~にくい
~にくい في 30 ثانية
- A suffix attached to verb stems to indicate objective or physical difficulty in performing an action.
- Converts verbs into i-adjectives, allowing them to describe the qualities of a subject (e.g., 'hard to read').
- Primarily used for external resistance or poor design rather than internal emotional struggle.
- Essential for describing product usability, environmental conditions, and physical symptoms in daily Japanese.
The Japanese suffix ~にくい (nikui) is a foundational grammatical tool used to express that an action is physically or objectively difficult to perform. When attached to the stem of a verb, it transforms that verb into an i-adjective, allowing it to describe the inherent qualities of an object or a situation. Unlike general words for 'difficult' like muzukashii, ~nikui specifically focuses on the resistance or clumsiness encountered during the process of an action. It suggests that while the action is possible, there are external or internal factors making it a struggle.
- Grammatical Function
- Suffix that converts a verb into an i-adjective.
- Core Nuance
- Objective difficulty, physical resistance, or poor 'user-friendliness'.
- Conjugation
- Verb Masu-stem + にくい (e.g., Taberu -> Tabe-nikui).
Kono niku wa tabe-nikui desu ne. (This meat is hard to eat/tough.)
In linguistic terms, ~nikui is often categorized as a 'non-volitional' difficulty marker. This means it describes the property of the object being acted upon. For example, if a pen is 'hard to write with' (kaki-nikui), the fault lies with the pen's design or the ink flow, not necessarily the writer's lack of skill. This distinction is crucial for A2 and B1 learners who are beginning to differentiate between subjective feelings and objective descriptions of the world around them.
Kono ji wa yomi-nikui desu. (This handwriting is hard to read.)
Historically, nikui derives from the adjective nikui (hateful/disagreeable), which explains why the difficulty often carries a slight nuance of unpleasantness or frustration. However, in modern Japanese, the grammatical suffix has become largely neutralized, focusing more on the physical barrier to the action. It is ubiquitous in product reviews, medical descriptions, and daily complaints about technology or environment.
Ame no hi wa aruki-nikui desu. (It is hard to walk on rainy days.)
Kono hashi wa tsukai-nikui. (These chopsticks are hard to use.)
- Visualizing Difficulty
- Imagine a door with rusty hinges; it is ake-nikui (hard to open).
- Social Nuance
- Can be used for psychological hesitation, though ~zurai is more common for emotional pain.
Kare ni wa kiki-nikui koto desu. (It is something hard to ask him.)
Using ~にくい correctly requires understanding its conjugation and its syntactic role in a sentence. Because it turns a verb into an i-adjective, it follows all standard i-adjective rules for tense and politeness. This versatility is why it is introduced early in the CEFR A2 curriculum.
1. The Formation
To attach ~nikui, you must first find the Masu-stem (Ren'youkei) of the verb. This is the part of the verb that remains after you remove ~masu.
- Group 1 (U-verbs): Kakimasu -> Kaki + nikui = Kakinikui
- Group 2 (Ru-verbs): Tabemasu -> Tabe + nikui = Tabenikui
- Irregular: Shimasu -> Shi-nikui; Kimasu -> Ki-nikui
2. Sentence Structure
The most common pattern is: [Object/Topic] wa/ga [Verb Stem]-nikui desu.
Example: Kono sumaho wa tsukai-nikui. (This smartphone is hard to use.) Here, the smartphone is the topic, and 'hard to use' is the attribute assigned to it. Note that even if the original verb was transitive (like tsukau - to use), the object of that use becomes the subject of the ~nikui description.
3. Conjugation as an Adjective
Since ~nikui behaves like oishii or takai, you must conjugate the ~i ending:
| Form | Japanese | English |
|---|---|---|
| Present Affirmative | yomi-nikui | Hard to read |
| Present Negative | yomi-nikuku nai | Not hard to read |
| Past Affirmative | yomi-nikukatta | Was hard to read |
| Past Negative | yomi-nikuku nakatta | Wasn't hard to read |
4. Objective vs. Subjective
Use ~nikui when the difficulty is a property of the thing itself. If you say a book is yomi-nikui, you might mean the font is too small or the paper is glossy. If you mean it's emotionally painful to read (like a sad story), ~zurai might be a better fit, though ~nikui is often used as a safe, all-purpose default in casual speech.
You will encounter ~にくい in a vast array of contexts, ranging from clinical medical advice to casual venting among friends. Its frequency in daily life makes it one of the most 'practical' grammar points for a learner to master.
