dost hai.

The one here is my friend.

4

Jo lal hai, woh mera hai.

The red one is mine.

1

Jo ladka khel raha hai, woh mera bhai hai.

The boy who is playing is my brother.

2

Jo nahi aaya, woh kahan hai?

Where is the one who didn't come?

3

Jo tumne kaha, woh maine suna.

I heard what you said.

4

Jo kitab wahan hai, woh meri hai.

The book that is there is mine.

1

Jaisa tum karoge, vaisa bharoge.

As you sow, so shall you reap.

2

Jitna tum bologe, utna main sununga.

I will listen as much as you speak.

3

Jahan tum jaoge, main wahan aaunga.

Wherever you go, I will come.

4

Jise tumne bulaya, woh nahi aaya.

The one you called didn't come.

1

Jo faisla aapne liya hai, woh sahi hai.

The decision you have taken is correct.

2

Jise humne chunauti di thi, woh haar gaya.

The one we challenged lost.

3

Jitni mehnat karoge, utna phal milega.

The more effort you put in, the more fruit you will get.

4

Jahan tak main janta hoon, woh sach hai.

As far as I know, it is true.

1

Jo vyakti niyam ka ullanghan karega, use dandit kiya jayega.

The person who violates the rule will be punished.

2

Jise humne kal dekha tha, woh aaj yahan nahi hai.

The one we saw yesterday is not here today.

3

Jitna adhik hum padhte hain, utna hi hum samajhte hain.

The more we read, the more we understand.

4

Jaisa ki maine pehle kaha, yeh sambhav nahi hai.

As I said before, this is not possible.

1

Jo bhi ho, hamein apne lakshya par dhyan dena chahiye.

Whatever happens, we must focus on our goal.

2

Jise dekho, wahi shikayat kar raha hai.

Whoever you see is complaining.

3

Jahan kahin bhi tum jao, apni sanskriti ko mat bhulo.

Wherever you go, don't forget your culture.

4

Jitna bhi samay lage, hum ise pura karenge.

However long it takes, we will finish it.

容易混淆

Hindi Sentence Glue: Relative Clauses & Binding 对比 Jo vs. Ki

Learners mix up 'Jo' (relative) and 'Ki' (conjunction).

Hindi Sentence Glue: Relative Clauses & Binding 对比 Jo vs. Jise

Learners use 'Jo' for objects.

Hindi Sentence Glue: Relative Clauses & Binding 对比 Jo vs. Jo bhi

Learners don't know when to add 'bhi'.

常见错误

✗

Jo ladka hai, mera bhai.

✓

Jo ladka hai, woh mera bhai hai.

Missing the correlative pronoun.
✗

Jo mera hai, woh.

✓

Jo mera hai, woh mera hai.

Incomplete main clause.
✗

Jo aaya, woh nahi.

✓

Jo aaya, woh nahi gaya.

Missing the verb in the main clause.
✗

Jo kitab, woh meri.

✓

Jo kitab wahan hai, woh meri hai.

Missing the descriptive element.
✗

Jaisa tum, vaisa.

✓

Jaisa tum karoge, vaisa bharoge.

Missing the verb.
✗

Jitna chahiye, utna.

✓

Jitna chahiye, utna lo.

Missing the verb.
✗

Jahan tum, wahan main.

✓

Jahan tum jaoge, wahan main aaunga.

Missing the verb.
✗

Jo maine dekha, woh achha tha.

✓

Jo maine dekha, woh achha tha.

Actually correct, but sometimes learners use 'ki' instead.
✗

Jise maine bulaya, woh nahi aaya.

✓

Jise maine bulaya, woh nahi aaya.

Correct, but learners often use 'Jo' instead of 'Jise'.
✗

Jitna mehnat, utna phal.

✓

Jitni mehnat karoge, utna phal milega.

Missing verb agreement.
✗

Jo vyakti aaya, unhe main janta hoon.

✓

Jo vyakti aaya, use main janta hoon.

Pronoun mismatch (plural vs singular).
✗

Jaisa ki main kaha...

✓

Jaisa ki maine kaha...

Missing ergative case marker.
✗

Jahan tak main janta, yeh galat hai.

✓

Jahan tak main janta hoon, yeh galat hai.

Missing verb.
✗

Jo bhi ho, woh karna hai.

✓

Jo bhi ho, woh karna hi hai.

Missing emphatic particle.

句型

Jo ___ , woh ___ .

Jaisa ___, vaisa ___ .

Jitna ___, utna ___ .

Jahan ___, wahan ___ .

Real World Usage

Texting common

Jo bola, woh kar diya.

Job Interview very common

Jo anubhav mujhe mila, woh bahut mulyavan hai.

Social Media common

Jo bhi ho, life is beautiful!

Travel occasional

Jahan bhi jao, map saath rakho.

Food Delivery occasional

Jo order kiya, woh sahi hai.

Academic Writing very common

Jo siddhant humne padha, woh sahi hai.

