cru 30秒了解
- Cru means raw or uncooked in a culinary context.
- It changes to crua, crus, and cruas for agreement.
- Figuratively, it describes harsh or unrefined situations.
- It is used for raw materials like oil and cotton.
The Portuguese word cru is a versatile adjective that primarily describes something in its natural, unprocessed, or uncooked state. At its most basic level, it is the direct opposite of cozido (cooked). However, its semantic range extends far beyond the kitchen, touching upon industrial materials, human emotions, and the harshness of reality. When you describe food as cru, you are noting that it has not been subjected to heat. In a metaphorical sense, when a situation is described as cru, it implies a lack of refinement, a directness that might be uncomfortable, or a reality that hasn't been 'sugar-coated' or softened by social graces.
- Literal Meaning
- Refers to organic matter, especially food, that remains in its natural state without thermal processing.
- Figurative Meaning
- Refers to something blunt, harsh, or lacking in preparation or polish.
- Industrial Context
- Refers to raw materials like 'petróleo cru' (crude oil) or 'seda crua' (raw silk).
Eu não gosto de comer peixe cru, prefiro grelhado.
A realidade crua da guerra chocou a todos.
Eles exportam ferro cru para outros países.
O artista apresentou um esboço cru da sua obra.
O vento cru do inverno cortava a pele.
The word derives from the Latin crudus, which also gave rise to the English word 'crude'. This shared etymology helps learners understand the underlying sense of 'unrefined' or 'raw'. In Portuguese, however, the culinary use is much more frequent in daily life than 'crude' is in English. Whether you are at a sushi bar or discussing a difficult news story, cru provides the necessary linguistic weight to describe things as they are, without filters.
Using cru correctly requires attention to grammatical gender and number agreement, as it is a standard adjective. It follows the noun it modifies in most cases. For example, carne (meat) is feminine, so you must say carne crua. Conversely, ovo (egg) is masculine, leading to ovo cru. This agreement is vital for sounding natural in Portuguese.
- Culinary Application
- Use it to specify preferences in restaurants, especially for salads, sushi, or steak tartare.
- Abstract Application
- Use it to describe truths, facts, or styles that are direct and perhaps a bit shocking.
- Professional Application
- In manufacturing or logistics, use it to describe raw materials (matéria-prima).
When used figuratively, it often appears in the fixed expression a verdade nua e crua (the naked and raw truth). This phrase is used when someone is about to deliver news or an opinion without any attempt to make it sound better than it is. It's a powerful tool for emphasis in both formal and informal speech.
You will encounter cru in a variety of environments. In a supermarket or kitchen, it's a daily word used to distinguish between prepared and unprepared food. You might hear a chef ask, 'Os legumes ainda estão crus?' (Are the vegetables still raw?). In journalism, particularly in investigative pieces, reporters often speak of the 'realidade crua' of social issues, emphasizing the lack of polish in the situations they describe.
In industrial settings, particularly in Brazil and Angola where oil is a major export, 'petróleo cru' is a term heard daily on the financial news. Furthermore, in artistic circles, a 'talento cru' (raw talent) refers to someone with great natural ability who hasn't yet received formal training. Even in weather reports, a 'frio cru' describes a biting, damp cold that feels more intense than the thermometer suggests.
The most frequent mistake for English speakers is failing to adjust the ending for gender. Since 'raw' is invariable in English, learners often say *'carne cru'* instead of the correct carne crua. Another common error is confusing cru with cruel. While they share a root, cruel specifically implies a desire to cause pain, whereas cru simply implies a lack of processing or refinement.
Another nuance is the plural form. The plural of cru is crus, and the plural of crua is cruas. Some learners mistakenly try to apply irregular plural rules that don't belong here. Finally, avoid using cru to mean 'rude' in the sense of 'impolite' (use grosseiro instead), unless you are specifically referring to a 'rude' or 'unrefined' material or a very 'blunt' way of speaking.
To expand your vocabulary, compare cru with its synonyms and related terms. Natural is often used when the lack of processing is seen as a positive attribute. Tosco or rude are better when you want to emphasize that something is unrefined in a negative or clumsy way. In natura is a Latinism often used in Portuguese labeling to indicate food in its raw, original state.
On the opposite side, cozido (boiled/cooked), assado (roasted), and processado (processed) are the primary antonyms. In a metaphorical sense, lapidado (polished/refined) is the opposite of a 'cru' talent or diamond. Understanding these distinctions allows you to choose the exact level of 'rawness' you wish to communicate.
How Formal Is It?