1. Consumer Reviews and Feedback
In the age of e-commerce, ~nikui is everywhere. On sites like Amazon Japan or Rakuten, users frequently use this suffix to describe product flaws. You'll see phrases like mochi-nikui (hard to hold/grip), ake-nikui (hard to open packaging), or settei-shi-nikui (hard to set up/configure). If a product has a low rating, ~nikui is likely the culprit in the comments.
2. Medical and Health Contexts
Doctors and pharmacists use ~nikui to describe symptoms or medication properties. A patient might say iki-ga-shi-nikui (hard to breathe) or nomi-komi-nikui (hard to swallow). A doctor might explain that a certain pill is nomi-nikui because of its size, suggesting it be taken with plenty of water.
3. Urban Navigation and Weather
In weather reports or travel guides, you'll hear about aruki-nikui michi (roads that are hard to walk on) due to snow or construction. When giving directions, someone might say ano kousaten wa magari-nikui (that intersection is hard to turn at) because of heavy traffic or poor visibility.
4. Academic and Technical Writing
In more formal settings, ~nikui is used to describe data or concepts. A graph might be mi-nikui (hard to see/read) if the colors are too similar. A theory might be rikai-shi-nikui (hard to understand) if it is overly complex. While formal writing often prefers konnan (difficulty), ~nikui remains the standard for describing the 'process' of interaction.
While ~にくい is grammatically straightforward, learners often stumble on its nuance and its interaction with other 'difficulty' markers. Avoiding these five common pitfalls will significantly improve your naturalness in Japanese.
1. Using the Dictionary Form
A very common error for beginners is attaching ~nikui to the dictionary form of the verb (e.g., *taberu-nikui). Remember: it must be the Masu-stem. Wrong: yomu-nikui. Right: yomi-nikui.
2. Confusing with ~づらい (zurai)
This is the most frequent 'intermediate' mistake. ~nikui is for objective/physical difficulty. ~zurai is for subjective/emotional/physical pain. If you say ii-nikui, it means the word is a tongue-twister. If you say ii-zurai, it means you feel guilty or awkward about saying it. Using ~nikui when you mean ~zurai can make you sound cold or robotic.
3. Overusing it for 'Impossible'
~nikui means 'difficult but possible.' If something is truly impossible, use ~nai or ~re-nai (potential negative). For example, if a door is locked, it's not ake-nikui (hard to open); it's akerarenai (cannot open).
4. Forgetting it's an Adjective
Learners sometimes forget to conjugate ~nikui properly in the past tense, saying *yomi-nikui deshita instead of the more natural yomi-nikukatta desu. Treat it exactly like samui or atsui.
5. Particle Confusion
When a verb becomes ~nikui, the direct object marker wo usually changes to wa or ga. Awkward: Gohan wo tabe-nikui. Natural: Gohan ga tabe-nikui. (The rice is hard to eat.)
To truly master ~にくい, you must understand its neighbors in the 'difficulty' spectrum. Japanese has several ways to say 'hard to do,' each with a specific flavor.
1. ~づらい (zurai)
As mentioned, ~zurai is the closest relative. It focuses on the internal struggle of the speaker. If you have a sore throat, speaking is hanashi-zurai (physically painful/difficult). If you are talking to a scary boss, it is hanashi-zurai (psychologically difficult). ~nikui is the 'outside' view; ~zurai is the 'inside' view.
2. ~がたい (gatai)
This is a formal, N1-level suffix. It means 'virtually impossible to do' based on psychological or moral grounds. For example, shinjigatai (hard to believe/unbelievable). You wouldn't use this for a tough steak; it's reserved for abstract concepts like emotions, beliefs, or complex situations.
3. むずかしい (muzukashii)
This is the general adjective for 'difficult.' While ~nikui is a suffix attached to a verb to describe a process, muzukashii is a standalone adjective to describe a task or subject. You say 'The exam is muzukashii,' but 'The question is kotae-nikui' (hard to answer).
4. かねる (kaneru)
A very formal verb suffix (N2/N1) used in business to politely say 'I cannot do that.' For example, itashikane-masu (I am unable to do that). It implies that due to circumstances or policy, the action is difficult/impossible to perform, even if one wanted to.
5. ~にくい vs. ~がたい vs. ~づらい Comparison
- Physical/Objective: ~にくい
- Emotional/Painful: ~づらい
- Psychological/Moral/Formal: ~がたい
How Formal Is It?
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مستوى الصعوبة
قواعد يجب معرفتها
أمثلة حسب المستوى
Kono kanji wa kaki-nikui desu.
This kanji is hard to write.
kaki (stem of kakimasu) + nikui
Kono niku wa tabe-nikui desu.
This meat is hard to eat.
tabe (stem of tabemasu) + nikui
Ano hito no namae wa oboe-nikui desu.