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🎯

Wala 的魔力

不想写复杂的长句？用 wala 偷个懒！与其说
Wo ladka jo lal shirt pehen raha hai
（穿红衬衫的那个男孩），不如直接说
Lal shirt wala ladka
。
⚠️

Ki 对决 Ki

小心！短音 ki 连接句子（表示“那个”），长音 ki 表示所属（表示“的”）。比如：
Usne kaha ki ye Ram ki gadi hai
。
💬

省略主语

在非正式的短信里，如果语境清楚，我们会省掉 Jo/Jis。比如
Mila nahi jo chahiye tha
有时会变成
Mila nahi chahiye tha
，但建议你先练好标准用法！

Smart Tips

Use 'Jo' to start the description and 'Woh' to identify them.

Woh ladka mera bhai hai. Woh wahan khel raha hai. → Jo ladka wahan khel raha hai, woh mera bhai hai.

Use 'Jaisa-Vaisa' for comparisons.

Tum kaam karo, tumko paise milenge. → Jaisa kaam karoge, vaisa daam milega.

Use 'Jitna-Utna' for amounts.

Tum mehnat karo, tumko phal milega. → Jitni mehnat karoge, utna phal milega.

Use 'Jahan-Wahan' for places.

Tum jao, main aaunga. → Jahan tum jaoge, wahan main aaunga.

发音

Jo [dʒoː], So [soː]

Jo/So

Ensure the 'o' is long and clear.

Rising-Falling

Jo [↗]... So [↘]...

Rising on the relative clause, falling on the main clause.

记住它

记忆技巧

Jo is the Hook, So is the Eye. Hook them together for a perfect tie.

视觉联想

Imagine a fisherman (Jo) throwing a line into the water, and a fish (So) biting the hook. They are now connected.

Rhyme

Jo starts the thought, So brings the end, Together they make a sentence friend.

Story

Jo was a boy who loved to run. So was his shadow that followed him everywhere. Whenever Jo ran, So ran too. They were inseparable, just like the grammar rules.

Word Web

JoSoJaisaVaisaJitnaUtnaJahanWahan

挑战

Write 5 sentences today using a different Jo-So pair for each.

文化笔记

This structure is very common in Hindi-speaking states and is used in formal speeches.

Uses more Sanskritized terms like 'Yatha-Tatha'.

Often simplifies to 'Jo... woh...'.

Derived from Sanskrit relative-correlative pronouns (Yad-Tad).

对话开场白

“

Jo aapne kal dekha, woh kaisa tha?

“

Jaisa aapne bataya, kya waisa hi hua?

“

Jitna samay aapke paas hai, kya utna kafi hai?

“

Jahan aap rehte hain, kya wahan shanti hai?

日记主题

Describe a person you admire using 'Jo' and 'Woh'.
Write about a life lesson using 'Jaisa-Vaisa'.
Explain a goal you have using 'Jitna-Utna'.
Describe your favorite place using 'Jahan-Wahan'.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

排列单词以组成正确的关系从句。 Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo ladka wahaan khada hai vo mera bhai hai
先以关系从句开头（Jo ladka...），然后接相关主句（vo mera...）。
为“虽然”选择正确的连接词。

___ ye mehnga hai, phir bhi mujhe chahiye.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haalaanki
Haalaanki（虽然）与 phir bhi（仍然）配对。Kyoonki 意思是“因为”。
修正关系代词中的语法错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo ladke ko tumne bulaya, wo aa gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jis ladke ko tumne bulaya, wo aa gaya.
因为有后置词 ko，Jo 必须变为单数斜格形式 Jis。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct correlative pronoun.

Jo ladka wahan hai, ___ mera dost hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: woh
The correlative pronoun 'woh' is needed to anchor the main clause.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Jaisa tum karoge, tum bharoge.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jaisa tum karoge, vaisa bharoge.
The pair is Jaisa-Vaisa.
Choose the correct relative pronoun. 多项选择

___ tumne bulaya, woh nahi aaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jise
Jise is used for direct objects.
Reorder the words to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

hai / mera / woh / Jo / bhai / khel / raha / hai

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo ladka khel raha hai, woh mera bhai hai.
The relative clause must come first.
Translate to Hindi. 翻译

The book that you gave is good.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo kitab tumne di, woh achhi hai.
Standard relative-correlative structure.
Match the relative pronoun with its correlative. Match Pairs

Match Jo with its partner.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: So
Jo and So are the standard pair.
Build a sentence using 'Jitna-Utna'. Sentence Building

Jitna mehnat, utna phal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jitni mehnat karoge, utna phal milega.
Needs verb agreement.
Is this rule true? 'The relative clause always comes after the main clause in Hindi.' True False Rule

True or False?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
In Hindi, the relative clause usually precedes the main clause.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

13 exercises
完成基于时间的条件句。 填空

___ tum aaoge, tab hum khana khayenge.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jab
选择正确的斜格形式。 填空

___ ghar mein main rehta hoon, wo purana hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jis
构造这个“正如...那样”的句子。 Sentence Reorder

排列这些单词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jaisa tum boge, waisa hi katoge
将关系词与其相关的配对词连接起来。 Match Pairs

匹配配对词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"Agar (\u5982\u679c)":"To (\u90a3\u4e48)","Jitna (\u591a\u5c11)":"Utna (\u90a3\u4e48\u591a)","Jab (\u5f53...\u65f6)":"Tab (\u90a3\u65f6)","Jahaan (\u54ea\u91cc)":"Wahaan (\u90a3\u91cc)"}
修正连接词用法。 Error Correction

Main dauda kyoonki train pakad sakoon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main dauda taaki train pakad sakoon.
选择正确的复数斜格形式。 填空

___ logon ne form bhara hai, unhe email aayega.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jin
重新排列这个“即使”句。 Sentence Reorder

排列这些单词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Chaahe kuch bhi ho, wo galat hai
哪个句子正确使用了 "Jisko" 的缩写？ 多项选择

选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jise maine paisa diya, wo bhaag gaya.
翻译“我们相遇的地方”。 翻译

我们相遇的地方。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wo jagah jahaan hum mile the.
填入因果连接词。 填空

___ baarish ho rahi thi, isliye main nahi aaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Choonki
修正间接引语的语序。 Error Correction

Main jaanta hoon wo sach bol raha hai ki.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main jaanta hoon ki wo sach bol raha hai.
完成数量对比。 填空

Tumhe ___ chahiye, utna le lo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: jitna
匹配句子两半。 Match Pairs

连接逻辑分句：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {"Jab light aayegi (\u5f53\u706f\u4eae\u65f6)":"Tab TV chalega (\u90a3\u65f6\u7535\u89c6\u4f1a\u5f00)","Agar tum padhoge (\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5b66\u4e60)":"To paas ho jaoge (\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u4f1a\u53ca\u683c)","Jo mehnat karta hai (\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u4eba)":"Wo safal hota hai (\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6210\u529f)"}

Score: /13

常见问题 (8)

In casual speech, sometimes, but it's grammatically incomplete. Always use 'So' for proper structure.

'Jo' is for the subject, 'Jise' is for the object. 'Jo ladka aaya' (The boy who came) vs 'Jise maine dekha' (The one whom I saw).

Yes, it is essential for formal and academic Hindi.

It allows you to express complex thoughts and descriptions elegantly.

Yes, Jaisa-Vaisa, Jitna-Utna, Jahan-Wahan, Jab-Tab.

Yes, but keep it simple. 'Jo bola, woh kiya' is common.

It takes practice, but the symmetry makes it logical.

Yes, the correlative pronoun often changes to match the gender of the noun.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Quien... ese...

Hindi is strictly relative-first; Spanish is more flexible.

French moderate

Qui... celui...

Hindi uses correlative pronouns more frequently than French.

German high

Der... der...

Hindi correlatives are less complex in case agreement than German.

Japanese partial

Relative clauses before nouns

Hindi uses explicit pronouns; Japanese uses word order.

Arabic high

Alladhi... dhalika...

Arabic has more complex gender/number agreement.

Chinese low

De structure

Hindi uses a pronoun-based system; Chinese uses a particle-based system.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
嵌套定语从句：“哪个”里的“谁” (जो... जो... वो)
Next
印地语间接引语：他说、她说 (कि)

Learn These First

B1 Requires

印地语反身代词：如何使用 'Apna' 和 'Khud'

### Overview 在学习印地语的过程中，反身代词 `apna` (अपना) 和 `khud` (खुद) 是构建自然表达的核心。很多中文母语者在初学时，...
B2 Requires

谈论你自己的东西 (Apna)

Overview 你有没有不小心告诉别人你在刷*他们的*牙而不是你自己的？在印地语中，这是一个非常真实的风险。如果你使用了错误的物...

Related Grammar Rules

A2

印地语数量表达：像...那么多 (jitnā/utnā)

Overview 有没有想过用印地语怎么说“越学越忘”？我们都经历过这种时刻，尤其是在深夜靠着大量的奶茶苦读迎考时。在印地语中，表...
C1

印地语语序：将词语移至动词后（右向移位）

### Overview 在学习印地语的过程中，绝大多数教材都会向你灌输一个核心规则：印地语是“主-宾-谓”（SOV）结构的语言。比如，你...
C1

修辞倒装：打破 SOV 语序规则

### Overview 在学习印地语的过程中，大家最先接触到的规则通常是“主-宾-谓”（SOV）语序。这就像中文里的“主-谓-宾”（SVO）一样...
C1

高级否定：以免 (Kahin)、几乎不 & 竟敢

Overview 有没有觉得在印地语中说“不”太……简单了？你在第一天就学会了 `nahin` (`नहीं`)，从那以后它一直是你忠实的朋友。但在高...
B2

印地语相关副词：连接想法 (जब... तब)

Overview 你有没有试过在 WhatsApp 上和朋友约见面，却觉得自己的句子缺了点什么？在印地语中，语法通常成对出现。这就是“相关副...
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