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B1 adjective #8,000 الأكثر شيوعاً 9 دقيقة للقراءة

مغموم

Q: Is 'maghmum' used in daily speech?

Yes, but it sounds more formal and serious than 'ghamgin'. It's used when the sadness is significant.

Q: What is the difference between 'maghmum' and 'mahzun'?

They are very similar. 'Maghmum' is slightly more common in prose, while 'mahzun' is very popular in poetry.

Q: Can I use 'maghmum' for a broken object?

No, it's only for people, atmospheres, or personified things (like a sunset).

Q: Is it an Arabic word?

Yes, it has Arabic roots but is fully integrated into Persian.

Q: How do I pronounce the 'gh' in 'maghmum'?

It's a voiced uvular fricative, like the French 'r' or the sound you make when gargling.

Q: What is the opposite of 'maghmum'?

The best opposites are 'shad' (happy) or 'memsrur' (joyful).

Q: Can I say 'kheyli maghmum'?

Yes, 'kheyli' (very) is commonly used to intensify it.

Q: Does it have a plural form?

In formal Persian, 'maghmuman' is used for people, but 'maghmum-ha' is more common.

Q: When should I choose 'maghmum' over 'ghamgin'?

Choose it when you want to describe a deep, quiet, or dignified sorrow, especially in writing.

maghmum الأكثر شيوعاً #8,000

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح مغموم في 30 ثانية

الشرح مغموم in your Level:

At the A1 level, the word مغموم (maghmum) might be a bit advanced, as beginners usually start with the simpler word غمگین (ghamgin) for 'sad'. However, it is good to know that Persian has many words for feelings. You can think of مغموم as a 'very sad' or 'sorrowful' feeling. Imagine someone who is not just crying, but very quiet and thinking about something sad. That person is مغموم. You might see this word in simple stories or hear it in slow, sad songs. It is an adjective, which means it describes a person or a thing. In Persian, we usually put the adjective after the noun. So, 'a sad boy' would be 'pesar-e maghmum'. Even if you don't use it yourself yet, recognizing it will help you understand more Persian as you listen and read. It is a beautiful word that shows a deep feeling. Just remember it means 'sorrowful'.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

For A2 learners, مغموم is a great word to add to your vocabulary to make your descriptions more interesting. While you probably already know غمگین (sad) and ناراحت (upset/unhappy), مغموم is more specific. It describes a person who looks sad and is perhaps lost in their thoughts. You can use it with the verb 'budan' (to be) or 'shodan' (to become). For example, 'U maghmum ast' means 'He/she is sorrowful'. You will often hear this word in Persian movies or read it in short stories when a character is going through a difficult time. It's a bit more formal than 'ghamgin', so using it makes you sound like a more advanced speaker. Try to use it when you want to describe a deep sadness, like how someone feels after a long day or when they are thinking about a sad memory. It's a step up from basic feelings words.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the B1 level, you should start distinguishing between the various words for 'sad' in Persian. مغموم is a key word for this level because it introduces the idea of 'register'—the level of formality in language. مغموم is a literary and formal adjective. It doesn't just mean 'sad'; it implies a heavy, clouded, or dejected state of mind. It's the kind of word you use in a journal entry, a poem, or a formal letter. When you use مغموم, you are focusing on the 'mood' or 'atmosphere' of the sadness. For example, 'fazaye maghmum' refers to a sorrowful atmosphere. You should also be aware of its Arabic root (gham), which means grief or sorrow. Understanding this connection helps you see how it relates to other words like 'ghamgin'. At this level, you can use مغموم to describe characters in books or the tone of a piece of music, showing that you can handle more nuanced emotional descriptions.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use words like مغموم with precision. You should understand that مغموم often describes the external manifestation of a deep internal sorrow. It's frequently used to describe a person's 'chehreh' (face) or 'negah' (look/gaze). For instance, 'ba negahi maghmum' (with a sorrowful look). You should also be able to contrast it with synonyms like 'mahzun' or 'hazin'. While 'hazin' is often used for sounds (like a sorrowful voice), مغموم is more commonly used for people and their general state. You will encounter this word frequently in contemporary Persian literature and in the works of famous Iranian filmmakers. It is a word that conveys a certain 'Iranian melancholy' that is often found in the arts. Using مغموم in your own writing or formal speaking will demonstrate a high level of cultural and linguistic competence, showing you understand the emotional weight the word carries.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