难度评级
需要掌握的语法
Adjective-Noun Agreement
Pluralization of monosyllabic adjectives
Position of adjectives for emphasis
按水平分级的例句
Eu gosto de peixe cru.
I like raw fish.
Masculine singular agreement with 'peixe'.
A carne está crua.
The meat is raw.
Feminine singular agreement with 'carne'.
Você come ovo cru?
Do you eat raw egg?
Masculine singular.
Estes legumes estão crus.
These vegetables are raw.
Masculine plural agreement.
Não coma a massa crua.
Don't eat the raw dough.
Feminine singular.
O sushi é feito com peixe cru.
Sushi is made with raw fish.
Standard culinary usage.
Eu prefiro cenoura crua.
I prefer raw carrot.
Feminine singular.
O frango ainda está cru no meio.
The chicken is still raw in the middle.
Common kitchen warning.
Comprei um tecido de algodão cru.
I bought a raw cotton fabric.
Describing material.
As batatas estão muito cruas para comer.
The potatoes are too raw to eat.
Feminine plural.
Ele gosta de comer alho cru de manhã.
He likes to eat raw garlic in the morning.
Masculine singular.
A salada tem muitos ingredientes crus.
The salad has many raw ingredients.
Masculine plural.
A seda crua é muito bonita.
Raw silk is very beautiful.
Feminine singular.
Não podemos servir o arroz cru.
We cannot serve the raw rice.
Masculine singular.
Ela usa mel cru no chá.
She uses raw honey in her tea.
Masculine singular.
O leite cru precisa ser fervido.
Raw milk needs to be boiled.
Masculine singular.
Ela me disse a verdade crua.
She told me the raw truth.
Figurative use.
O filme mostra a realidade crua da periferia.
The movie shows the raw reality of the outskirts.
Abstract noun modification.
O som da banda era cru e potente.
The band's sound was raw and powerful.
Describing aesthetic style.
Ele é um talento cru que precisa de treino.
He is a raw talent who needs training.
Describing potential.
A notícia foi um choque cru para a família.
The news was a raw shock for the family.
Emphasizing intensity.
O inverno trouxe um frio cru e úmido.
Winter brought a raw and damp cold.
Describing weather.
O texto dele é muito cru, sem metáforas.
His text is very raw, without metaphors.
Describing writing style.
Eles vivem em condições de pobreza crua.
They live in conditions of raw poverty.
Describing social state.
O preço do petróleo cru subiu hoje.
The price of crude oil rose today.
Economic terminology.
A indústria utiliza muito ferro cru.
The industry uses a lot of raw iron.
Industrial context.
O documentário apresenta fatos crus e diretos.
The documentary presents raw and direct facts.
Masculine plural.
A madeira crua deve ser tratada antes do uso.
Raw wood must be treated before use.
Feminine singular.
O autor descreve a dor de forma crua.
The author describes pain in a raw way.
Adverbial usage with 'de forma'.
Eles exportam minério de cobre cru.
They export raw copper ore.
Masculine singular.
O couro cru é usado para fazer cordas.
Rawhide is used to make ropes.
Masculine singular.
A peça de teatro tem um diálogo cru e agressivo.
The play has raw and aggressive dialogue.
Describing tone.
O relatório expõe a face crua da corrupção.
The report exposes the raw face of corruption.
Sophisticated figurative use.
A análise baseou-se em dados crus e não processados.
The analysis was based on raw and unprocessed data.
Scientific context.
Sua poesia reflete um existencialismo cru.
His poetry reflects a raw existentialism.
Philosophical context.
A luz crua do meio-dia revelava todas as imperfeições.
The raw midday light revealed all imperfections.
Describing light quality.
O depoimento foi de uma sinceridade crua e desconcertante.
The testimony was of a raw and disconcerting sincerity.
Describing human emotion.
A arquitetura brutalista utiliza o betão cru como estética.
Brutalist architecture uses raw concrete as an aesthetic.
Art/Architecture context.
O naturalismo literário foca nos aspectos mais crus da vida.
Literary naturalism focuses on the rawest aspects of life.
Literary theory.
O som do violoncelo era cru, sem qualquer reverberação.
The cello sound was raw, without any reverberation.
Acoustic description.
Lévi-Strauss explorou a dicotomia entre o cru e o cozido.
Lévi-Strauss explored the dichotomy between the raw and the cooked.
Academic reference.
A obra captura a crueza da condição humana.
The work captures the rawness of the human condition.
Using the noun form 'crueza'.
O estilo despojado e cru da narrativa evoca um deserto emocional.
The stripped-back and raw narrative style evokes an emotional desert.
High-level literary analysis.
A verdade, em seu estado mais cru, é raramente palatável.
