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A1 adverb #150 最常用 9分钟阅读

또한

ttanhan 前150

开始练习例句笔记与提示 또한 30秒了解

解析 또한 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting to connect your thoughts. You might know '그리고' (and) and the particle '-도' (also). '또한' is like a slightly fancier version of '그리고'. It is used to add one more thing to what you just said. For example, if you say 'I like milk,' and then you want to say 'I also like bread,' you can start the second sentence with '또한'. It helps your sentences sound less like a simple list and more like a real conversation. At this level, just remember that '또한' usually comes at the start of a new sentence to add more information. It's a great word to use when you want to show you know more than just the most basic Korean words. Try using it in your self-introduction! '저는 학생입니다. 또한 저는 한국 노래를 좋아합니다.' (I am a student. Also, I like Korean songs.)

As an A2 learner, you are beginning to write longer paragraphs and describe things in more detail. '또한' becomes very useful here because it helps you organize your descriptions. Instead of saying 'The weather is good. The food is good. The people are kind,' you can use '또한' to group these positive points. For example: '날씨가 좋습니다. 또한 음식도 아주 맛있습니다.' (The weather is good. Moreover, the food is also very delicious.) Notice how we often use '또한' with the particle '-도' on the noun. This is a very natural pattern. At this level, you should also be careful not to use '또한' in very casual situations with close friends, where '또' or '그리고' would sound more natural. '또한' is perfect for your Korean class assignments or writing a polite email to a teacher.

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At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex topics and express your opinions. '또한' is an essential transition word for structuring an argument or a detailed explanation. When you are asked to speak about the pros and cons of something, '또한' helps you list multiple pros in a logical sequence. It shows that you are thinking about the relationship between your sentences. You might also start seeing '또한' used in the middle of a sentence, such as '이 문제는 또한 사회적인 측면에서도 중요합니다' (This issue is also important from a social perspective). This placement is more sophisticated than always starting the sentence with the connector. You should also start comparing '또한' with '게다가' (besides/furthermore). While '또한' simply adds information, '게다가' adds a point that carries more weight or surprise. Using '또한' correctly at this level makes your Korean sound much more 'academic' and well-organized.

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For B2 learners, '또한' is a key component of formal discourse and written proficiency. You will encounter it frequently in news articles, editorials, and TOPIK II reading passages. At this stage, you should understand how '또한' functions as a cohesive device that maintains the 'flow' (흐름) of a text. It is not just about adding information; it's about signaling to the reader that the following point is a logical extension of the previous one. You should also be comfortable using '또한' in conjunction with other formal connectors like '뿐만 아니라' (not only... but also) or '아울러' (along with). For example: '정부는 경제 활성화를 위해 노력하고 있습니다. 또한, 청년 실업 문제 해결을 위해서도 다양한 정책을 내놓고 있습니다.' (The government is striving for economic revitalization. Furthermore, it is also putting forward various policies to solve the youth unemployment problem.) Mastering these nuances is vital for achieving a high score in the TOPIK writing section.

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At the C1 level, you are approaching near-native fluency in formal contexts. '또한' is used with precision to create nuanced arguments. You should be able to distinguish between '또한', '더불어', and '및' in high-level academic writing. '또한' is often used to introduce a secondary but equally important premise in a logical proof or a legal argument. You will see it in literature to add layers of description or philosophical reflection. At this level, you should also notice how '또한' can be used to shift the focus slightly while staying on the same general topic. For instance, in a discussion about environmental policy, '또한' might transition from talking about carbon emissions to talking about biodiversity. Your usage should be seamless, appearing in the most effective position (either sentence-initial or post-subject) to maximize the rhetorical impact of your statement. You should also be aware of its historical roots and how it contributes to the formal 'tone' of a text.

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At the C2 level, your understanding of '또한' is instinctive and deeply rooted in the stylistic traditions of the Korean language. You recognize that '또한' is not just a connector but a tool for controlling the tempo and weight of a formal address or a complex piece of literature. In legal texts, '또한' is used to define additional conditions or exceptions with absolute clarity. In high-level diplomacy, it is used to add points to an agreement without implying that one is more important than the other. You can use '또한' to create a sense of balance and comprehensiveness in your speech. You also understand the subtle rhythmic difference between placing '또한' at the start of a sentence versus embedding it within the clause. At this level, you might even use it in creative writing to evoke a specific formal or archaic atmosphere. Your mastery of '또한' allows you to navigate the most sophisticated levels of Korean society, from academic symposiums to executive boardrooms, with total confidence.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

또한 30秒了解

또한 is a formal Korean adverb meaning 'also', 'moreover', or 'in addition'.
It is primarily used in writing, news, and formal speeches rather than casual talk.
It usually starts a sentence or follows the subject to add a new point.
It is often paired with the particle '-도' for extra emphasis on the addition.

