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B2 verb 12分钟阅读

감수하다

gamsuhada
例句
解析 감수하다 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use '감수하다' yet, as it is a very formal and complex word. Instead, you will learn simple words like '참다' (to hold back) or '좋아요' (it is good/okay). At this stage, focus on basic verbs for feelings and actions. However, you can think of '감수하다' as a very grown-up way of saying 'It's okay, I will do it even if it's hard.' Imagine a child saying 'I will eat the vegetables even if I don't like them'—that's the basic idea. In A1, you would just say '채소를 먹어요' (I eat vegetables). As you grow in Korean, you will learn that '감수하다' is used when you want to show you are strong and making a big decision. For now, just remember that Korean has special words for being brave and accepting hard things. You will see this word much later in your books, usually when talking about jobs or important news. It's like the difference between saying 'I'll wait' and 'I will endure the wait for your sake.' One is simple, and one is more serious. Stick to the simple words for now, but keep this one in the back of your mind for later!
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At the A2 level, you are starting to use more descriptive verbs. While '감수하다' is still quite advanced, you might encounter it in simple reading passages about people's lives or jobs. At this level, you should understand that '감수하다' means 'to accept something bad for a good reason.' For example, if you are studying very hard and you are tired, you are 'bearing' the tiredness to get a good grade. In A2 Korean, you might say '힘들어도 공부해요' (Even if it's hard, I study). The word '감수하다' is like a formal version of that '-어도' (even if) structure. You might see it in a sentence like '불편을 감수해요' (I accept the inconvenience). This is a common phrase in Korea when there is construction or a change in schedule. If you see this word, don't be afraid! Just think of it as 'accepting a small problem to get a big result.' It's a very polite word, so you might see it on signs in the subway or at a store. Learning to recognize it now will help you transition to intermediate Korean where you will need to use it more often in writing and formal speaking.
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At the B1 level, you are moving into intermediate territory and should begin to recognize '감수하다' in various contexts. This is the level where you start distinguishing between physical endurance and situational acceptance. You should know that '감수하다' is often used with nouns like '불편' (inconvenience) and '손해' (loss). For a B1 learner, the key is understanding the 'willingness' factor. You aren't just suffering; you are choosing to face a difficulty. For example, if you choose a cheaper flight with a long layover, you are '감수하다'-ing the '불편' (inconvenience). In your speaking and writing, you can start using this word to sound more professional. Instead of saying '불편하지만 괜찮아요' (It's inconvenient but okay), you can say '불편을 감수할 수 있어요' (I can bear the inconvenience). This shows a higher level of vocabulary control. You will also hear this word in dramas when characters talk about their sacrifices for their families or careers. It's a great word to add to your 'formal' vocabulary bank. Start practicing it with the pattern '[Noun]을/를 감수하다' and try to use it in your journal or during class when talking about your goals and the effort you put into them.
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At the B2 level, '감수하다' is a word you are expected to know and use correctly. This is the 'Upper Intermediate' level where you engage with more abstract and professional topics. You should understand the nuance of 'calculated risk' that this word carries. In B2, you will likely encounter '감수하다' in news articles about the economy, politics, or social issues. You should be able to use it in discussions about trade-offs. For instance, '환경을 보호하기 위해 경제적 손실을 감수해야 한다' (We must bear economic losses to protect the environment). This sentence shows a typical B2 usage: connecting a high-level goal with a necessary sacrifice using a formal verb. You should also be aware of common collocations like '위험을 감수하다' (to take a risk) and '비난을 감수하다' (to take criticism). At this level, you should be able to explain *why* someone is '감수하다'-ing something. It's not just about the action, but the reasoning behind it. You should also be able to distinguish it clearly from synonyms like '무릅쓰다' or '견디다'. Using '감수하다' correctly in your TOPIK II writing exam can significantly boost your score because it demonstrates a command of formal, Hanja-based vocabulary that is essential for academic and professional success in Korea.
At the C1 level, you should have a nuanced mastery of '감수하다' and be able to use it in complex, multi-layered sentences. This word should feel natural to you in formal debates, academic essays, and professional reports. You should understand its philosophical implications—how it relates to concepts of duty, responsibility, and social contracts. For a C1 learner, the focus is on precision. You might use '감수하다' to describe a leader's willingness to face political fallout for a controversial but necessary reform. You should also be able to use it in the passive or causative forms if the context requires, although the active form is most common. Furthermore, you should recognize its use in classical-style literature or high-level editorials where it might be paired with more obscure Hanja nouns. For example, '고초를 감수하다' (to bear severe hardships) or '수모를 감수하다' (to bear humiliation). At this level, you are not just using the word; you are using it to convey a specific tone—one of solemnity, determination, or resignation. You should also be able to critique its usage in others' writing, identifying if '감수하다' is the most appropriate choice or if a word like '용인하다' (to tolerate/admit) or '수용하다' (to accept) would be more precise for the given context.
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At the C2 level, you have reached native-like proficiency and can use '감수하다' with absolute precision and stylistic flair. You understand the historical and cultural weight of the word, including its Hanja roots (甘受) and how it reflects Korean societal values of endurance and collective sacrifice. You can use it in highly specialized fields like law, where it might refer to the 'assumption of risk' doctrine, or in high-level philosophy when discussing the human condition. At this level, you can play with the word's register, perhaps using it ironically in a very high-level satirical piece, or using it to create a sense of tragic heroism in creative writing. You are also aware of its frequency in historical records and can interpret it correctly when reading primary sources from the late Joseon dynasty or early modern era. Your use of '감수하다' is seamless, appearing in the correct grammatical structures and paired with the most sophisticated collocations. You can distinguish the subtle difference between '감수' and '인내' in a deep theological or psychological discussion. Essentially, the word is no longer a 'vocabulary item' to you; it is a tool that you use to navigate the deepest and most complex layers of Korean thought and communication. You can use it to express the most profound levels of human resolve and the complex choices we make in a modern, risk-filled world.
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例句

