B1 · 中級 チャプター 38

Expressing Purpose and Reason

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このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting ideas by explaining reasons, outcomes, and intentions in natural Indonesian.

  • Use 'karena' to justify your actions.
  • Explain consequences using 'sehingga'.
  • Express your goals clearly with 'untuk'.
Connect your thoughts, express your world.

学べること

Covers conjunctions like 'karena', 'sehingga', and 'untuk'. Teaches how to link causes to effects.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Justify choices and describe results in a professional or casual context.

ヒントとコツ (4)

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The Comma Rule

Always use a comma if you start your sentence with 'Karena'. It helps the reader know where the reason ends and the result begins.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'
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The Comma Rule

In formal Indonesian, you usually place a comma before 'sehingga' to separate long clauses, but in casual writing, it's often omitted.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'
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The 'Buat' Shortcut

If you are struggling with 'untuk' in casual conversation, just use 'buat'. It's easier to say and sounds very natural.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'
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Comma usage

Always add a comma when you start a sentence with 'Karena' or 'Sebab'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

重要な語彙 (6)

karena because sehingga so / as a result untuk to / for tujuan goal / purpose akibat consequence belajar to study

Real-World Preview

clock

Explaining a Delay

Review Summary

  • [Result] + karena + [Cause]
  • [Action] + sehingga + [Result]
  • [Action] + untuk + [Goal]

よくある間違い

When 'untuk' is followed by a verb phrase/clause, use 'agar' or 'supaya' instead.

Wrong: Saya belajar untuk saya bisa lulus.
正解: Saya belajar agar saya bisa lulus.

You don't need to repeat the subject if it's the same in both clauses.

Wrong: Dia sakit karena dia tidak makan.
正解: Dia sakit karena tidak makan.

Always add a comma before 'sehingga' to separate the cause from the result.

Wrong: Hujan sehingga saya tidak pergi.
正解: Hujan, sehingga saya tidak pergi.

Next Steps

You've mastered the logic of the language! Keep practicing these connectors in your daily conversations to make them second nature.

Write a 5-sentence story using all three conjunctions.

Continue to: Advanced Adverbial Phrases

クイック練習 (10)

Which word is a synonym for 'sehingga' in casual speech?

Synonym for 'sehingga'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
'Sampai' is often used to show result in colloquial Indonesian.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'

Fill in the blank with 'untuk' or 'selama'.

Saya belajar bahasa Indonesia ___ tiga bulan tahun lalu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: selama
Since it happened in the past ('tahun lalu'), we use 'selama'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'

Which sentence is the most formal?

Select the formal version of 'He is late because of the rain'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dia terlambat oleh karena hujan.
'Oleh karena' and 'terlambat' (instead of 'telat') are the most formal choices.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'

Fill in the blank.

Masalah ini ___ oleh kurangnya data.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: disebabkan
Passive construction.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Find the error in this formal sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

Buku ini adalah buat Bapak Direktur.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: buat
In a formal context (Bapak Direktur), 'untuk' should be used instead of 'buat'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Untuk'

Choose the best transition.

Harga naik. ___ penjualan turun.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oleh karena itu
Used for transitions.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Choose the correct sentence.

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
'Sehingga' must follow the cause and cannot start the sentence.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Sehingga'

Fill in the blank with the correct connector.

Saya tidak datang ___ hujan.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: karena
We need a causal connector.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Choose the correct sentence.

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Karena hujan, saya di rumah.
Fronted clauses need a comma.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Linking Causes

Fill in the blank with 'karena' or 'gara-gara'.

Dompet saya hilang ___ saya ceroboh.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gara-gara
While 'karena' is okay, 'gara-gara' is better here because it involves a negative event and personal blame.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Conjunction 'Karena'

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

Yes, you can! Just make sure to put a comma after the reason clause. Example: Karena lapar, saya makan.
Karena is neutral and common. Sebab is more formal and can also be a noun meaning 'the cause'.
No, in formal Indonesian, 'sehingga' is an intrasentential conjunction. Use 'Oleh karena itu' to start a new sentence.
'Sehingga' is standard and formal. 'Sampai' is more casual and can also mean 'until'.
Yes! It's very common in formal Indonesian to start with untuk to emphasize purpose. Example: Untuk sukses, kita harus bekerja keras.
They mean the same thing, but untuk is formal/neutral and buat is informal. Use untuk in writing and buat when chatting with friends.
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Formal vs. Informal Registers
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Advanced Adverbial Phrases
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