For C1 learners, مغموم is part of a rich tapestry of emotional vocabulary that allows for highly nuanced expression. At this level, you should explore the word's presence in classical Persian poetry, where it describes the existential sorrow of the human condition or the pain of the mystical lover. You should be able to identify the subtle differences between مغموم and other related terms like 'makhzun', 'deltang', 'afzordeh', and 'delsukhteh'. مغموم specifically suggests a state of being 'enveloped' or 'clouded' by grief, reflecting its etymological roots. You should be comfortable using it in academic or literary analysis, perhaps discussing the 'maghmum' tone of a particular era of literature. Furthermore, you should recognize how the word is used to personify nature or inanimate objects in poetic prose, such as describing a 'maghmum' autumn or a 'maghmum' abandoned house, and be able to employ these sophisticated metaphors in your own creative or analytical writing.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

At the C2 level, your mastery of مغموم should include an intuitive grasp of its evocative power and its historical-literary resonance. You understand that مغموم is not just a descriptor of an emotional state, but a word that carries the weight of centuries of Persian poetic tradition. You can appreciate its use in the most complex philosophical and mystical texts, where it might describe the soul's longing for its divine origin. Your usage of the word should be flawless, whether you are writing a critique of a modern novel, delivering a formal lecture, or engaging in high-level literary translation. You should be able to discern the exact emotional frequency the word 'maghmum' occupies in a text—its quietude, its depth, and its particular brand of dignified sorrow. At this level, you are not just using the word; you are playing with its connotations and its ability to evoke a specific, profound mood that is quintessentially Persian.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

مغموم في 30 ثانية

Maghmum is a literary Persian adjective meaning 'sorrowful' or 'melancholy'.
It is more formal and emotionally 'heavy' than the common word 'ghamgin'.
It often describes a person's facial expression or a quiet, internal state of grief.
Commonly found in Persian poetry, literature, and formal descriptions of sadness.

The Persian word مغموم (maghmum) is a sophisticated adjective primarily used to describe a state of deep sadness, sorrow, or being heavy-hearted. While the more common word for 'sad' in Persian is غمگین (ghamgin), مغموم carries a more literary and poignant weight, often suggesting a sadness that is quiet, internal, or even dignified. It originates from the Arabic root 'gh-m-m', which relates to being covered, clouded, or distressed. When you describe someone as مغموم, you are not just saying they are unhappy; you are implying they are enveloped in a cloud of melancholy. This word is frequently encountered in Persian classical and modern literature, poetry, and formal speech. It is the kind of sadness one feels when reflecting on a great loss or when witnessing a tragic event that touches the soul deeply. In everyday conversation, using this word rather than the simpler 'ghamgin' elevates the register of your speech, making it sound more poetic and emotionally nuanced. It is particularly effective when describing a person's facial expression or the overall atmosphere of a place that feels heavy with grief.

Emotional Depth: Unlike 'narahat' (upset), which can be temporary or superficial, 'maghmum' indicates a profound and often lasting sorrow that affects one's entire demeanor.
Literary Usage: It is a favorite among Persian poets to describe the state of a lover or a person contemplating the transience of life.
Visual Connotation: It often refers to a face that is downcast or eyes that are filled with a silent, heavy grief.

چهره او پس از شنیدن خبر بسیار مغموم به نظر می‌رسید.

In various contexts, مغموم can also describe an inanimate object or a scene, such as a 'maghmum' sunset or a 'maghmum' melody. This personification adds a layer of emotional resonance to the description, suggesting that the scene itself is capable of feeling or projecting sorrow. When learning this word, it is helpful to visualize a person sitting quietly by a window, lost in thought, with a look of resigned sadness on their face. This is the essence of being مغموم. It is not an explosive or loud sadness, but rather a quiet, heavy, and reflective one. In modern Iranian cinema, you will often hear this word used in scripts to describe the internal state of characters who are dealing with complex emotional burdens. Understanding the nuance between this and other 'sad' words allows a learner to navigate the rich emotional landscape of the Persian language with greater precision and sensitivity.

غروب مغموم پاییز دل هر بیننده‌ای را به درد می‌آورد.

Synonym comparison: While 'ghamgin' is general, 'maghmum' is specific to a heavy, clouded sadness. 'Afzordeh' is closer to clinical depression.

Using مغموم correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as an adjective. It typically follows the noun it modifies, connected by the Ezafe construction (the short 'e' sound). For example, to say 'a sad man,' you would say 'mard-e maghmum'. It can also function as a predicate adjective following verbs like 'shodan' (to become), 'budan' (to be), or 'be nazar residan' (to seem). Because of its formal and literary nature, it is often paired with other high-register words to maintain a consistent tone. In a sentence like 'U ba chehrey-e maghmum be darya khireh shod' (He stared at the sea with a sorrowful face), the word adds a layer of narrative depth that 'ghamgin' would not provide. It is also common to see it used in plural forms when describing a group of people, such as 'jam'iyat-e maghmum' (the sorrowful crowd). When you use مغموم, you are often focusing on the external manifestation of an internal state. You see the sadness on the person's face or in their posture.