The Korean verb 감수하다 (gam-su-ha-da) is a sophisticated and essential term for anyone reaching an intermediate to advanced level of Korean proficiency. At its core, it means to bear, endure, or willingly accept something that is generally considered unpleasant, difficult, or undesirable. Unlike simple verbs for 'enduring' like 참다 (to hold back) or 견디다 (to withstand), 감수하다 carries a strong nuance of voluntary acceptance or strategic choice. When you use this word, you are implying that while the situation is negative, you are prepared to face it because it is necessary for a greater goal or because it is an unavoidable consequence of your actions.

Core Nuance
Willingly accepting a negative outcome or risk for a specific purpose.
Hanja Origin
Derived from 甘 (Sweet/Willing) and 受 (Receive). Literally 'to receive willingly.'

This word is most frequently found in formal contexts, such as business negotiations, legal discussions, news reporting, and academic writing. For example, a company might decide to 감수하다 financial losses in the short term to gain market share in the long term. Or, a person might 감수하다 the inconvenience of a long commute to live in a safer neighborhood. It suggests a level of maturity and calculated decision-making. It is not just about suffering; it is about the resolution to face that suffering.

성공을 위해서라면 어느 정도의 희생은 감수해야 합니다. (For the sake of success, one must be prepared to bear a certain amount of sacrifice.)

In daily life, you might hear this when people talk about risks. If you decide to quit your stable job to start a business, you are 감수하다-ing the risk of failure. It is often paired with nouns like 위험 (risk), 손해 (loss), 불편 (inconvenience), and 비난 (criticism). Using this word correctly shows that you understand the weight of a situation and the responsibility involved in choosing a certain path. It is a word of character and determination.

그는 비난을 감수하고 자신의 소신을 굽히지 않았다. (He accepted the criticism and did not bend his convictions.)

Furthermore, the word implies a psychological state of preparation. When you 'gam-su' something, you are mentally bracing yourself. It is common in literature to describe a hero who accepts a tragic fate for the sake of their country. In modern society, it translates to the grit required to navigate complex professional environments. It is a cornerstone of the 'can-do' spirit often discussed in Korean corporate culture, where overcoming 'bul-pyeon' (inconvenience) is seen as a necessary step toward 'seong-gong' (success).

우리는 어떠한 위험도 감수할 준비가 되어 있습니다. (We are ready to bear any risk.)

Synonym Comparison
While '참다' is for physical pain or holding back anger, '감수하다' is for accepting conceptual or situational hardships.

Finally, understanding the register of this word is crucial. It is rarely used in very casual, slangy conversations between close friends unless the topic is serious. If you use it in a casual setting, it can sound a bit dramatic or overly formal, which might be used for emphasis or humor. However, in any professional or academic setting, it is the standard way to express the idea of accepting negative consequences or risks.

