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Neutron Stars – The Most Extreme Things that are not Black Holes
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Neutron stars are one of the most extreme and violent things in the universe.
Giant atomic nuclei, only a few kilometers in diameter,
but as massive as stars.
And they owe their existence to the death of something majestic.
[Intro music]
Stars exist because of a fragile balance.
The mass of millions of billions of trillions of tons of hot plasma
are being pulled inwards by gravity,
and squeeze material together with so much force that nuclei fuse
Hydrogen fuses into helium.
This releases energy which pushes against gravity and tries to escape.
As long as this balance exists, stars are pretty stable.
Eventually, the hydrogen will be exhausted.
Medium stars, like our Sun, go through a giant phase,
where they burn helium into carbon and oxygen
before they eventually turn into white dwarfs.
But in stars many times the mass of our Sun,
things get interesting when the helium is exhausted.
For a moment, the balance of pressure and radiation tips,
and gravity wins, squeezing the star tighter than before.
The core burns hotter and faster,
while the outer layers of the star swell by hundreds of times,
fusing heavier and heavier elements.
Carbon burns to neon in centuries,
neon to oxygen in a year,
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