Predicate Usage: آنها پس از باخت در مسابقه بسیار مغموم بودند. (They were very sorrowful after losing the match.)
Attributive Usage: صدای مغموم خواننده دل‌ها را لرزاند. (The singer's sorrowful voice shook the hearts.)

شاعر با لحنی مغموم از روزهای گذشته یاد کرد.

Beyond just describing people, مغموم can describe an atmosphere. For instance, 'fazaye maghmum-e khaneh' (the sorrowful atmosphere of the house) suggests that the grief is so thick it can be felt in the air. This usage is common in descriptive prose and novels. It is also important to note that while مغموم is more formal, it is not so archaic that it cannot be used in polite modern conversation. If you are describing a friend who has recently gone through a hard time, saying 'u kami maghmum ast' (he is a bit sorrowful/dejected) sounds more sensitive and sophisticated than 'u ghamgin ast'. It acknowledges the weight of their situation. In terms of intensity, مغموم is stronger than 'deltang' (homesick/missing someone) but less clinical than 'afzordeh' (depressed). It is a perfect middle ground for expressing significant but understandable human sorrow.

او همیشه با نگاهی مغموم به عکس‌های قدیمی نگاه می‌کرد.

Collocation with Verbs: Often used with 'shodan' (to become), 'mandan' (to remain), and 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

You will encounter مغموم in various high-level Persian contexts. Firstly, it is a staple of Persian literature. From the classical ghazals of Hafez to the modern short stories of Sadegh Hedayat, this word is used to paint a picture of the 'melancholy soul.' If you are reading a Persian novel, you will likely see it describing a protagonist who is reflecting on their life or a lost love. Secondly, in the realm of music, particularly 'Musiqi-ye Sonnati' (Traditional Persian Music), the lyrics often revolve around themes of longing and sorrow. Vocalists will often describe the 'maghmum' heart of the lover. In news broadcasts or formal documentaries, when the narrator is describing a scene of national mourning or a tragic event, مغموم is used to convey the gravity of the situation. It is also heard in the dialogue of 'art-house' Iranian films, where characters often engage in deep, philosophical conversations about their feelings.

Classical Poetry: Used to describe the state of the 'ashiq' (lover) who is separated from the 'ma'shuq' (beloved).
Traditional Music: Lyrics that explore the depths of human sorrow and spiritual longing.
Formal News: Reporting on tragedies, funerals, or commemorations where a respectful tone is required.

در آن شب سرد، شهر فضایی مغموم و ساکت داشت.

In social media, you might see it in captions for photos that have a nostalgic or melancholic vibe, such as a black and white photo of an old street or a rainy window. It is a way for the user to signal a specific emotional aesthetic. Even in everyday life, if you visit a family who is in mourning (eza-dari), you might hear someone describe the bereaved as being very مغموم. This is considered a very respectful way to acknowledge their grief. It avoids the casualness of 'ghamgin' and honors the weight of their loss. For a learner, hearing this word and recognizing its context is a sign that you are moving beyond basic communication and into the nuances of Persian culture and emotional expression.

صدای نی در تنهایی شب، بسیار مغموم به گوش می‌رسید.

Cinematic Use: Used in stage directions or scripts to describe the 'mood' of a scene.

One of the most common mistakes learners make with مغموم is using it in overly casual situations where 'ghamgin' or 'narahat' would be more appropriate. For example, if you lost your keys and are slightly annoyed, you wouldn't say you are مغموم; that would sound overly dramatic. Another mistake is confusing it with 'afzordeh' (depressed). While they are related, 'afzordeh' is a more permanent or clinical state, whereas مغموم is often a reaction to a specific, albeit deep, sadness. Learners also sometimes forget the Ezafe when using it as an attributive adjective, saying 'mard maghmum' instead of 'mard-e maghmum'.

Register Mismatch: Using 'maghmum' to describe a minor inconvenience like a broken phone.
Grammar: Ezafe: Omitting the 'e' sound when connecting 'maghmum' to the noun it describes.
Confusing with 'Deltang': 'Deltang' is specifically about missing someone; 'maghmum' is a broader, deeper sorrow.

اشتباه: من برای کلیدهایم مغموم هستم. (Incorrect: I am sorrowful for my keys.)