불이익을 감수하더라도 진실을 밝혀야 합니다. (Even if we have to accept disadvantages, we must reveal the truth.)

모든 책임을 제가 감수하겠습니다. (I will take all the responsibility upon myself.)

Using 감수하다 correctly involves understanding its syntactic patterns and the specific nouns it frequently pairs with. As a transitive verb, it almost always requires an object—the thing that is being endured or accepted. The most common structure is [Noun]을/를 감수하다. Because it is a formal word, it is often conjugated in the -습니다 or -아/어/여요 forms, and frequently appears in conditional or connective structures like -하더라도 (even if) or -하기 위해 (in order to).

Common Object: 위험 (Risk)
위험을 감수하다 (To take/bear a risk). This is the most frequent collocation, used in business and personal decision-making.

When you are talking about business, you might say, 'We must accept the risk of loss.' In Korean, this becomes '손해의 위험을 감수해야 합니다.' Notice how the verb is at the very end, following the object. If you want to say 'I am willing to accept the risk,' you could use the future or intentional form: '위험을 감수하겠습니다.' This sounds very professional and resolute.

투자를 하려면 원금 손실의 위험을 감수해야 한다. (To invest, one must bear the risk of losing the principal.)

Another common usage involves 'inconvenience' (불편). This is often used in public service announcements or customer service. For instance, if a subway line is under construction, the city might ask citizens to '감수하다' the inconvenience. It sounds more polite and formal than just saying 'sorry for the trouble.' It acknowledges that the citizens are making a sacrifice for the public good.

공사 기간 동안의 불편을 감수해 주셔서 감사합니다. (Thank you for bearing the inconvenience during the construction period.)

In academic or legal settings, 감수하다 is used to discuss liabilities and responsibilities. If a contract states that one party will 'bear all legal consequences,' the verb used will be 감수하다. It implies a legal binding or a formal agreement to not complain about the outcome. It is much more serious than the English 'to put up with.'

법적 책임을 감수하겠다는 각서를 썼다. (I wrote a memorandum stating that I would bear legal responsibility.)

Common Object: 비난 (Criticism)
비난을 감수하다 (To take the heat/criticism). Used when someone does something controversial but stands by it.

Lastly, consider the emotional weight. While the word is formal, it can be deeply personal. When someone says they will 감수하다 the pain (고통) for their family, it shows a profound level of love and sacrifice. It elevates the suffering from a mere physical sensation to a noble act of will. This versatility—from corporate risk to personal sacrifice—is what makes 감수하다 such a powerful word in the Korean language.

그는 가족을 위해 고된 노동을 감수했다. (He endured hard labor for the sake of his family.)

실패를 감수하지 않으면 혁신도 없다. (Without bearing the risk of failure, there is no innovation.)

Understanding where 감수하다 appears in real-world Korean will help you recognize its social weight. You are unlikely to hear it while ordering coffee or chatting about the weather, but you will encounter it daily if you consume Korean media, work in a Korean office, or study Korean law and society. It is a 'prestige' word that signals a serious tone.

In the News
News anchors frequently use this word when reporting on government policies or economic shifts. For example: 'The government has decided to bear the political risk of the new tax law.'

In the business world, 감수하다 is a staple of strategy meetings. Managers use it to discuss 'calculated risks.' If a project has a high chance of failing but a huge potential payout, the discussion will revolve around whether the team is willing to 감수하다 the potential fallout. It sounds much more professional than saying 'It's okay if we fail.' It implies that the failure has been considered and accepted as a possibility.

회사는 단기적인 적자를 감수하고 대규모 투자를 결정했다. (The company decided on a large-scale investment, accepting short-term deficits.)

You will also hear this word in Korean dramas (K-Dramas), specifically in medical, legal, or historical genres. In a medical drama, a surgeon might tell a patient's family that they must 감수하다 the risk of side effects for a life-saving surgery. In a historical drama (Sageuk), a loyal subject might tell the King that they will 감수하다 the death penalty to tell the truth. In these contexts, the word emphasizes the gravity of the choice.

수술 후유증을 감수하시겠습니까? (Are you willing to bear the after-effects of the surgery?)

Public announcements are another common place. When a road is closed for a marathon or a festival, signs might read '교통 불편을 감수해 주셔서 감사합니다' (Thank you for bearing the traffic inconvenience). This is a standard polite expression used by organizations to acknowledge the public's patience. It is much more formal than '불편을 드려 죄송합니다' (Sorry for the inconvenience).

시민들이 약간의 불편을 감수한다면 더 깨끗한 환경을 만들 수 있습니다. (If citizens bear a little inconvenience, we can create a cleaner environment.)

In Literature
Authors use '감수하다' to describe the internal resolve of characters. It often depicts a person who is resigned to their fate but meets it with dignity.

Finally, in the digital age, you might see this in terms of service or privacy policies online. When you click 'I agree,' you are often 감수하다-ing certain risks regarding your data. While the language is technical, the meaning remains the same: you are accepting a potential downside in exchange for using the service. Recognizing this word will help you navigate formal documents and serious conversations with much more confidence.

개인정보 유출의 위험을 감수하고 앱을 설치했다. (I installed the app, bearing the risk of personal information leakage.)

비싼 가격을 감수하고서라도 이 물건을 사고 싶다. (I want to buy this item even if I have to bear the high price.)

Even for advanced learners, 감수하다 can be tricky because of its close relationship with other verbs that mean 'to endure.' The most common mistake is using 감수하다 when you should use 참다 or 견디다. Understanding the subtle differences in agency and context is key to avoiding these errors.

Mistake 1: Using it for Physical Sensation
Incorrect: '추위를 감수해요.' (I bear the cold.) Correct: '추위를 견뎌요.' or '추위를 참아요.'

The word 감수하다 is for situations, risks, or consequences, not for physical sensations like cold, hunger, or pain unless you are talking about the concept of that pain as a trade-off. For example, you can '감수하다' the pain of surgery (as a decision), but you '참다' the pain while the doctor is stitching you up. If it's a raw physical feeling, stick with 참다.

매운 맛을 참다 (O) / 매운 맛을 감수하다 (X - unless it's a contest risk)

Another mistake is forgetting that 감수하다 implies a choice. If something bad happens to you and you have no choice but to deal with it, you usually use 당하다 (to suffer/undergo) or 겪다 (to experience). 감수하다 is for when you know something bad might happen and you say, 'Okay, I'll take that chance.' If you use it for a sudden accident, it sounds like you chose to have the accident, which is confusing.

사고를 겪었다 (I experienced an accident) vs 사고를 감수했다 (I accepted the risk of an accident)

Learners also sometimes confuse 감수하다 with 수용하다 (to accept/receive). While both involve 'accepting,' 수용하다 is used for ideas, suggestions, or people (like accepting a proposal or accepting refugees). 감수하다 is specifically for accepting things that are negative or burdensome. You wouldn't '감수하다' a compliment or a gift; you would '받다' or '수용하다' them.

제안을 수용하다 (Accept a proposal) vs 손해를 감수하다 (Bear a loss)

Mistake 2: Incorrect Particle Usage
Because '감수' means 'receiving,' some learners try to use '-에게' or '-한테.' It must always take the object particle '-을/를.'

Finally, be careful with the formality level. Using 감수하다 in a very casual setting, like '나 배고픔을 감수할게' (I will bear the hunger) when just waiting for a friend, can sound mock-heroic or sarcastic. In casual speech, it's better to say '그냥 참을게' (I'll just wait/endure). Reserve 감수하다 for when you want to sound serious, professional, or deeply committed.

비난을 감수하며 길을 가다. (Walking the path while bearing the criticism.)

불이익을 감수하는 것은 쉽지 않다. (It is not easy to bear disadvantages.)

Korean has a rich vocabulary for endurance and acceptance. Depending on the situation, you might want to swap 감수하다 for a word that fits the specific nuance of your sentence better. Here is a breakdown of the most common alternatives and how they compare.

무릅쓰다 (Mu-reup-sseu-da)
Meaning: To brave or risk. Unlike '감수하다' which is about accepting the outcome, '무릅쓰다' is about pushing through a dangerous or difficult environment. It is almost always used with '위험' (risk) or '추위' (cold).

While 감수하다 is 'I will take the loss if it happens,' 무릅쓰다 is 'I am going into the danger anyway.' If you are running into a burning building, you are 위험을 무릅쓰다. If you are signing a contract that might lose you money, you are 손해를 감수하다. They are close but focus on different stages of the action.

위험을 무릅쓰고 아이를 구했다. (He saved the child, braving the danger.)

Another similar word is 받아들이다 (to accept). This is the most general term for 'accepting.' You can use it for advice, reality, or a situation. It is less intense than 감수하다. If you say '현실을 받아들이다,' it means you accept reality as it is. If you say '현실의 고통을 감수하다,' it means you are actively deciding to bear the pain of that reality for a reason.