That person's name is hard to remember.
oboe (stem of oboemasu) + nikui
Kono kutsu wa aruki-nikui desu.
These shoes are hard to walk in.
aruki (stem of arukimasu) + nikui
Kono pen wa kaki-nikui desu.
This pen is hard to write with.
kaki + nikui
Kono heya wa hairi-nikui desu.
This room is hard to enter.
hairi (stem of hairimasu) + nikui
Kono hon wa yomi-nikui desu.
This book is hard to read.
yomi (stem of yomimasu) + nikui
Kono botan wa oshi-nikui desu.
This button is hard to press.
oshi (stem of oshimasu) + nikui
Kono sumaho wa gamen ga chiisakute, tsukai-nikui desu.
This smartphone is hard to use because the screen is small.
tsukai (stem) + nikui. Describes objective difficulty.
Ame no hi wa jitensha ni nori-nikui desu.
It is hard to ride a bike on rainy days.
nori (stem) + nikui.
Kono fuku wa sentaku-shi-nikui desu.
These clothes are hard to wash.
shi (stem of shimasu) + nikui.
Kare no hanashi wa kikitori-nikui desu.
His speech is hard to catch/hear.
kikitori (stem of kikitoru) + nikui.
Kono hashi wa tsurutsuru shite ite, mochi-nikui desu.
These chopsticks are slippery and hard to hold.
mochi (stem) + nikui.
Kono machi wa michi ga fukuzatsu de, wakari-nikui desu.
This town's roads are complex and hard to understand.
wakari (stem) + nikui.
Fuyu wa sentakumono ga kawaki-nikui desu.
In winter, laundry is hard to dry.
kawaki (stem) + nikui.
Kono mado wa furukute, ake-nikui desu.
This window is old and hard to open.
ake (stem) + nikui.
Kono kusuri wa nigakute, nomi-nikui desu.
This medicine is bitter and hard to swallow.
nomi (stem) + nikui. Focuses on the physical difficulty of swallowing.
Kare wa jibun no iken wo i-nikui taipu no hito desu.
He is the type of person who finds it hard to say his opinion.
i (stem) + nikui. Used for psychological hesitation.
Kono tatemono wa iriguchi ga mitsukari-nikui desu.
The entrance to this building is hard to find.
mitsukari (stem of mitsukaru) + nikui.
Saikin no gijutsu wa shinpu ga hayakute, tsuite-iki-nikui desu.
Recent technology progresses so fast it's hard to keep up.
iki (stem) + nikui.
Kono kiji wa senmon-yougo ga ookute, rikai-shi-nikui.
This article has many technical terms and is hard to understand.
rikai-shi + nikui.
Kono kutsu wa soko ga usukute, tsukare-nikui desu.
These shoes have thin soles and are hard to get tired in (Wait, this is usually 'yasui' for positive, but 'nikui' works for avoiding negative states).
tsukare (stem) + nikui (hard to get tired).
Ano mise wa itsumo konde ite, yoyaku-shi-nikui.
That shop is always crowded and hard to make a reservation for.
yoyaku-shi + nikui.
Kono keshigomu wa keshigo ga de-nikui desu.
This eraser is hard to produce eraser dust (cleaner).
de (stem) + nikui.
Kono sozai wa shiwa ni nari-nikui node, ryokou ni saiteki desu.
This material is hard to wrinkle, so it's perfect for travel.
nari (stem) + nikui. Describes a physical property/resistance.
Senmonka no setsumei wa, shirouto ni wa han-shi-nikui bubun ga aru.
The expert's explanation has parts that are hard for a layman to judge.
han-shi (stem of handan suru) + nikui.
Kono kesshou wa koware-nikui kouzou wo shite imasu.
This crystal has a structure that is hard to break.
koware (stem) + nikui.
Joukyou ga fukuzatsu de, dore ga tadashii ka handan-shi-nikui.
The situation is complex, making it hard to judge which is correct.
handan-shi + nikui.
Kono kuruma wa shikai ga hirokute, jiko wo oko-shi-nikui.
This car has a wide field of vision, making it hard to cause an accident.
oko-shi (stem) + nikui.
Kare no taido wa yomi-nikukatta.
His attitude was hard to read (decipher).
yomi-nikukatta (past tense).
Kono tokei wa shouseki ga tsuki-nikui gurasu wo tsukatte iru.
This watch uses glass that is hard to get scratched.
tsuki (stem) + nikui.
Kono riron wa hanshou-shi-nikui.
This theory is hard to disprove.
hanshou-shi + nikui.
Kono sakuhin wa, dokusha ni yotte kaishaku ga wakare-nikui.
This work is hard for interpretations to diverge among readers (it's very clear).
wakare (stem) + nikui. Used for abstract clarity.
Seifu no shin-seisaku wa, kokumin no rikai wo e-nikui darou.
The government's new policy will likely be hard to gain the public's understanding.
e (stem of eru) + nikui.
Kono kesshou wa netsu ni yotte hen-shi-nikui tokusei wo motsu.
This crystal possesses the characteristic of being hard to deform by heat.
hen-shi (stem of hen-shi suru) + nikui.
Kare no kouseki wa, tasha ni wa mane-shi-nikui mono da.
His achievements are something that is hard for others to imitate.
mane-shi + nikui.
Kono kikai wa koshou-shi-nikui koto de hyouban da.
This machine is famous for being hard to break down.
koshou-shi + nikui.
Sore wa kuchi ni wa shi-nikui shinjitsu datta.
That was a truth that was hard to put into words.
shi (stem) + nikui.
Kono gengo wa, gaikokujin ni wa hatsuon-shi-nikui onsetsu ga ooi.
This language has many syllables that are hard for foreigners to pronounce.
hatsuon-shi + nikui.
Kono tochi wa jiban ga kataku, yure-nikui.
The ground in this area is hard and hard to shake (stable during earthquakes).
yure (stem) + nikui.
Kono tetsugakuteki na toi wa, tanjun na kotoba de wa setsumei-shi-nikui.
This philosophical question is hard to explain with simple words.
setsumei-shi + nikui.
Kare no tensai-buri wa, bonjin ni wa hakari-nikui.
His genius is hard for an ordinary person to measure/gauge.
hakari (stem) + nikui.
Kono koushou wa, ryou-sha no rieki ga soutei-shi-nikui.
In this negotiation, the interests of both parties are hard to estimate.
soutei-shi + nikui.
Kono bunshou wa, bunmyaku ga aimai de shin-i ga tori-nikui.
The context of this sentence is ambiguous, making the true intent hard to grasp.
tori (stem) + nikui.
Kono busshitsu wa kagakuteki ni antei shite ori, henka-shi-nikui.
This substance is chemically stable and hard to change.
henka-shi + nikui.
Kono shisou wa, gendai no kachikan de wa ukeire-nikui.
This ideology is hard to accept within modern values.
ukeire (stem) + nikui.
Kono denshou wa, kuchi-zukute de wa tsutawari-nikui miyou ga aru.
This legend has nuances that are hard to convey through word of mouth alone.
tsutawari (stem) + nikui.
Kono keshiki no utsukushisa wa, shashin de wa arawashi-nikui.
The beauty of this scenery is hard to express in a photograph.
arawashi (stem) + nikui.
تلازمات شائعة
العبارات الشائعة
ii-nikui koto (something hard to say)
kiki-nikui koto (something hard to ask)
shinji-nikui hanashi (a hard-to-believe story)
mitsukari-nikui basho (a hard-to-find place)
setsumei-shi-nikui (hard to explain)
nori-nikui kuruma (a car that's hard to drive/get into)
sumi-nikui machi (a city that's hard to live in)
tsukare-nikui kutsu (shoes that don't make you tired)
mochi-nikui nimotsu (luggage that's hard to carry)
kaki-nikui pen (a pen that's hard to write with)
يُخلط عادةً مع
Zurai is subjective/emotional; Nikui is objective/physical.
Muzukashii is a general adjective; Nikui is a suffix for actions.
Gatai is for things that are 'hard to believe/accept' on a deep level.
تعبيرات اصطلاحية
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سهل الخلط
أنماط الجُمل
كيفية الاستخدام
Can describe a tendency (e.g., 'hard to catch a cold').
Acts as a buffer in social interactions.
Used for physical limits of materials.
- Using dictionary form + nikui.
- Confusing with ~zurai for emotional pain.
- Using it for things that are completely impossible.
- Incorrect past tense conjugation (nikui deshita vs nikukatta).
- Using 'wo' instead of 'wa/ga' for the object.
نصائح
Stem Check
Always double-check your verb stem before adding ~nikui. For 'shimasu', it's 'shi-nikui'.
Softening
Add 'chotto' before ~nikui to sound more like a native speaker when complaining.
Opposites
Learn ~yasui at the same time. They are perfect pairs for describing usability.
Reviews
Use ~nikui in online reviews to explain exactly why a product is difficult to use.
Polite Refusal
Use 'ii-nikui' when you need to say 'no' or give bad news politely.
Context Clues
If you hear ~nikui, look for a physical reason for the difficulty nearby.