Another subtle mistake is using the word to describe someone who is angry or frustrated. مغموم implies a certain level of passivity and quiet reflection; it is not an active or aggressive emotion. If someone is shouting in anger, they are not مغموم. Additionally, learners might struggle with the pronunciation, specifically the 'gh' sound (ق/غ) followed by the 'm' sound. It requires a smooth transition from the back of the throat to the lips. Practice saying 'magh-mum' slowly to ensure both syllables are clear. Finally, avoid overusing the word. Because it is a 'heavy' word, using it too often in a single conversation or text can make your writing feel overly sentimental or 'heavy-handed'. Use it sparingly for maximum impact.

درست: او پس از مرگ دوستش بسیار مغموم بود. (Correct: He was very sorrowful after his friend's death.)

Pronunciation Check: Make sure the 'gh' is voiced and guttural, similar to the French 'r'.

Persian is a language incredibly rich in vocabulary for emotions, especially sadness. Understanding the alternatives to مغموم will help you choose the exact right shade of meaning. The most common alternative is غمگین (ghamgin), which is the standard word for 'sad'. It is versatile and used in almost any context. ناراحت (narahat) is also very common, but it can mean 'upset', 'uncomfortable', or 'sad' depending on the context. If the sadness is due to missing someone, دلتنگ (deltang) is the correct choice. For a more intense, heart-breaking sorrow, you might use دل‌شکسته (del-shekasteh), which literally means 'broken-hearted'.

مغموم vs. غمگین: 'Maghmum' is more literary and describes a heavy, clouded state; 'ghamgin' is the general word for sad.
مغموم vs. افسرده: 'Afzordeh' usually implies clinical depression or a long-term state of being 'withered' by sadness.
مغموم vs. محزون: 'Mahzun' is very similar to 'maghmum' and is also literary, but 'maghmum' often feels slightly more 'clouded' or 'oppressed' by grief.

او نه تنها غمگین، بلکه کاملاً مغموم و ناامید بود.

Other literary alternatives include حزین (hazin), which often describes sounds or voices that are sorrowful, and دلسوخته (delsukhteh), which means 'burnt-hearted' and describes someone who has suffered great emotional pain. If you want to describe someone who is dejected or has lost hope, مأیوس (mayus) is a strong choice. Understanding these distinctions allows you to paint a much more vivid picture in your Persian communication. For example, describing a 'hazin' song played by a 'maghmum' musician creates a much more evocative scene than just using 'ghamgin' for both.

نوای حزین نی، دل‌های مغموم را تسلی می‌داد.

Summary of Sadness: Narahat (Upset) < Ghamgin (Sad) < Maghmum (Sorrowful) < Afzordeh (Depressed).

How Formal Is It?

حقيقة ممتعة

The root 'gh-m-m' in Arabic originally meant 'to cover'. Just as clouds cover the sky, 'gham' (grief) is seen as something that covers or clouds the heart.

دليل النطق

UK /mæɣˈmuːm/

US /mæɡˈmum/

The stress is on the second syllable: magh-MUM.

يتقافى مع

Mas'um (innocent) Mahrum (deprived) Mazlum (oppressed) Ma'lum (known) Marhum (deceased) Manzum (poetic) Ma'mum (follower in prayer) Maktum (hidden)

أخطاء شائعة

Pronouncing 'gh' as a hard 'g' like 'goat'.
Shortening the long 'u' sound in the second syllable.
Adding an extra vowel between 'm' and 'gh'.

مستوى الصعوبة

القراءة 3/5

Common in literature, but requires knowledge of the 'gh' sound and formal register.

الكتابة 4/5

Using it correctly requires understanding the nuance between it and 'ghamgin'.

التحدث 4/5

Pronunciation of 'magh-mum' can be tricky for beginners.

الاستماع 3/5

Easy to recognize once learned, as it is distinct.

ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك

المتطلبات الأساسية

غم (gham) غمگین (ghamgin) ناراحت (narahat) چهره (chehreh) بودن (budan)

تعلّم لاحقاً

محزون (mahzun) حزین (hazin) افسرده (afzordeh) اندوه (anduh) مأیوس (mayus)

متقدم

ملامت (malamat) حرمان (herman) فراق (feraq) هجران (hejran) مصیبت (mosibat)

قواعد يجب معرفتها

Ezafe Construction

چهره‌ی مغموم (chehreh-ye maghmum)

Adjective Agreement

آنها مغموم بودند (Adjective doesn't change for plural subject in common use, though 'maghmuman' exists in high literature).

Predicate Adjectives

او مغموم شد (Subject + Adjective + Linking Verb).

Intensifiers

بسیار مغموم (Using 'besyar', 'kheyli', or 'sakht' to intensify).

Negative Sentences

او مغموم نیست (Adding 'nist' for negation).

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

او امروز کمی مغموم است.

He is a bit sorrowful today.

Simple adjective use with 'ast' (is).

چرا مغموم هستی؟

Why are you sorrowful?