Truth, in its rawest state, is rarely palatable.
Philosophical observation.
O mármore cru aguardava o toque do escultor.
The raw marble awaited the sculptor's touch.
Poetic/Artistic context.
A política externa é movida pelo interesse cru do Estado.
Foreign policy is driven by the raw interest of the State.
Political science context.
A voz da cantora possuía uma textura crua, quase telúrica.
The singer's voice had a raw, almost telluric texture.
Advanced descriptive adjective.
O filósofo lidava com a percepção crua dos sentidos.
The philosopher dealt with the raw perception of the senses.
Epistemological context.
常见搭配
常用短语
容易混淆的词
习语与表达
容易混淆
句型
如何使用
Used for anything not heated.
Used for primary materials.
Used for honesty or lack of polish.
- Saying 'carne cru' (should be crua).
- Using 'cru' to mean 'mean' (should be cruel).
- Saying 'verdade cru' (should be crua).
- Forgetting the 's' in 'legumes crus'.
- Confusing 'cru' with 'cruz' (cross).
小贴士
Agreement
Always check the gender of the noun. Carne is crua, peixe is cru.
Idiom
Use 'nua e crua' to emphasize a harsh reality.
Beginners
In Brazil, call a beginner 'cru' in a friendly way to say they need training.
Safety
Use 'cru' to warn someone if meat isn't fully cooked.
Materials
Use 'algodão cru' for natural, unbleached cotton.
Style
Describe a minimalist painting as having a 'estilo cru'.
Cold
A 'frio cru' is a very piercing, uncomfortable cold.
Science
Always refer to unanalyzed numbers as 'dados crus'.
Root
Remember 'crude' in English to help you remember 'cru'.
Speed
It's a very short word, so listen carefully in fast sentences.
记住它
词源
Latin 'crudus'
文化背景
Often used to describe someone who is a beginner at a job: 'Ele ainda está muito cru para o cargo.'
Commonly used in traditional markets when discussing the freshness of fish.
在生活中练习
真实语境
对话开场白
"Você gosta de peixe cru?"
"O que você acha da verdade nua e crua?"
"Você já comprou roupas de algodão cru?"
"Como você prefere seus legumes: crus ou cozidos?"
"Você acha que o talento cru é melhor que o estudo?"
日记主题
Descreva uma situação onde você teve que enfrentar a verdade nua e crua.
Você prefere alimentos crus ou cozidos? Por quê?
Escreva sobre um artista que tem um estilo muito cru.
O que 'realidade crua' significa para você?
Descreva a sensação de um vento cru de inverno.
常见问题
10 个问题No, it applies to materials, facts, and art as well.
The feminine form is 'crua'.
You say 'dados crus'.
No, it is a standard adjective, though it can describe a 'rude' or 'harsh' reality.
Yes, to mean they are inexperienced or 'raw' in a skill.
It is the Portuguese term for crude oil.
Yes, it is used identically in both countries.
The plural is 'crus'.
No, they are different words, though related in origin.
You say 'a verdade nua e crua'.
自我测试 180 个问题
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The word 'cru' is essential for daily life in the kitchen and for understanding deep, direct descriptions of reality, industry, and art in Portuguese.
- Cru means raw or uncooked in a culinary context.
- It changes to crua, crus, and cruas for agreement.
- Figuratively, it describes harsh or unrefined situations.
- It is used for raw materials like oil and cotton.
Agreement
Always check the gender of the noun. Carne is crua, peixe is cru.
Idiom
Use 'nua e crua' to emphasize a harsh reality.
Beginners
In Brazil, call a beginner 'cru' in a friendly way to say they need training.
Safety
Use 'cru' to warn someone if meat isn't fully cooked.
例句
Ele gosta de comer salmão cru.
相关内容
在语境中学习
这个词在其他语言中
相关表达
更多food词汇
a conta
A1The bill or check (in a restaurant).
a gosto
A2意思是“根据个人口味”或“适量”。
à la carte
A2从菜单上订购单独的菜肴，每道菜都有自己的价格。它提供了选择餐点的灵活性。
à mão
A2手工制作的或在手边的。这个短语用于描述手工劳动或表示某物就在附近，随时可以拿到。
à mesa
A2在桌子旁（通常指用餐时）。
à parte
A2分开供应或放在一边。
à pressa
A2由于时间紧迫而非常快速地完成或采取行动。
à saúde
A2A toast, meaning 'to health' or 'cheers'.
a vapor
A2蒸汽烹饪的或由蒸汽驱动的。
à vontade
A2无拘无束，就像在自己家里一样。