Tendencies
Remember it can mean 'resistant to', like 'yogore-nikui' (stain-resistant).
No Dictionary Form
Never say 'yomu-nikui'. It's always 'yomi-nikui'.
Visualizing
Imagine a rusty key in a lock. That's 'mawari-nikui' (hard to turn).
Adverbial Use
You can use '~nikuku' as an adverb, e.g., 'nikuku naru' (becomes hard to...).
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Think of 'Knee-Queasy'. When your knees feel queasy, it's 'Knee-kui' (nikui) to walk!
أصل الكلمة
Derived from the Old Japanese adjective 'nikushi', which meant 'hateful' or 'unpleasant'. Over time, it grammaticalized into a suffix indicating that an action is unpleasant because it is difficult to perform.
السياق الثقافي
Using ~nikui is generally polite and neutral.
Used equally by all genders.
In some dialects like Kansai-ben, 'nikui' might be replaced by other regional markers of difficulty, but 'nikui' is understood everywhere.
تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية
سياقات واقعية
بدايات محادثة
"Kono atari de, ichiban aruki-nikui michi wa doko desu ka? (Where is the hardest road to walk around here?)"
"Saikin, tsukai-nikui to omotta apuri wa arimasu ka? (Is there an app you thought was hard to use lately?)"
"Nihongo de ichiban oboe-nikui kotoba wa nan desu ka? (What is the hardest Japanese word to remember?)"
"Kono ryouri, chotto tabe-nikui desu ne? (This dish is a bit hard to eat, right?)"
"Ano hito no hanashi, chotto kikitori-nikuku nai desu ka? (Isn't his speech a bit hard to hear?)"
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
Write about a product you bought that was 'tsukai-nikui'.
Describe a place that is 'mitsukari-nikui' (hard to find).
What is a Japanese grammar point that is 'rikai-shi-nikui' for you?
Talk about a time you had to say something 'ii-nikui'.
Describe your favorite shoes and why they are 'tsukare-nikui'.
الأسئلة الشائعة
10 أسئلةMost action verbs work, but it's rarely used with verbs that don't involve a process (like 'exist').
Yes, it is neutral and can be used in polite or casual speech.
'Kaki-nikui' means the pen is bad; 'kaki-zurai' means your hand hurts or you feel bad writing it.
Use the negative form: '~nikuku nai'.
Yes, 'hanashi-nikui hito' means someone who is hard to talk to (unapproachable).
Yes, 難い, but it is almost always written in hiragana as a suffix.
No, it means 'difficult but possible'.
Yes, 'mi-nikui' is very common for blurry or small things.
No, it's for food that is physically hard to eat (like a giant burger).
It is typically introduced at the N4 level (CEFR A2).
اختبر نفسك 180 أسئلة
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Mastering '~にくい' allows you to describe the world objectively. It is the go-to suffix for physical resistance and poor usability, acting as a bridge between actions and descriptions. Remember: it focuses on the thing being hard, not just your feeling.
- A suffix attached to verb stems to indicate objective or physical difficulty in performing an action.
- Converts verbs into i-adjectives, allowing them to describe the qualities of a subject (e.g., 'hard to read').
- Primarily used for external resistance or poor design rather than internal emotional struggle.
- Essential for describing product usability, environmental conditions, and physical symptoms in daily Japanese.
Stem Check
Always double-check your verb stem before adding ~nikui. For 'shimasu', it's 'shi-nikui'.
Softening
Add 'chotto' before ~nikui to sound more like a native speaker when complaining.
Opposites
Learn ~yasui at the same time. They are perfect pairs for describing usability.
Reviews
Use ~nikui in online reviews to explain exactly why a product is difficult to use.
محتوى ذو صلة
هذه الكلمة بلغات أخرى
قواعد ذات صلة
مزيد من كلمات general
いくつか
B1An unspecified small number of things; some, a few.
ちょっと
A2A little; a moment; a bit. Small amount or short time.
すこし
A2A little; a few.
さっき
A2A little while ago; a short time past.
能力
A1Nouryoku refers to the mental or physical power, skill, or capacity required to perform a specific task or function. It can describe both innate talent and skills acquired through learning and practice.
異常
A1A word used to describe something that deviates from the normal state, standard, or expected pattern. It often implies a problem, malfunction, or an extraordinary occurrence that requires attention or investigation.
~について
A2تعبير يستخدم للإشارة إلى موضوع الحديث أو التفكير.
〜について
B1عبارة تستخدم بمعنى 'عن' أو 'بخصوص'.
~ぐらい
A2about, approximately
ぐらい
A2About; approximately; to the extent of.