Question form with 'hasti' (are you).

او یک مرد مغموم است.

He is a sorrowful man.

Attributive adjective with Ezafe (mard-e).

فیلم خیلی مغموم بود.

The movie was very sorrowful.

Describing an inanimate object (the movie).

صدای او مغموم به نظر می‌رسد.

His/her voice seems sorrowful.

Using 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

من مغموم نیستم.

I am not sorrowful.

Negative form with 'nistam' (am not).

آنها مغموم بودند.

They were sorrowful.

Plural past tense of 'to be'.

داستان مغموم تمام شد.

The story ended sorrowfully.

Adjective describing the end of a story.

پس از شنیدن خبر، او مغموم شد.

After hearing the news, he became sorrowful.

Using 'shodan' (to become) for a change of state.

چهره مغموم او را فراموش نمی‌کنم.

I won't forget her sorrowful face.

Direct object with 'ra' and Ezafe.

غروب خورشید همیشه مرا کمی مغموم می‌کند.

The sunset always makes me a bit sorrowful.

Causative structure with 'mikonad' (makes).

او با لحنی مغموم صحبت می‌کرد.

He was speaking with a sorrowful tone.

Using 'lahn' (tone) with an adjective.

چرا اینقدر مغموم به نظر می‌رسی؟

Why do you seem so sorrowful?

Using 'inqadr' (so much) for emphasis.

کتاب یک پایان مغموم داشت.

The book had a sorrowful ending.

Describing the 'payan' (ending) of a book.

او در گوشه‌ای مغموم نشسته بود.

He was sitting in a corner, sorrowful.

Describing the state of the subject while performing an action.

صدای مغموم موسیقی در اتاق پیچید.

The sorrowful sound of music filled the room.

Describing the 'seda' (sound) of music.

او با نگاهی مغموم به جاده خیره شده بود.

He was staring at the road with a sorrowful gaze.

Using 'negah' (gaze) with the Ezafe construction.

فضای خانه پس از رفتن آنها مغموم شده بود.

The atmosphere of the house had become sorrowful after they left.

Describing 'faza' (atmosphere) using past participle 'shodeh bud'.

این آهنگ مغموم مرا به یاد گذشته می‌اندازد.

This sorrowful song reminds me of the past.

Present tense with a complex subject.

او انسانی مغموم و در خود فرو رفته است.

He is a sorrowful and introverted person.

Combining two adjectives to describe a person.

نامه‌اش پر از کلمات مغموم و ناامیدکننده بود.

His letter was full of sorrowful and disappointing words.

Using 'por az' (full of) with adjectives.

او همیشه در شعرهایش از عشق‌های مغموم می‌گوید.

He always talks about sorrowful loves in his poems.

Plural noun with an adjective.

با وجود موفقیت، او همچنان مغموم به نظر می‌رسید.

Despite success, he still seemed sorrowful.

Using 'ba vojud-e' (despite) for contrast.

چشمان مغموم او گویای همه چیز بود.

Her sorrowful eyes said everything.

The adjective modifies 'cheshman' (eyes).

نویسنده در این فصل، تصویری مغموم از شهر ارائه می‌دهد.

In this chapter, the writer presents a sorrowful image of the city.

Formal sentence structure describing literary content.

او با لبخندی مغموم، با ما خداحافظی کرد.

With a sorrowful smile, he said goodbye to us.

Oxymoron-like pairing of 'labkhand' (smile) and 'maghmum'.

سکوتی مغموم بر تمام سالن حاکم شده بود.

A sorrowful silence had prevailed over the entire hall.

Describing 'sokut' (silence) as 'maghmum'.

او تمام شب را با افکاری مغموم سپری کرد.

He spent the whole night with sorrowful thoughts.

Using 'separi kardan' (to spend time).

لحن مغموم نی در دشت می‌پیچید.

The sorrowful tone of the ney (flute) echoed in the plain.

Literary description of sound and space.

او پس از شکست، مدتها مغموم و گوشه‌گیر بود.

After the defeat, he was sorrowful and reclusive for a long time.

Pairing 'maghmum' with 'gusheh-gir' (reclusive).

نقاشی‌های او بازتاب‌دهنده روحی مغموم هستند.

His paintings are reflective of a sorrowful soul.

Using 'baztab-dehنده' (reflecting/reflectant).

او با صدایی مغموم از آرزوهای بربادرفته‌اش گفت.

With a sorrowful voice, he spoke of his vanished dreams.

Formal phrase 'arezuhaye bar-bad-rafteh' (vanished dreams).

اشعار او سرشار از مضامین مغموم و نوستالژیک است.

His poems are full of sorrowful and nostalgic themes.