결과를 겸허히 받아들였다. (I humbly accepted the result.)

인내하다 (In-nae-ha-da)
Meaning: To persevere or be patient. This is a more virtuous, long-term version of '견디다.' It is often used in moral or self-improvement contexts.

Lastly, 참다 (Cham-da) is the everyday word for 'holding back.' If you are holding back tears, holding your breath, or suppressing anger, you use 참다. It is the most common and least formal of all these terms. If you are a beginner, you will use 참다 90% of the time. As you progress to B2 and C1, you should start using 감수하다 to express more complex social and logical decisions.

웃음을 참느라 힘들었다. (It was hard to hold back my laughter.)

Summary Table
- 감수하다: Strategic acceptance of loss/risk.
- 무릅쓰다: Braving danger/difficulty.
- 견디다: Physical or mental endurance.
- 참다: Holding back sensations/emotions.

In summary, choose 감수하다 when there is a 'price to pay' for a choice you've made. It is the language of responsibility and sacrifice. By mastering these distinctions, you will sound much more like a native speaker who understands the subtle social cues embedded in the Korean language.

어떠한 고난도 감수할 각오가 되어 있다. (I am prepared to bear any hardship.)

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按水平分级的例句

1

저는 매운 음식을 조금 먹어요.

I eat spicy food a little.

A1 level uses simple verbs like '먹다' instead of '감수하다'.

2

공부가 힘들지만 괜찮아요.

Studying is hard, but it's okay.

A1 uses '-지만' to show contrast without formal vocabulary.

3

기다리는 것은 어려워요.

Waiting is difficult.

Simple subject-predicate structure.

4

저는 이 가방이 무거워도 들어요.

Even if this bag is heavy, I carry it.

'-어도' is used to show endurance at a basic level.

5

비가 와도 학교에 가요.

Even if it rains, I go to school.

Basic conditional 'even if'.

6

맛이 없어도 다 먹었어요.

Even if it didn't taste good, I ate it all.

Past tense with '-어도'.

7

돈이 없어도 행복해요.

Even if I don't have money, I am happy.

Simple emotional expression.

8

조금 아파도 참을 수 있어요.

Even if it hurts a little, I can bear it.

'참을 수 있다' is the A1/A2 way to say 'can bear'.

1

불편을 참아 주셔서 감사합니다.

Thank you for bearing the inconvenience.

A2 uses '참다' in polite requests.

2

성공을 위해서 힘든 일을 견뎌요.

I endure hard work for success.

'견디다' is a common A2 word for enduring.

3

위험하지만 해보고 싶어요.

It's dangerous, but I want to try it.

Connecting adjectives with '-지만'.

4

손해를 보더라도 정직해야 해요.

Even if you take a loss, you must be honest.

'-더라도' is an A2/B1 grammar point for 'even if'.

5

약간의 불편은 괜찮습니다.

A little inconvenience is okay.

Using '불편' as a noun.

6

그는 비난을 듣고도 웃었어요.

He smiled even after hearing criticism.

'-고도' shows a surprising continuation.

7

우리는 어려움을 이겨낼 거예요.

We will overcome the difficulties.

'이겨내다' (to overcome) is a common A2/B1 alternative.

8

미래를 위해 지금의 고생을 참아요.

I bear the current hardship for the future.

Using '고생' (hardship) with '참다'.

1

약간의 불편을 감수하고 여행을 떠났다.

I went on a trip, bearing a bit of inconvenience.

B1 starts using '감수하다' for situational acceptance.

2

그는 가족을 위해 힘든 일을 감수했다.

He bore hard work for his family.

Past tense '감수했다' for personal sacrifice.

3

성공하려면 어느 정도의 위험은 감수해야 한다.

To succeed, you must bear a certain amount of risk.

'-해야 한다' (must) paired with '감수하다'.

4

비난을 감수하면서도 자신의 꿈을 쫓았다.

While bearing criticism, he chased his dream.

'-면서도' (while/even though) shows simultaneous action.

5

우리는 손해를 감수하고 제품 가격을 내렸다.

We lowered the product price, bearing the loss.

Business context usage of '손해를 감수하다'.

6

불편을 감수해 주신 시민들께 감사합니다.

Thank you to the citizens who bore the inconvenience.

Formal honorific '-

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