The Korean word 또한 (tto-han) is a versatile adverb that translates most directly to "also," "in addition," "moreover," or "furthermore" in English. It serves as a cohesive device, linking ideas together by adding supplementary information to a previous statement. While it shares semantic ground with the additive particle -도 and the conjunction 그리고, 또한 carries a slightly more formal and literary weight, making it a staple in written Korean, news broadcasts, and formal speeches. Understanding 또한 is crucial for learners who wish to move beyond simple sentence structures and begin constructing logical, flowing paragraphs or delivering structured arguments.

Grammatical Category: Adverb (부사). It functions as a sentence-level or clause-level connector.
Register and Nuance: Formal to Neutral. It is frequently used in essays, reports, and formal presentations. In casual spoken Korean, speakers often prefer '또' or the particle '-도'.
Primary Function: To introduce an additional fact, action, or state that complements the preceding context.

In the landscape of Korean connectors, 또한 acts as a bridge. Imagine you are describing a person. You might say they are kind. To add that they are also intelligent, you would use 또한 to signal to the listener that more positive attributes are coming. This word is particularly effective when you want to emphasize that the second point is just as significant as the first. It prevents the repetition of simpler connectors and adds a layer of sophistication to your Korean discourse.

그는 훌륭한 교사입니다. 또한 뛰어난 작가이기도 합니다. (He is a great teacher. Moreover, he is also an outstanding writer.)

Historically, 또한 is derived from the word '또' (again/also) combined with a fossilized form of the verb '하다' (to do) or a connective suffix. This etymological background highlights its role in 'doing' the action of adding more. In modern usage, it is almost never used in isolation; it requires a preceding context to make sense. You cannot walk up to someone and say "또한..." without having established a prior point. It is the glue of Korean logic.

운동은 건강에 좋습니다. 또한 스트레스 해소에도 도움이 됩니다. (Exercise is good for health. In addition, it helps with stress relief.)

When you hear 또한 in a conversation, it usually signals that the speaker is moving to a second, often equally important, point in their argument. In a business meeting, a manager might list the benefits of a new project and then use 또한 to introduce the potential risks or additional requirements. This structured way of speaking is highly valued in professional Korean environments. For a learner, mastering 또한 is a sign that you are moving from basic communication to a more organized and professional level of language proficiency.

Synonym Comparison: '게다가' (besides) often adds a point that is even more surprising or extreme, whereas '또한' is more neutral and balanced. '그리고' (and) is a general connector that can link anything, while '또한' specifically adds a related fact or state.

Using 또한 correctly involves understanding its placement and the grammatical environment it creates. Most commonly, 또한 appears at the beginning of a sentence to link it to the previous one. However, it can also appear in the middle of a sentence, usually after the subject, to add a specific quality or action to that subject. Unlike English where "also" can move around quite freely, 또한 has preferred positions that maintain the flow of Korean syntax.

독서는 지식을 넓혀줍니다. 또한 창의력을 길러줍니다. (Reading broadens knowledge. It also nurtures creativity.)

In the example above, 또한 starts the second sentence. This is the most straightforward usage. It acts as a transitional adverb. Notice how the subject (독서는) is omitted in the second sentence because it is understood from the first. If you were to include the subject again, you might say: "독서는 또한 창의력을 길러줍니다." Here, 또한 moves inside the sentence, typically following the topic marker -은/는 or the subject marker -이/가.

Pattern 1: Sentence Starter: [Sentence A]. 또한 [Sentence B]. (Sentence B adds to Sentence A.)
Pattern 2: Mid-Sentence Adverb: [Subject]은/는 또한 [Predicate]. (The subject also does/is something else.)

A key stylistic feature of using 또한 is its frequent pairing with the particle -도. While 또한 is an adverb, -도 is a particle that attaches to nouns to mean "also." Using both in the same sentence is very common in Korean and does not feel redundant; rather, it provides clarity and emphasis. For example: "그는 한국어를 잘합니다. 또한 영어도 잘합니다." (He speaks Korean well. He also speaks English well.) The -도 on '영어' reinforces the '또한' at the start.

이 계획은 예산이 많이 듭니다. 또한 시간도 많이 필요합니다. (This plan costs a lot of budget. In addition, it also requires a lot of time.)

In more advanced academic writing, 또한 is used to list multiple supporting points for a thesis. It helps create a "firstly, secondly, moreover" structure. You might see a paragraph starting with 첫째로 (firstly), followed by 둘째로 (secondly), and then 또한 to introduce a final, supplementary point. This usage demonstrates the word's power as a structural tool in the Korean language.

Advanced Usage: Clause Connector: In complex sentences, '또한' can link two clauses: "[Clause A]하며, 또한 [Clause B]하다." This is very formal and often found in legal or technical documents.