Using 'sarshar az' (overflowing with) in a formal context.

او در میان جمع، همچون جزیره‌ای مغموم و تنها بود.

In the midst of the crowd, he was like a sorrowful and lonely island.

Using a simile (hamchon... jazireh-i).

فلسفه او برداشتی مغموم از سرنوشت انسان است.

His philosophy is a sorrowful interpretation of human fate.

Abstract usage describing a philosophical view.

او با وقاری مغموم، مصیبت را پذیرا شد.

With a sorrowful dignity, he accepted the calamity.

Pairing 'vaqar' (dignity) with 'maghmum'.

آن عمارت متروکه، ابهتی مغموم در زیر باران داشت.

That abandoned mansion had a sorrowful grandeur under the rain.

Describing an inanimate object with 'obahat' (grandeur).

او با نگاهی مغموم به زوال تدریجی باغ می‌نگریست.

With a sorrowful gaze, he watched the gradual decline of the garden.

Using 'zeval' (decline/decay) in a formal sentence.

موسیقی متن فیلم، حسی مغموم و اثیری به صحنه‌ها می‌بخشید.

The film's soundtrack gave a sorrowful and ethereal feeling to the scenes.

Using 'asiri' (ethereal) with 'maghmum'.

او در نوشته‌هایش، همواره از یک اندوه مغموم و بی‌پایان سخن می‌گوید.

In his writings, he always speaks of a sorrowful and endless grief.

Using 'anduh' (grief) as a noun modified by 'maghmum'.

در لایه‌های زیرین این اثر، نوعی جهان‌بینی مغموم نهفته است.

In the underlying layers of this work, a kind of sorrowful worldview is hidden.

Advanced literary analysis terminology.

او با بیانی مغموم، به واکاوی دردهای مشترک بشری پرداخت.

With a sorrowful expression, he proceeded to analyze shared human pains.

Using 'vakavi' (analysis/probing) and 'pardakhtan be' (to proceed to).

این قطعه موسیقی، تجسم عینی یک روح مغموم و سرگردان است.

This musical piece is the objective embodiment of a sorrowful and wandering soul.

Using 'tajasom-e eyni' (objective embodiment).

او در مواجهه با تراژدی، سکوتی مغموم و پرمعنا اختیار کرد.

In the face of tragedy, he adopted a sorrowful and meaningful silence.

Using 'ekhtiyar kardan' (to adopt/choose) with 'sokut'.

نثر او، با تمام زیبایی‌اش، طعمی مغموم و گس دارد.

His prose, despite all its beauty, has a sorrowful and astringent taste.

Metaphorical use of 'ta'm' (taste) and 'gas' (astringent/bitter).

او با نگاهی مغموم، شاهد فروپاشی تدریجی آرمان‌هایش بود.

With a sorrowful gaze, he witnessed the gradual collapse of his ideals.

Using 'forupashi' (collapse) and 'arman' (ideal).

در پس آن چهره خندان، قلبی مغموم و رنجور پنهان بود.

Behind that smiling face, a sorrowful and ailing heart was hidden.

Contrast between 'khandan' (smiling) and 'maghmum'.

او با لحنی مغموم، از بی‌ثباتی و گذرا بودن جهان سخن راند.

With a sorrowful tone, he spoke of the instability and transience of the world.

Using the formal 'sokhan randan' (to speak/deliver a speech).

تلازمات شائعة

چهره مغموم

نگاه مغموم

لحن مغموم

صدای مغموم

فضای مغموم

غروب مغموم

قلب مغموم

موسیقی مغموم

داستان مغموم

خاطره مغموم

العبارات الشائعة

بسیار مغموم بودن

— To be very sorrowful.

او از مرگ گربه‌اش بسیار مغموم بود.

مغموم و تنها

— Sorrowful and alone.

او در شهر غریب، مغموم و تنها ماند.

مغموم و ناامید

— Sorrowful and hopeless.

پس از شکست، او مغموم و ناامید شد.

مغموم به نظر رسیدن

— To seem sorrowful.

امروز کمی مغموم به نظر می‌رسی.

دلِ مغموم

— A sorrowful heart.

دلِ مغموم او با هیچ چیز شاد نمی‌شد.

چهره‌ای مغموم به خود گرفتن

— To take on a sorrowful expression.

او سریعاً چهره‌ای مغموم به خود گرفت.

در اوج مغموم بودن

— To be at the peak of sorrow.

او در اوج مغموم بودن هم مهربان بود.

مغموم و ساکت

— Sorrowful and quiet.

همه در مراسم مغموم و ساکت بودند.

حالتی مغموم داشتن

— To have a sorrowful state/manner.

او حالتی مغموم و متفکر داشت.

