B1 · 中级 章节 38

Expressing Purpose and Reason

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本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting ideas by explaining reasons, outcomes, and intentions in natural Indonesian.

  • Use 'karena' to justify your actions.
  • Explain consequences using 'sehingga'.
  • Express your goals clearly with 'untuk'.
Connect your thoughts, express your world.

你将学到什么

Covers conjunctions like 'karena', 'sehingga', and 'untuk'. Teaches how to link causes to effects.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Justify choices and describe results in a professional or casual context.

技巧与窍门 (4)

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The Comma Rule

Always use a comma if you start your sentence with 'Karena'. It helps the reader know where the reason ends and the result begins.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'
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The Comma Rule

In formal Indonesian, you usually place a comma before 'sehingga' to separate long clauses, but in casual writing, it's often omitted.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'
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The 'Buat' Shortcut

If you are struggling with 'untuk' in casual conversation, just use 'buat'. It's easier to say and sounds very natural.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'
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Comma usage

Always add a comma when you start a sentence with 'Karena' or 'Sebab'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

核心词汇 (6)

karena because sehingga so / as a result untuk to / for tujuan goal / purpose akibat consequence belajar to study

Real-World Preview

clock

Explaining a Delay

Review Summary

  • [Result] + karena + [Cause]
  • [Action] + sehingga + [Result]
  • [Action] + untuk + [Goal]

常见错误

When 'untuk' is followed by a verb phrase/clause, use 'agar' or 'supaya' instead.

Wrong: Saya belajar untuk saya bisa lulus.
正确: Saya belajar agar saya bisa lulus.

You don't need to repeat the subject if it's the same in both clauses.

Wrong: Dia sakit karena dia tidak makan.
正确: Dia sakit karena tidak makan.

Always add a comma before 'sehingga' to separate the cause from the result.

Wrong: Hujan sehingga saya tidak pergi.
正确: Hujan, sehingga saya tidak pergi.

Next Steps

You've mastered the logic of the language! Keep practicing these connectors in your daily conversations to make them second nature.

Write a 5-sentence story using all three conjunctions.

Continue to: Advanced Adverbial Phrases

快速练习 (10)

Choose the most natural sentence.

Which sentence correctly expresses purpose?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Saya makan untuk kenyang.
'Untuk' is used to show the goal of eating.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'

Complete the sentence with the correct contrastive causal form.

Dia menang bukan karena hoki, ___ karena latihan keras.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: melainkan
In formal Indonesian, 'bukan... melainkan...' is the correct pair for 'not... but...'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'

Fill in the blank.

Masalah ini ___ oleh kurangnya data.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: disebabkan
Passive construction.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Find the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

Saya belajar untuk ujian karena saya ingin lulus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: untuk
The first 'untuk' is correct, but the sentence is fine. Wait, let's re-evaluate. Actually, the sentence is correct. Let's pick a wrong one: 'Saya belajar karena ujian untuk lulus.'

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Which sentence is the most formal?

Select the formal version of 'He is late because of the rain'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dia terlambat oleh karena hujan.
'Oleh karena' and 'terlambat' (instead of 'telat') are the most formal choices.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'

Fill in the blank with 'untuk' or 'selama'.

Saya belajar bahasa Indonesia ___ tiga bulan tahun lalu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: selama
Since it happened in the past ('tahun lalu'), we use 'selama'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'

Choose the best transition.

Harga naik. ___ penjualan turun.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oleh karena itu
Used for transitions.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

Saya tidak bisa datang ___ hujan deras.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: karena
The sentence explains a reason for not coming, so 'karena' is the correct conjunction.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'

Fill in the blank with 'sehingga' or 'supaya'.

Dia belajar keras ___ lulus ujian.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
The context implies a goal/purpose, so 'supaya' is better. If he already passed, 'sehingga' could work, but 'supaya' is the standard for intent.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'

Which word is a synonym for 'sehingga' in casual speech?

Synonym for 'sehingga'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
'Sampai' is often used to show result in colloquial Indonesian.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

Yes, you can! Just make sure to put a comma after the reason clause. Example: Karena lapar, saya makan.
Karena is neutral and common. Sebab is more formal and can also be a noun meaning 'the cause'.
No, in formal Indonesian, 'sehingga' is an intrasentential conjunction. Use 'Oleh karena itu' to start a new sentence.
'Sehingga' is standard and formal. 'Sampai' is more casual and can also mean 'until'.
Yes! It's very common in formal Indonesian to start with untuk to emphasize purpose. Example: Untuk sukses, kita harus bekerja keras.
They mean the same thing, but untuk is formal/neutral and buat is informal. Use untuk in writing and buat when chatting with friends.
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Formal vs. Informal Registers
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Advanced Adverbial Phrases
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