If you are watching a Korean drama about high school students or friends hanging out at a cafe, you might not hear 또한 very often. In these casual settings, people use 또, 그리고, or simply the particle -도. However, the moment you switch the channel to the 9 o'clock news, a documentary, or a historical drama (Sageuk), 또한 becomes ubiquitous. It is the language of information, authority, and formal reporting.

[News Anchor]: "이번 태풍은 강한 바람을 동반하고 있습니다. 또한 많은 비가 내릴 것으로 예상됩니다." (This typhoon is accompanied by strong winds. Moreover, heavy rain is expected to fall.)

In the workplace, 또한 is the standard for presentations and emails. When a colleague is presenting a quarterly report, they will use 또한 to transition between different data points. It signals a logical progression. For example, "Our sales increased in the first quarter. 또한, customer satisfaction scores reached an all-time high." Using 또한 in this context makes the speaker sound organized and professional.

Context: Academic Lectures: Professors use '또한' to add layers to a theory or to provide additional examples during a lecture. It helps students follow the logical structure of the lesson.
Context: Public Announcements: Subway announcements or government briefings use '또한' to list rules or safety procedures. "Please stand behind the yellow line. Also, be careful of the gap."

Another place you will frequently encounter 또한 is in literature and essays. Korean writers use it to avoid repetitive sentence structures. Instead of starting every sentence with '그리고' (and), which can feel childish in professional writing, they alternate with 또한, 아울러, or 게다가. This variety is a hallmark of good Korean prose. If you are preparing for the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean) writing section, 또한 is a word you must have in your arsenal.

"인생은 짧습니다. 또한 매우 아름답습니다." (Life is short. It is also very beautiful.) - A common sentiment in reflective essays.

One of the most common mistakes English speakers make when using 또한 is overusing it in casual conversation. Because English uses "also" and "too" in almost every register, learners tend to plug 또한 into daily chats with friends. This can make you sound like you are reading from a textbook or giving a formal speech while just trying to order coffee. In casual settings, use 또 or just the particle -도.

[Mistake]: (To a friend) 나 배고파. 또한 목말라. (I'm hungry. Moreover, I'm thirsty.)
[Better]: 나 배고파. 그리고 목도 말라. (I'm hungry. And I'm thirsty too.)

Another mistake is the incorrect placement of 또한. In English, we can say "I like apples also." However, in Korean, 또한 cannot come at the end of the sentence. It must precede the verb or adjective, or start the sentence. If you want to say "also" at the end, you are likely looking for the particle -도 attached to the noun, or the phrase 역시.

Mistake: Ending a Sentence: Incorrect: "저는 한국어를 공부해요 또한."
Correct: "또한 저는 한국어를 공부해요." or "저는 또한 한국어를 공부해요."
Mistake: Redundancy with '또': Using '또 또한' together is redundant. Choose one based on the formality of the situation.

Learners also sometimes confuse 또한 with 또는. While they look similar, 또는 means "or." Using 또는 when you mean "also" will completely change the meaning of your sentence from additive to alternative. For example, "커피 또한 차" would mean "Coffee also tea" (awkward but additive), whereas "커피 또는 차" means "Coffee or tea." Pay close attention to that final syllable!

[Confusing Words]:
또한 (Tto-han) = Also/Moreover
또는 (Tto-neun) = Or

Korean has a rich variety of words that express the idea of "also" or "addition." Choosing the right one depends on the context, the formality, and the specific nuance you want to convey. 또한 is the balanced, formal choice, but here are its closest relatives and how they differ.

또 (Tto): The casual, shortened version of '또한'. It is used frequently in speech to mean "again" or "also." If you are talking to friends, '또' is much more natural than '또한'.
게다가 (Ge-da-ga): Translates to "besides" or "on top of that." It usually adds a point that is more intense or surprising than the first. If '또한' is 1+1, '게다가' is 1+2.
아울러 (A-ul-leo): A very formal word often used in official documents or speeches. It means "along with" or "at the same time." It suggests a harmonious addition.
및 (Mit): A formal way to say "and" or "as well as," usually used to link two nouns in a list: "사과 및 포도" (Apples and grapes).

When comparing 또한 to the particle -도, the difference is grammatical. -도 is a suffix that must be attached to a noun. 또한 is an adverb that stands alone. You can use them together for emphasis, but you cannot replace 또한 with -도 if there is no noun to attach it to.

[Comparison]:
1. 사과도 맛있어요. (The apple is also delicious.) - Focus on the apple.
2. 또한 사과는 건강에 좋아요. (Moreover, apples are good for health.) - Focus on adding a new fact.