مغموم شدن از چیزی

— To become sorrowful because of something.

از شنیدن این حرف مغموم شدم.

يُخلط عادةً مع

مغموم vs مسموم (masmum)

Means 'poisoned'. Don't confuse the 'gh' with 's'.

مغموم vs مظلوم (mazlum)

Means 'oppressed' or 'innocent victim'. Sounds similar but different meaning.

مغموم vs محروم (mahrum)

Means 'deprived'. Also ends in '-um'.

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"دل مغموم داشتن"

— To have a heavy heart.

او سال‌ها دلی مغموم داشت.

Literary

"چشم مغموم"

— Sorrowful eyes (implying a soul that has seen much pain).

در چشمان مغموم او رازی نهفته بود.

Poetic

"مغمومِ روزگار"

— Saddened by the times or world.

او پیرمردی مغمومِ روزگار بود.

Literary

"لبخند مغموم"

— A sad smile (masking grief).

لبخند مغموم او تلخ بود.

Common

"گرد مغموم بر چهره داشتن"

— To have the 'dust' of sorrow on one's face.

او گرد مغموم بر چهره داشت.

Poetic

"مغمومِ عشق"

— Saddened by love.

او جوانی مغمومِ عشق بود.

Poetic

"نفس مغموم"

— A sorrowful breath/sigh.

با نفسی مغموم از اتاق خارج شد.

Literary

"خاطرِ مغموم"

— A sorrowful mind/memory.

خاطرِ مغموم او را آزرد.

Formal

"مغموم و شکسته"

— Sorrowful and broken (spiritually).

او مغموم و شکسته به خانه بازگشت.

Common

"آینه مغموم"

— A sorrowful mirror (reflecting a sad person).

او در آینه مغموم به خود نگریست.

Poetic

سهل الخلط

مغموم vs افسرده

Both mean sad.

Afzordeh is clinical/long-term; Maghmum is a state/mood.

او به دلیل افسردگی دارو می‌خورد، اما امروز به خاطر فیلم مغموم است.

مغموم vs ناراحت

General word for unhappy.

Narahat is often temporary or about discomfort; Maghmum is deeper.

من از صندلی ناراحتم، اما از خبر مرگ او مغموم هستم.

مغموم vs دلتنگ

Relates to sadness.

Deltang is specifically missing someone.

من مغموم هستم چون شکست خوردم، نه چون دلتنگ کسی هستم.

أنماط الجُمل

[Subject] [Adjective] [Verb].

او مغموم است.

[Subject] [Adverb] [Adjective] [Verb].

او خیلی مغموم بود.

[Noun] + e + [Adjective] [Verb].

مردِ مغموم رفت.

[Subject] با [Noun] + e + [Adjective] [Verb].

او با نگاهی مغموم آمد.

[Subject] همچون [Noun] + i + [Adjective] [Verb].

او همچون جزیره‌ای مغموم بود.

[Phrase] نشان‌دهنده [Noun] + e + [Adjective] است.

این شعر نشان‌دهنده روحی مغموم است.

عائلة الكلمة

الأسماء

غم (gham - grief/sorrow)

غمگسار (gham-gosar - comforter)

غم‌زدگی (gham-zadegi - being grief-stricken)

الأفعال

غم خوردن (gham khordan - to grieve/worry)

غمگین کردن (ghamgin kardan - to make sad)

الصفات

غمگین (ghamgin - sad)

غمناک (ghamnak - sorrowful)

غم‌انگیز (gham-angiz - tragic/sad-inducing)

مرتبط

اندوه (anduh)

حزن (hozn)

ماتم (matam)

عزا (aza)

دلتنگی (deltangi)

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

كيفية الاستخدام

frequency

Common in literature and formal speech; moderate in daily conversation.

أخطاء شائعة

Using 'maghmum' for a lost pencil. → Using 'narahat' or 'ghamgin'.
Maghmum is too heavy for minor issues.
Pronouncing it as 'mag-mum'. → Pronouncing with a guttural 'gh'.
The 'gh' sound is essential for correct Persian.
Saying 'u maghmum shod' for 'he was happy'. → Saying 'u shad shod'.
Confusing the meaning with a positive emotion.
Omitting the Ezafe in 'chehre maghmum'. → Saying 'chehre-ye maghmum'.
Nouns and adjectives must be linked by Ezafe.
Confusing it with 'masmum' (poisoned). → Using 'maghmum' for sad.
One letter changes the meaning entirely.

نصائح

Context Matters

Always consider the register. Use 'maghmum' for stories and 'ghamgin' for your friends.

Master the 'Gh'

The 'gh' is the key to sounding authentic. Practice it daily.