Another alternative is 더불어 (together with). This is used when you want to emphasize that two things are happening in conjunction or are closely linked. While 또한 just adds information, 더불어 implies a connection between the two points. For example, "With the development of technology, 더불어 our lives have become more convenient." This sounds more integrated than using 또한.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

While '또한' feels very modern and formal, its core '또' is one of the most ancient and fundamental words in the Korean language, appearing in some of the earliest written records.

发音指南

UK /t͈o.ɦan/

US /t͈o.ɦan/

In Korean, stress is generally even across syllables, but the tensed 'tt' in '또한' gives it a natural emphasis.

押韵词

대한 (Dae-han) 제한 (Je-han) 무한 (Mu-han) 현한 (Hyeon-han) 곤란 (Gon-ran) 현란 (Hyeon-ran) 신선한 (Sin-seon-han) 강력한 (Gang-ryeok-han)

常见错误

Pronouncing 'tt' like a soft English 'd'.
Slurring the 'h' so it sounds like 'tto-an'.
Making the 'o' sound too much like 'ow' in 'slow'.
Confusing the vowel 'o' with 'eo'.
Failing to pause slightly after the word when it starts a sentence.

难度评级

阅读 2/5

Easy to recognize in text as it often starts sentences.

写作 3/5

Requires knowing when to use it over '또' or '그리고'.

口语 4/5

Hard to use naturally in conversation without sounding too formal.

听力 2/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to catch in news or lectures.

接下来学什么

前置知识

또 그리고 -도 하다

接下来学习

게다가 뿐만 아니라 아울러 더구나 반면에

高级

및 더불어 나아가 덧붙여

需要掌握的语法

The additive particle -도

나도 학생이다. (I am also a student.)

Conjunctive adverb 그리고

사과를 샀다. 그리고 포도도 샀다. (I bought apples. And I also bought grapes.)

The pattern -기도 하다

가끔은 울기도 한다. (Sometimes I also cry.)

The pattern -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라

예쁠 뿐만 아니라 착하다. (Not only pretty but also kind.)

The formal connector 아울러

협조를 부탁드립니다. 아울러 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. (We ask for cooperation. Along with that, we express our thanks.)

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按水平分级的例句

저는 사과를 좋아합니다. 또한 포도도 좋아합니다.

I like apples. Also, I like grapes.

'또한' starts the second sentence to add another fruit preference.

이 책은 재미있습니다. 또한 아주 쉽습니다.

This book is interesting. Also, it is very easy.

Adds a second positive attribute to the book.

그는 친절합니다. 또한 똑똑합니다.

He is kind. Also, he is smart.

Connects two adjectives describing a person.

날씨가 맑습니다. 또한 따뜻합니다.

The weather is clear. Also, it is warm.

Connects two weather descriptions.

저는 학생입니다. 또한 영어를 공부합니다.

I am a student. Also, I study English.

Adds an action (studying) to a state (being a student).

방이 넓습니다. 또한 깨끗합니다.

The room is spacious. Also, it is clean.

Connects two positive traits of a room.

이 음식은 쌉니다. 또한 맛있습니다.

This food is cheap. Also, it is delicious.

Connects price and taste.

버스가 옵니다. 또한 택시도 옵니다.

A bus is coming. Also, a taxi is coming.

Adds a second subject arriving.

제주도는 바다가 아름답습니다. 또한 산도 높습니다.

Jeju Island has a beautiful sea. Moreover, the mountains are also high.

Uses '또한' with '-도' for emphasis.

컴퓨터는 빠릅니다. 또한 사용하기 편리합니다.

The computer is fast. Also, it is convenient to use.

Adds a functional benefit to a technical description.

그 영화는 슬펐습니다. 또한 음악이 좋았습니다.

That movie was sad. Also, the music was good.

Connects an emotional reaction with an artistic element.

서울은 교통이 복잡합니다. 또한 물가가 비쌉니다.

Seoul has complicated traffic. Moreover, the cost of living is high.

Connects two negative/challenging aspects of a city.

취미는 운동입니다. 또한 요리도 자주 합니다.

My hobby is exercise. Also, I cook often.

Lists multiple hobbies.

이 옷은 색깔이 예쁩니다. 또한 아주 가볍습니다.

These clothes have a pretty color. Also, they are very light.

Adds a physical property (weight) to an aesthetic one (color).

선생님은 목소리가 큽니다. 또한 설명이 명확합니다.

The teacher has a loud voice. Also, the explanation is clear.

Connects two traits of a professional.

공원은 나무가 많습니다. 또한 공기가 깨끗합니다.

The park has many trees. Also, the air is clean.

Connects environmental features.

외국어 공부는 인내심이 필요합니다. 또한 꾸준한 노력이 중요합니다.

Studying a foreign language requires patience. Moreover, steady effort is important.

Connects two abstract requirements for success.

이 도시는 역사가 깊습니다. 또한 현대적인 매력도 갖추고 있습니다.

This city has a deep history. Moreover, it also possesses modern charm.

Balances historical and modern aspects.

인터넷은 정보를 얻기 좋습니다. 또한 소통의 창구가 되기도 합니다.

The internet is good for getting information. Also, it serves as a window for communication.

Adds a functional role of a technology.

규칙적인 생활은 건강에 이롭습니다. 또한 정신 건강에도 긍정적입니다.

A regular life is beneficial for health. Moreover, it is positive for mental health as well.

Connects physical and mental benefits.

그 가수는 노래 실력이 뛰어납니다. 또한 춤 실력 또한 대단합니다.

That singer has outstanding singing skills. Moreover, their dancing skills are also great.

Note the double use of '또한' for extreme emphasis (though slightly repetitive).

여행은 새로운 경험을 줍니다. 또한 자신을 돌아보는 시간이 됩니다.

Travel gives new experiences. Also, it becomes a time to reflect on oneself.

Connects external experience with internal reflection.

환경 보호는 우리의 의무입니다. 또한 미래 세대를 위한 배려입니다.

Protecting the environment is our duty. Moreover, it is consideration for future generations.

Connects moral duty with social responsibility.

이 제품은 성능이 우수합니다. 또한 디자인 또한 세련되었습니다.

This product has excellent performance. Moreover, the design is also sophisticated.

Connects technical and aesthetic qualities.

경제 성장은 삶의 질을 높입니다. 또한 사회적 불평등을 해소하는 기반이 됩니다.

Economic growth raises the quality of life. Moreover, it becomes a foundation for resolving social inequality.

Formal academic tone linking economic and social outcomes.

자원봉사는 타인을 돕는 일입니다. 또한 자신의 가치를 발견하는 기회이기도 합니다.

Volunteering is helping others. Moreover, it is also an opportunity to discover one's own value.

Connects altruism with personal growth.

기술의 발전은 편리함을 제공합니다. 또한 새로운 윤리적 문제를 야기할 수 있습니다.

The development of technology provides convenience. Moreover, it can cause new ethical problems.

Connects a positive effect with a potential negative consequence.

예술은 감정을 표현하는 수단입니다. 또한 시대를 반영하는 거울이기도 합니다.

Art is a means of expressing emotions. Moreover, it is also a mirror reflecting the era.

Uses a metaphor to add a deeper layer of meaning.

전통문화는 보존해야 할 가치가 있습니다. 또한 현대적으로 재해석될 필요가 있습니다.

Traditional culture has value that must be preserved. Moreover, it needs to be reinterpreted in a modern way.

Connects preservation with innovation.

교육은 지식을 전달하는 과정입니다. 또한 인격을 형성하는 중요한 단계입니다.

Education is a process of delivering knowledge. Moreover, it is an important stage in forming character.

Connects cognitive and character development.

다양한 의견을 수렴하는 것이 중요합니다. 또한 소수의 의견 또한 존중받아야 합니다.

It is important to collect diverse opinions. Moreover, the opinions of the minority must also be respected.

Emphasizes inclusivity in a formal context.

운동은 신체 능력을 향상시킵니다. 또한 질병 예방에 탁월한 효과가 있습니다.

Exercise improves physical abilities. Moreover, it has an excellent effect on disease prevention.

Connects improvement of state with prevention of illness.

본 연구는 이론적 배경을 고찰합니다. 또한 실증적 분석을 통해 가설을 검증합니다.

This study examines the theoretical background. Furthermore, it verifies hypotheses through empirical analysis.

Standard academic phrasing for research methodology.

민주주의는 다수결의 원칙을 따릅니다. 또한 개인의 기본권을 보장하는 체제입니다.

Democracy follows the principle of majority rule. Moreover, it is a system that guarantees individual fundamental rights.

Defining a political system with multiple core principles.

기후 변화는 생태계에 위협이 됩니다. 또한 인류의 생존과 직결된 중대한 사안입니다.

Climate change is a threat to the ecosystem. Moreover, it is a critical issue directly linked to human survival.

Escalating the significance of a topic using '또한'.

문학은 언어의 예술입니다. 또한 인간의 삶을 깊이 있게 탐구하는 학문이기도 합니다.

Literature is the art of language. Moreover, it is also a field of study that deeply explores human life.

Adding a philosophical dimension to a definition.

기업은 이윤 추구를 목적으로 합니다. 또한 사회적 책임을 다해야 할 의무가 있습니다.

Corporations aim for profit-seeking. Moreover, they have an obligation to fulfill social responsibility.

Balancing two potentially conflicting corporate goals.

언어는 사고를 규정합니다. 또한 문화적 정체성을 형성하는 핵심 요소입니다.

Language defines thought. Moreover, it is a key element in forming cultural identity.

Linking linguistic theory with cultural sociology.

법률은 사회 질서를 유지합니다. 또한 국민의 권리를 보호하는 방패 역할을 합니다.

Laws maintain social order. Moreover, they act as a shield protecting the rights of citizens.

Using a metaphor in a formal definition of law.

창의성은 타고난 재능일 수 있습니다. 또한 끊임없는 훈련의 결과이기도 합니다.

Creativity can be an innate talent. Moreover, it is also the result of constant training.

Presenting two complementary perspectives on a trait.

역사는 과거와의 대화입니다. 또한 미래를 조망하는 거울로서의 기능을 수행합니다.

History is a dialogue with the past. Furthermore, it performs the function of a mirror surveying the future.

Highly sophisticated historiographical definition.

본 조약은 양국 간의 협력을 강화합니다. 또한 역내 평화 유지에 기여함을 목적으로 합니다.

This treaty strengthens cooperation between the two countries. Moreover, it aims to contribute to the maintenance of regional peace.

Formal diplomatic and legal language.

인간의 존엄성은 절대적 가치입니다. 또한 어떠한 경우에도 침해될 수 없는 권리입니다.

Human dignity is an absolute value. Moreover, it is a right that cannot be violated under any circumstances.

Legalistic and philosophical emphasis on rights.

과학적 발견은 객관적 사실에 근거합니다. 또한 끊임없는 회의와 검증의 과정을 거칩니다.

Scientific discovery is based on objective facts. Moreover, it undergoes a process of constant skepticism and verification.

Describing the scientific method with high-level vocabulary.

언론의 자유는 민주주의의 근간입니다. 또한 권력을 감시하는 파수꾼의 역할을 수행합니다.

Freedom of the press is the foundation of democracy. Moreover, it performs the role of a watchdog monitoring power.

Political theory using formal metaphorical language.

고전은 시대를 초월한 보편성을 지닙니다. 또한 당대의 사회상을 날카롭게 비판합니다.

Classics possess a universality that transcends time. Moreover, they sharply criticize the social conditions of their day.

Literary criticism involving complex temporal concepts.

정보화 사회는 효율성을 극대화합니다. 또한 정보 격차라는 새로운 소외를 낳기도 합니다.

The information society maximizes efficiency. Moreover, it also gives birth to a new form of alienation called the digital divide.

Sociological analysis of modern technological trends.

예술적 영감은 우연히 찾아올 수 있습니다. 또한 치열한 고뇌의 산물인 경우가 많습니다.

Artistic inspiration can come by chance. Moreover, it is often the product of intense agony.

Contrasting spontaneity with effort in a formal register.

常见搭配

또한 중요하다

또한 가능하다

또한 필요하다

또한 사실이다

또한 마찬가지다

또한 존재하다

또한 고려하다

또한 명백하다

또한 포함되다

또한 언급하다

常用短语

또한 그렇다

— It is also like that. Used to agree with a previous point.

제 생각 또한 그렇습니다.

또한 아니다

— It is also not the case. Used to add a negative point.

그것은 또한 사실이 아닙니다.

또한 알다시피

— As you also know. Used to introduce shared information.

또한 알다시피 시간은 금입니다.

또한 믿다

— To also believe. Used to express shared conviction.

우리는 또한 성공을 믿습니다.

또한 다행이다

— It is also a relief. Used to add a positive outcome.

다친 사람이 없어 또한 다행입니다.

또한 어렵다

— It is also difficult. Used to add a challenge.

이 문제는 또한 해결하기 어렵습니다.

또한 즐겁다

— It is also joyful. Used to add a positive emotion.

함께 일해서 또한 즐거웠습니다.

또한 바라다

— To also hope/wish. Used in formal closings.

여러분의 건강을 또한 바랍니다.

또한 기대하다

— To also expect/look forward to.

다음 만남을 또한 기대합니다.

또한 명심하다

— To also keep in mind.

이 점을 또한 명심해야 합니다.

容易混淆的词

또한 vs 또는

Means 'or'. Confused because of the similar first syllable '또'.

또한 vs 또

The casual version. Confused when learners use the formal '또한' in casual settings.

또한 vs 역시

Means 'also' or 'as expected'. Confused because both can mean 'also', but '역시' implies a confirmed expectation.

习语与表达

"또한 마찬가지다"

— To be the same as well. Used to say that a second situation is identical to the first.

부모님 마음 또한 마찬가지일 것입니다.

Neutral

"또한 다름없다"

— To be no different. Used for strong comparison.

이것은 기적과 또한 다름없습니다.

Literary

"또한 어떠한가"

— How about also...? Used as a rhetorical question in formal writing.

우리의 현실은 또한 어떠한가?

Academic

"또한 그러하다"

— It is indeed so. A very formal way to agree or confirm.

세상의 이치가 또한 그러합니다.

Formal

"또한 아니겠는가"

— Would it not also be...? A rhetorical way to emphasize a point.

이것이 또한 행복 아니겠는가?

Poetic

"또한 어찌하랴"

— What can one do also? Expressing helplessness or inevitability.

세월이 가는 것을 또한 어찌하랴.

Archaic/Literary

"또한 무엇이랴"

— What else could it be? Used to emphasize a definition.

이것이 사랑이 아니면 또한 무엇이랴.

Literary

"또한 그럴싸하다"

— It also sounds plausible/reasonable.

그의 설명은 또한 그럴싸합니다.

Neutral

"또한 뻔하다"

— It is also obvious/predictable.

결과는 또한 뻔한 일입니다.

Neutral

"또한 한결같다"

— To be also consistent/unchanging.

그의 태도는 또한 한결같습니다.

Formal

容易混淆

또한 vs 또는

Similar spelling and sound.

또한 adds information (also), while 또는 offers a choice (or).

커피 또한 차 (Coffee and also tea) vs 커피 또는 차 (Coffee or tea).

또한 vs 게다가

Both add information.

게다가 adds something more surprising or intense. 또한 is more neutral.

비가 와요. 또한 추워요. (It's raining. Also it's cold.) vs 비가 와요. 게다가 태풍까지 와요. (It's raining. On top of that, a typhoon is coming.)

또한 vs 그리고

Both are connectors.

그리고 is a general 'and'. 또한 is a more formal 'moreover'.

밥을 먹었어요. 그리고 빵도 먹었어요. (Casual) vs 밥을 먹었습니다. 또한 빵도 먹었습니다. (Formal)

또한 vs 역시

Both mean 'also'.

역시 implies 'as expected' or 'likewise'. 또한 is a simple additive.

그 역시 학생이다. (He is also a student, as expected.) vs 그는 또한 학생이다. (He is also a student - adding a fact.)

또한 vs 아울러

Both are formal additives.

아울러 means 'along with' or 'simultaneously'. 또한 is a more general 'moreover'.

건강하세요. 아울러 행복하세요. (Be healthy and simultaneously happy.)

句型

A입니다. 또한 B입니다.

저는 학생입니다. 또한 가수입니다.

A는 ...합니다. 또한 B도 ...합니다.

형은 공부합니다. 또한 동생도 공부합니다.

A는 ...하며, 또한 ...하기도 합니다.

그는 노래하며, 또한 춤을 추기도 합니다.

A는 ...입니다. 또한 ...라는 점이 중요합니다.

이것은 기회입니다. 또한 위험하다는 점이 중요합니다.

A일 뿐만 아니라, 또한 B이기도 합니다.

그는 학자일 뿐만 아니라, 또한 정치가이기도 합니다.

A는 ...을 의미하며, 또한 ...을 시사합니다.

이 결과는 성공을 의미하며, 또한 변화를 시사합니다.

또한 ...에 주목할 필요가 있습니다.

또한 결과에 주목할 필요가 있습니다.

또한 ...라는 사실을 잊어서는 안 됩니다.

또한 우리가 하나라는 사실을 잊어서는 안 됩니다.

词族

如何使用

frequency

Very high in written Korean; moderate in spoken Korean.

常见错误

Using '또한' at the end of a sentence. → Place it at the start or after the subject.
Korean adverbs generally do not come at the end of a sentence, unlike English 'too' or 'also'.
Using '또한' in a casual conversation with friends. → Use '또' or '-도'.
'또한' is too formal for casual settings and can make you sound stiff or unfriendly.
Confusing '또한' with '또는'. → Use '또한' for 'also' and '또는' for 'or'.
These words sound similar but have completely different functions (additive vs. alternative).
Using '또한' to mean 'again'. → Use '또' or '다시'.
While '또한' comes from '또', it has evolved to mean 'moreover' rather than the repetitive 'again'.
Overusing '또한' in every sentence. → Use a variety of connectors like '그리고', '게다가', '아울러'.
Repetitive use of any connector makes writing feel monotonous and less professional.

小贴士

Placement is Key

Always place '또한' before the verb or at the start of the sentence. Putting it at the end is a common English-speaker mistake.

Vary Your Connectors

In a long essay, don't just use '또한'. Mix it up with '게다가', '아울러', and '뿐만 아니라' to keep the reader engaged.

Formal vs. Casual

If you're talking to your boss, use '또한'. If you're talking to your cat, use '또'.

The Power of -도

Pair '또한' with the particle '-도' for a more rhythmic and natural-sounding sentence.

News Anchor Speech

Listen to how news anchors say '또한'. They usually emphasize the 'Tto' and pause slightly afterward.

TOPIK Success

Using '또한' correctly in the TOPIK writing section can help you earn points for 'cohesion and coherence'.

Don't Confuse with 또는

Remember: 'Han' (한) is 'Also', 'Neun' (는) is 'Or'. Don't mix them up!

Logical Flow

When you see '또한' in a text, look at the sentence before it. The two sentences are almost always supporting the same main idea.

Interview Tip

In a job interview, use '또한' to list your skills. It makes you sound professional and prepared.

The 'Two' Mnemonic

Think 'Tto' = 'Two'. It' the second point you're making.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'Tto' as 'Two'. When you use '또한', you are adding a 'second' (two) point to your list.

视觉联想

Imagine a bridge connecting two islands. The bridge is labeled '또한'. It carries information from the first island to the second.

Word Web

또한 Addition Formal Moreover Writing News Structure Logic

挑战

Try to write three sentences about your favorite city. Use '또한' to introduce the second and third sentences.

词源

또한 is a compound formed from the adverb '또' (again, also) and a suffix or root derived from '하다' (to do) or '한' (great/large/one). In Middle Korean, it appeared as '또ᄒᆞᆫ'.

原始含义： The original meaning was 'doing again' or 'in addition to doing'.

Koreanic

文化背景

There are no major sensitivities, but using '또한' with close friends might make you seem distant or overly serious.

English speakers often use 'also' at the end of a sentence. In Korean, this is a mistake. '또한' must be at the start or middle.

Used frequently in the Korean Constitution (대한민국 헌법) to list rights. Commonly heard in historical K-Dramas when advisors speak to the King. A staple word in TOPIK II (Intermediate-Advanced) writing prompts.

在生活中练习

真实语境

Academic Writing

또한 본 연구는...
또한 고려해야 할 점은...
또한 사실로 밝혀졌다
또한 다음과 같다

News Reporting

또한 정부는...
또한 예상됩니다
또한 전해졌습니다
또한 우려됩니다

Business Meetings

또한 비용 측면에서...
또한 가능성이 있습니다
또한 제안합니다
또한 확인되었습니다

Public Speeches

또한 우리는...
또한 잊지 말아야 합니다
또한 약속합니다
또한 감사합니다

Legal Documents

또한 다음의 경우...
또한 금지됩니다
또한 명시되어 있다
또한 효력이 있다

对话开场白

"한국어 공부는 재미있어요. 또한 무엇이 재미있나요?"

"이 식당은 비빔밥이 맛있어요. 또한 추천할 메뉴가 있나요?"

"운동은 건강에 좋아요. 또한 어떤 장점이 있을까요?"

"여행은 정말 즐거워요. 또한 어디를 가고 싶으세요?"

"독서는 지식을 줘요. 또한 당신에게 독서는 무엇인가요?"

日记主题

당신의 장점 두 가지를 '또한'을 사용하여 써 보세요. (Write two of your strengths using '또한'.)

어제 한 일 두 가지를 '또한'을 사용하여 설명해 보세요. (Describe two things you did yesterday using '또한'.)

한국어를 배우는 이유 두 가지를 '또한'을 사용하여 적어 보세요. (Write two reasons why you learn Korean using '또한'.)

좋아하는 계절의 특징 두 가지를 '또한'을 사용하여 묘사해 보세요. (Describe two features of your favorite season using '또한'.)

건강을 위해 하는 일 두 가지를 '또한'을 사용하여 써 보세요. (Write two things you do for your health using '또한'.)

常见问题

10 个问题

It's better not to. It sounds very stiff and robotic in a casual text. Use '또' or just the particle '-도' instead. For example, instead of '또한 나도 갈게', say '나도 갈게'.

또한 is a neutral addition (1+1). 게다가 adds something that is 'more' or 'worse' or 'better' than the first point (1+2). For example, 'It's raining, and also (또한) it's windy' vs 'It's raining, and on top of that (게다가) I lost my umbrella'.

You have two main choices: 1. At the very beginning of the sentence. 2. Right after the subject (e.g., '저는 또한...'). Never put it at the end of the sentence.

Yes, very frequently! It is a key word for the reading section to understand the flow of a text, and it's highly recommended for the writing section to connect your ideas formally.

No, it doesn't 'need' it, but they are very often used together for emphasis. '또한 ... -도' is a very common and natural pattern in Korean.

While its root '또' means 'again', '또한' is almost exclusively used to mean 'also' or 'moreover'. To say 'again', use '또' or '다시'.

It is much more common in writing (books, newspapers, reports) and formal speaking (news, speeches). In everyday conversation, it is relatively rare.

There isn't a direct 'opposite' adverb, but '하지만' (but) or '그러나' (however) are used when you want to contrast instead of add.

It's grammatically possible but stylistically poor. It makes the sentence sound repetitive. Try to use different connectors if you have many points to add.

It is introduced at the A1/A2 level, but its effective use in complex writing is a sign of B2/C1 proficiency.

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