Literary Flair

Use it to describe the mood of a scene to make your writing more evocative.

Embrace Melancholy

Understand that in Persian culture, being 'maghmum' can be a sign of a deep soul.

The Ezafe

Don't forget the 'e' sound when putting 'maghmum' after a noun.

Music Search

Search for 'ahang-e maghmum' on YouTube to hear the word in context.

Empathy

Using 'maghmum' shows you understand the depth of someone's pain.

Mnemonic

Maghmum = Melancholy Mum.

Poetry

Look for this word in the works of modern poets like Nima Yooshij.

Personification

Try describing a 'maghmum' autumn day in your next journal entry.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of 'Magh-MUM'. When you are sad, you might go to your 'MUM' (mom) because you feel 'MAGH-nificent' grief. Or imagine a 'MUM' (silent) person because they are 'MAGH-mum'.

ربط بصري

Visualize a heavy, grey cloud (Gham) covering a person's head, making them look quiet and downcast.

Word Web

Gham (Grief) Maghmum (Sorrowful) Ghamgin (Sad) Hozn (Sadness) Chehreh (Face) Negah (Look) Sokut (Silence) Anduh (Melancholy)

تحدٍّ

Try to write three sentences describing a famous sad character from a movie using 'maghmum' instead of 'ghamgin'.

أصل الكلمة

Borrowed from Arabic 'مغموم' (maghmūm), which is the passive participle of the verb 'ghamma' (to cover, to cloud, to grieve).

المعنى الأصلي: Covered, clouded, or distressed with grief.

Semitic (Arabic root) used in Indo-European (Persian).

السياق الثقافي

Use with respect when describing someone who is grieving; it is a serious and empathetic word.

In English, 'sorrowful' or 'melancholy' are the closest equivalents, used more in writing than in casual speech.

The poetry of Sohrab Sepehri often evokes a 'maghmum' and quiet atmosphere. Characters in Asghar Farhadi's films often exhibit a 'maghmum' state of mind. The 'Ney' (flute) is the quintessential 'maghmum' instrument in Persian music.

تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية

سياقات واقعية

Funerals and Mourning

خانواده مغموم
چهره‌های مغموم
فضای مغموم مراسم
دل‌های مغموم بازماندگان

Literary Descriptions

قهرمان مغموم داستان
پایان مغموم
شعر مغموم
نثر مغموم

Music and Art

آهنگ مغموم
صدای مغموم خواننده
رنگ‌های مغموم در نقاشی
ملودی مغموم

Nature and Weather

غروب مغموم
روز بارانی و مغموم
پاییز مغموم
آسمان مغموم

Personal Relationships

دوست مغموم من
نگاه مغموم همسر
کودک مغموم
پدر مغموم

بدايات محادثة

"چرا امروز اینقدر مغموم به نظر می‌رسی؟ اتفاقی افتاده؟"

"آیا تا به حال فیلمی دیده‌ای که پایانش خیلی مغموم باشد؟"

"به نظر تو موسیقی‌های مغموم زیباتر هستند یا موسیقی‌های شاد؟"

"وقتی مغموم هستی، چه چیزی حالت را بهتر می‌کند؟"

"چرا بعضی از شاعران همیشه شعرهای مغموم می‌نویسند؟"

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

در مورد زمانی بنویسید که بسیار مغموم بودید و چگونه با آن کنار آمدید.

یک منظره مغموم را با جزئیات توصیف کنید (مثلاً یک پارک خالی در زمستان).

چرا کلمه 'مغموم' از کلمه 'غمگین' قوی‌تر است؟ نظر خود را بنویسید.

اگر بخواهید یک شخصیت مغموم برای یک داستان خلق کنید، او چه ویژگی‌هایی خواهد داشت؟

آیا فکر می‌کنید احساس مغموم بودن می‌تواند به خلاقیت کمک کند؟ توضیح دهید.

الأسئلة الشائعة

10 أسئلة

Yes, but it sounds more formal and serious than 'ghamgin'. It's used when the sadness is significant.

They are very similar. 'Maghmum' is slightly more common in prose, while 'mahzun' is very popular in poetry.

No, it's only for people, atmospheres, or personified things (like a sunset).

Yes, it has Arabic roots but is fully integrated into Persian.

It's a voiced uvular fricative, like the French 'r' or the sound you make when gargling.

The best opposites are 'shad' (happy) or 'memsrur' (joyful).

Yes, 'kheyli' (very) is commonly used to intensify it.

It is an adjective.

In formal Persian, 'maghmuman' is used for people, but 'maghmum-ha' is more common.

Choose it when you want to describe a deep, quiet, or dignified sorrow, especially in writing.

سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات