계측하다
계측하다 في 30 ثانية
- Technical term for measuring with instruments.
- Used in science, engineering, and industry.
- More formal and precise than '재다'.
- Derived from Hanja: 計 (count) + 測 (measure).
The Korean verb 계측하다 (gye-cheuk-ha-da) is a specialized term for 'to measure.' While the basic word for measuring in Korean is '재다,' 계측하다 carries a much more technical, scientific, or industrial nuance. It is derived from the Hanja characters 計 (계 - to count/calculate) and 測 (측 - to measure/fathom). This word is typically used when measuring physical quantities like distance, radiation, sound levels, or electrical currents using specific instruments or gauges. You wouldn't use this word to measure your waistline for a new pair of pants; instead, you would use it when an engineer is determining the structural integrity of a bridge or a scientist is recording data from a sensor.
- Technical Precision
- This word implies the use of a device (계측기) to obtain an objective, quantifiable value.
- Commonly found in manuals, research papers, and technical reports where '재다' would sound too informal.
기술자가 정밀 기기를 사용하여 소음을 계측하다. (The technician measures the noise using a precision instrument.)
In everyday conversation, you might hear this word during news reports regarding environmental monitoring or when discussing high-tech manufacturing. It emphasizes the accuracy and the systematic nature of the measurement process. For instance, in sports, the exact time of a 100-meter sprint is often described using this verb because it involves electronic timing systems. The use of this word instantly elevates the register of your speech to a more formal and professional level, signaling that the measurement is being taken seriously and with the proper tools. Understanding when to use this versus '측정하다' (a more common synonym) is key to sounding like a proficient speaker. While '측정하다' is also formal, '계측하다' specifically highlights the 'instrumentation' aspect of the task.
Using 계측하다 requires a direct object—the thing being measured—followed by the object marker 을 or 를. Because it is a formal verb, it is most frequently conjugated in the 하십시오체 (formal polite) or 해요체 (polite) styles. In technical writing, you will often see it in the plain form (계측한다) or as a noun (계측). One of the most common patterns involves identifying the tool used for the measurement, often using the particle ~(으)로 (by means of).
센서를 통해 수온을 정확하게 계측해야 합니다. (We must accurately measure the water temperature through the sensor.)
- Common Objects
- 시간 (time), 거리 (distance), 소음 (noise), 진동 (vibration), 압력 (pressure), 전압 (voltage).
When you want to describe the act of measuring something continuously, you might use the form '계측하고 있다' (is measuring). If the measurement is being performed by a machine automatically, the passive-like structure '계측되다' (to be measured) is frequently employed. For example, '데이터가 실시간으로 계측되고 있습니다' (Data is being measured in real-time). This shift from active to passive is very common in laboratory reports and technical documentation. It is also important to note that '계측하다' is often paired with adverbs that emphasize precision, such as '정밀하게' (precisely), '정확하게' (accurately), or '주기적으로' (periodically).
You will find 계측하다 in several distinct environments. The most common is the engineering and construction sector. Before a building is constructed, surveyors must '계측하다' the land. During construction, sensors might be placed on nearby buildings to '계측하다' any shifts or vibrations to ensure safety. Another common area is environmental science. When the government reports on air quality or radiation levels near power plants, they use this term to describe the systematic gathering of data.
지진의 강도를 계측하는 장치가 전국에 설치되었습니다. (Devices that measure the intensity of earthquakes have been installed across the country.)
In manufacturing, particularly in the semiconductor or automotive industries, '계측하다' is used to describe the quality control process where components are measured to the micrometer to ensure they meet specifications. You might also encounter this word in sports broadcasting, especially in racing (Formula 1, track and field, swimming) where thousandths of a second matter. The '계측' of the finish time is a critical moment of the event. Lastly, in academic research, particularly in the physical sciences, researchers will '계측하다' various phenomena to provide empirical evidence for their theories. If you are watching a Korean documentary about space exploration or deep-sea diving, keep an ear out for this word whenever they mention data collection.
The most frequent mistake learners make with 계측하다 is overusing it in casual situations. Because English often uses the single word 'measure' for everything, learners might try to say '키를 계측하다' (to measure height) or '설탕을 계측하다' (to measure sugar). However, these sound very strange to a native speaker. For height, you should use '재다' (키를 재다), and for cooking ingredients, you should use '계량하다' (설탕을 계량하다), which specifically refers to measuring volume or weight for food.
- Incorrect Usage
- 오늘 친구의 몸무게를 계측했어요. (Incorrect - too technical)
- 오늘 친구의 몸무게를 쟀어요. (Correct - natural)
Another mistake is confusing '계측하다' with '측정하다.' While they are very similar, '측정하다' is more versatile and can be used for both physical and abstract things (like measuring intelligence or satisfaction). '계측하다' is almost strictly limited to physical quantities measured by machines. If you use '계측하다' to talk about measuring a person's personality, it would imply you are trying to use a physical gauge on their brain, which sounds like something out of a science fiction movie. Always remember: if there is no specialized instrument involved, '계측하다' is likely the wrong choice.
To master Korean, you must understand the subtle differences between the various words for 'measuring.' Here is a comparison of 계측하다 and its closest relatives:
- 재다 (Jae-da)
- The most common, everyday word. Used for measuring height, weight, length, or even 'feeling out' a situation. It is versatile and informal/neutral.
- A formal word for 'measure.' It is broader than '계측하다' and can be used for abstract concepts like '효과를 측정하다' (measure the effect) or '능력을 측정하다' (measure ability).
- Specifically used for measuring quantities, volumes, or weights, especially in cooking, chemistry, or trade. Think 'quantifying.'
- Means 'to calculate' or 'to yield.' Often used when you take measurements and perform math to get a final result, like calculating costs or statistics.
In summary, use 재다 for daily life, 측정하다 for formal or abstract contexts, and 계측하다 when you are using a specialized tool to get a precise physical reading. Choosing the right one shows a high level of linguistic precision.
How Formal Is It?
حقيقة ممتعة
The character 測 (측) originally depicted water and a tool used to measure its depth, showing the ancient roots of measurement in hydrology.
دليل النطق
- Pronouncing '계' as '개' (gae).
- Failing to aspirate the 'ㅋ' sound when '측' meets '하다' (it becomes 측카다).
مستوى الصعوبة
The Hanja roots make it recognizable, but it appears mostly in technical texts.
Requires knowledge of technical contexts to use correctly without sounding odd.
Not common in daily speech, so it might feel stiff if used incorrectly.
Clear pronunciation, but easy to confuse with '측정하다' if not paying attention.
ماذا تتعلّم بعد ذلك
المتطلبات الأساسية
تعلّم لاحقاً
متقدم
قواعد يجب معرفتها
~(으)로 (Means/Instrument)
레이저로 거리를 계측합니다.
-기 위해(서) (Purpose)
정밀한 계측을 위해 장비를 샀어요.
-는 것 (Nominalization)
정확하게 계측하는 것이 중요해요.
-아/어/여지다 (Passive/Change)
기술의 발달로 더 미세한 것이 계측되게 되었다.
-고 있다 (Progressive)
현재 소음을 계측하고 있습니다.
أمثلة حسب المستوى
기계가 거리를 계측해요.
The machine measures the distance.
Simple present tense with the object marker '를/을'.
소음을 계측하고 싶어요.
I want to measure the noise.
-고 싶다 (want to) attached to the verb stem.
이것은 시간을 계측하는 도구예요.
This is a tool that measures time.
Noun-modifying form -는 added to the verb stem.
무엇을 계측합니까?
What are you measuring?
Formal question ending -습니까.
바람을 계측해요.
Measure the wind.
Simple object-verb structure.
온도를 계측했어요.
I measured the temperature.
Past tense -았/었/했어요.
정확하게 계측하세요.
Please measure accurately.
Adverb '정확하게' modifying the verb.
계측이 끝났어요.
The measurement is finished.
Using the noun form '계측' as a subject.
이 장비로 수심을 계측할 수 있어요.
You can measure the water depth with this equipment.
-(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (can) expressing capability.
속도를 계측하는 카메라가 있어요.
There is a camera that measures speed.
-는 noun-modifying form.
우리는 매일 오염도를 계측합니다.
We measure the pollution level every day.
Frequency adverb '매일' used with formal polite style.
실험실에서 전압을 계측했어요.
I measured the voltage in the lab.
Location marker -에서.
계측한 데이터를 보여주세요.
Please show me the measured data.
Past noun-modifying form -ㄴ/은.
기계가 자동으로 계측해요.
The machine measures automatically.
Adverb '자동으로' (automatically).
높이를 계측하기 어려워요.
It is difficult to measure the height.
-기 어렵다 (difficult to do).
빛의 세기를 계측합시다.
Let's measure the intensity of the light.
-읍시다 (let's) formal suggestion.
전문가는 건물의 진동을 계측하기 시작했다.
The expert started measuring the building's vibration.
-기 시작하다 (start to do).
이 센서는 아주 작은 움직임도 계측할 수 있다.
This sensor can measure even very small movements.
Particle -도 (even/also) added to the noun.
정밀한 계측을 위해 기기를 교체했습니다.
We replaced the device for precise measurement.
-기 위해 (in order to) used with the noun form '계측'.
강우량을 계측한 결과가 나왔습니다.
The results of measuring the rainfall have come out.
Noun-modifying past form + 결과 (result).
실시간으로 데이터를 계측하고 있습니다.
We are measuring the data in real-time.
-고 있다 (progressive tense).
계측된 수치가 예상보다 높습니다.
The measured figures are higher than expected.
Passive form '계측되다' used as a noun modifier.
환경부는 대기 질을 주기적으로 계측한다.
The Ministry of Environment periodically measures air quality.
Plain form -ㄴ다 used in reporting/writing.
계측하는 과정에서 오류가 발생했습니다.
An error occurred during the measuring process.
-는 과정에서 (in the process of).
교량의 안전성을 확인하기 위해 변형률을 계측했다.
They measured the strain rate to check the safety of the bridge.
Technical noun '변형률' (strain rate).
이 장치는 방사능 수치를 초 단위로 계측한다.
This device measures radiation levels by the second.
'초 단위로' (in units of seconds).
계측기의 정밀도가 낮으면 결과가 부정확하다.
If the precision of the measuring instrument is low, the results are inaccurate.
Conditional -면 (if).
해수면 상승을 계측하기 위한 위성이 발사되었다.
A satellite to measure sea-level rise was launched.
-기 위한 (intended for) modifying the noun '위성'.
연구팀은 뇌파를 계측하여 감정 변화를 분석했다.
The research team measured brain waves and analyzed emotional changes.
-아/어/여서 (and then/so) sequential action.
모든 부품의 규격을 엄격하게 계측해야 합니다.
The dimensions of all parts must be strictly measured.
-해야 하다 (must).
계측 데이터의 신뢰성을 확보하는 것이 중요하다.
It is important to ensure the reliability of the measurement data.
-는 것 (nominalizing the phrase).
풍속을 계측할 때 주의사항을 지키십시오.
Please follow the precautions when measuring wind speed.
-(으)ㄹ 때 (when).
첨단 센서 기술은 미세한 압력 변화까지 계측해 낸다.
Advanced sensor technology manages to measure even minute pressure changes.
-어 내다 (to manage to do/carry out successfully).
계측 오차를 최소화하기 위해 실험 환경을 통제했다.
The experimental environment was controlled to minimize measurement error.
'최소화하기 위해' (in order to minimize).
이 시스템은 원격으로 전력 사용량을 계측할 수 있다.
This system can measure power consumption remotely.
Adverb '원격으로' (remotely).
계측 제어 시스템의 고장은 대형 사고로 이어질 수 있다.
A failure in the measurement and control system can lead to a major accident.
-로 이어지다 (to lead to).
광학 장비를 활용하여 나노 단위의 길이를 계측한다.
Utilizing optical equipment, they measure lengths at the nano-scale.
-를 활용하여 (utilizing...).
계측된 수치는 통계적 유의성을 검토한 후 발표되었다.
The measured figures were announced after reviewing their statistical significance.
-ㄴ 후 (after).
심해의 수압을 계측하는 것은 기술적으로 매우 어렵다.
Measuring water pressure in the deep sea is technically very difficult.
Subject nominalizer -는 것.
계측 표준을 준수하지 않으면 연구 결과가 무효가 된다.
If measurement standards are not followed, research results become invalid.
-지 않으면 (if not).
본 연구는 양자 역학적 관점에서 입자의 위치를 계측하고자 한다.
This study intends to measure the position of particles from a quantum mechanical perspective.
-고자 하다 (intend to/plan to) formal intent.
계측 공학의 발달은 현대 산업의 정밀도를 한 단계 높였다.
The development of instrumentation engineering has raised the precision of modern industry to a new level.
Abstract subject '발달' (development).
초정밀 계측 기술은 반도체 공정의 핵심적인 요소이다.
Ultra-precision measurement technology is a core element of the semiconductor process.
Noun + 이다 (to be).
지각 변동을 계측함으로써 지진 발생을 예측할 수 있다.
By measuring crustal movements, earthquake occurrences can be predicted.
-(으)ㅁ으로써 (by doing/through the act of).
계측 장비의 교정(calibration)은 데이터의 정확성을 담보한다.
Calibration of measuring equipment guarantees the accuracy of the data.
Technical term '교정' (calibration).
비파괴 검사 방식을 통해 구조물의 내부 결함을 계측한다.
Internal defects of structures are measured through non-destructive testing methods.
'비파괴 검사' (non-destructive testing).
계측 시스템의 실시간 피드백 루프가 공정 효율을 최적화한다.
The real-time feedback loop of the measurement system optimizes process efficiency.
Complex noun phrases typical of technical C2 level.
극미세 환경에서의 계측은 외부 진동에 매우 취약하다.
Measurement in ultra-micro environments is very vulnerable to external vibrations.
'~에 취약하다' (vulnerable to).
تلازمات شائعة
العبارات الشائعة
— Equipment used for measuring.
계측 장비를 점검하세요.
— Measurement error or discrepancy.
계측 오차를 계산해야 합니다.
— The result of a measurement.
계측 결과가 화면에 나타납니다.
— Remote measurement or telemetry.
원격 계측 시스템을 도입했다.
— High-precision measurement.
정밀 계측이 필요한 작업입니다.
— A measuring instrument or gauge.
계측기가 고장 났어요.
— The measured value.
계측값이 예상보다 낮다.
— Measurement and control.
계측 제어 분야의 전문가입니다.
— Automatic measurement.
자동 계측 시스템을 설치했다.
— Measurement standards.
국제 계측 표준을 따릅니다.
يُخلط عادةً مع
측정하다 is more general and can be used for abstract things; 계측하다 is strictly technical/instrument-based.
재다 is casual and used for height/weight/length in daily life.
계량하다 is specifically for measuring volume/weight of ingredients or commercial goods.
تعبيرات اصطلاحية
— Immeasurable or beyond measurement (often used for depth or vastness).
그의 슬픔은 계측할 수 없을 만큼 컸다.
Literary— To measure with one's eyes (estimate).
그는 눈으로 대략적인 거리를 계측했다.
Neutral— (Metaphorical) To try to fathom or measure someone's heart/intentions.
사람의 마음을 어떻게 계측할 수 있겠나?
Literary— To live life strictly by the clock.
그는 1분 1초를 계측하며 바쁘게 산다.
Figurative— Precision measurement is the most important thing (common in engineering).
이 공정에서는 정확한 계측이 생명이다.
Professional— A limit where measurement becomes impossible or inaccurate.
나노 세계에서는 계측의 벽에 부딪히기 쉽다.
Scientific— Measurement without a single error.
한 치의 오차도 없는 계측을 목표로 한다.
Formal— To rely solely on measured data.
직관보다는 계측에 의존하는 편이다.
Neutral— To be impossible to measure (often used for record-breaking feats).
그의 기록은 타의 계측을 불허한다.
Formal/Journalistic— A world quantified by data.
우리는 모든 것이 데이터로 계측되는 세상에 살고 있다.
Philosophicalسهل الخلط
Sounds similar to 계측하다.
예측하다 means 'to predict' (future), while 계측하다 means 'to measure' (present/physical).
내일 날씨를 예측하다 vs. 현재 기온을 계측하다.
Both involve gathering data.
관측하다 is 'to observe' (often stars or weather from a distance), while 계측하다 is 'to measure' (often involving specific contact or sensors).
별을 관측하다 vs. 전압을 계측하다.
Used in construction.
검측하다 includes the nuance of 'inspecting' to see if it meets standards, while 계측하다 is just the act of measuring.
도면대로 되었는지 검측하다.
Both involve numbers.
산출하다 is the 'calculation/yielding' of a result after measuring.
비용을 산출하다.
Both involve determining size/amount.
가늠하다 is an estimate or 'eye-balling,' whereas 계측하다 is precise and machine-based.
거리를 가늠하다 (guess) vs. 거리를 계측하다 (laser).
أنماط الجُمل
[Noun]을/를 계측해요.
온도를 계측해요.
[Noun]으로 [Noun]을/를 계측해요.
기계로 거리를 계측해요.
[Noun]을/를 계측하기 시작했어요.
소음을 계측하기 시작했어요.
계측한 [Noun]이/가 [Adjective]해요.
계측한 수치가 정확해요.
[Noun]을/를 계측하는 데 사용돼요.
이것은 전압을 계측하는 데 사용돼요.
실시간으로 [Noun]을/를 계측하고 있습니다.
실시간으로 진동을 계측하고 있습니다.
계측 오차를 줄이기 위해 [Verb].
계측 오차를 줄이기 위해 반복해서 실험했다.
[Noun]에 대한 정밀 계측이 요구된다.
구조물의 변형에 대한 정밀 계측이 요구된다.
عائلة الكلمة
الأسماء
الأفعال
الصفات
مرتبط
كيفية الاستخدام
Common in technical/professional fields, rare in daily casual speech.
-
키를 계측하다
→
키를 재다
'계측하다' is too technical for measuring human height.
-
설탕을 계측하다
→
설탕을 계량하다
For cooking ingredients, '계량하다' is the specific term.
-
마음을 계측하다
→
마음을 헤아리다 / 측정하다
'계측하다' is for physical quantities, not emotions (unless used poetically).
-
계측하는 기계
→
계측기
While not wrong, '계측기' is the standard noun for a measuring device.
-
실력을 계측하다
→
실력을 측정하다 / 평가하다
Ability is abstract, so '측정' or '평가' is better than '계측'.
نصائح
Use for Tools
Always use '계측하다' when a specific tool like a sensor, gauge, or multimeter is involved. This makes your Korean sound professional.
Noun + 하다
Remember that '계측' is a noun. You can use it in '계측 중' (measuring in progress) or '계측 완료' (measurement complete).
Compare with 예측
Be careful not to confuse '계측하다' (measure) with '예측하다' (predict). One is about the present, the other is about the future.
Factory & Lab
This word is your best friend if you work in a factory, a lab, or a construction site in Korea.
Formal Reports
In reports, prefer '계측된 결과' (measured results) over '잰 결과' to maintain a high level of formality.
Aspirated K
When '측' and '하다' meet, the 'h' sound disappears and the 'k' sound becomes stronger: [측카다].
Gauge-Check
Remember 'Gye' sounds like 'Gauge' and 'Cheuk' sounds like 'Check'. Gauge-Check = 계측.
Look for Hanja
Pair with '정밀'
'정밀 계측' is a very common set phrase meaning 'precision measurement.'
News Keywords
Listen for this word during weather reports or environmental news on Korean TV.
احفظها
وسيلة تذكّر
Think of a 'Gauge' (계) and a 'Check' (측) - you use a gauge to check the measurement. 'Gye-Cheuk' sounds like 'Gauge-Check'.
ربط بصري
Imagine a scientist in a white lab coat holding a digital laser device, pointing it at a wall and reading a number on a screen.
Word Web
تحدٍّ
Try to find three things in your room that would require '계측하다' (like a circuit board or a loud machine) and three things that would only require '재다' (like a book or your arm).
أصل الكلمة
Derived from the Hanja characters 計 (계) and 測 (측).
المعنى الأصلي: To count and to fathom/measure.
Sino-Korean.السياق الثقافي
No specific sensitivities, but using it for people (like measuring their worth) can sound dehumanizing or overly robotic.
English speakers often use 'measure' for everything. Learning '계측하다' helps you distinguish between 'measuring flour' and 'measuring seismic waves.'
تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية
سياقات واقعية
Laboratory
- 실험 데이터를 계측하다
- 정밀하게 계측하다
- 오차 범위를 계측하다
- 계측 결과를 기록하다
Construction Site
- 지반의 침하를 계측하다
- 건물의 수평을 계측하다
- 소음 수치를 계측하다
- 안전성을 위해 계측하다
Manufacturing Factory
- 부품의 규격을 계측하다
- 불량률을 계측하다
- 자동으로 계측하다
- 계측 장비를 점검하다
Weather Station
- 강우량을 계측하다
- 풍속을 계측하다
- 기압 변화를 계측하다
- 주기적으로 계측하다
Electronics Engineering
- 전압을 계측하다
- 주파수를 계측하다
- 신호를 계측하다
- 실시간으로 계측하다
بدايات محادثة
"이 기계로 무엇을 계측할 수 있나요? (What can be measured with this machine?)"
"계측 데이터가 왜 이렇게 나오죠? (Why are the measurement data coming out like this?)"
"정밀한 계측이 필요한가요? (Is precise measurement necessary?)"
"어떤 계측 장비를 사용하시나요? (What kind of measuring equipment do you use?)"
"소음을 계측한 결과를 보여주세요. (Please show me the results of the noise measurement.)"
مواضيع للكتابة اليومية
오늘 실험에서 무엇을 계측했는지 적어보세요. (Write about what you measured in today's experiment.)
계측 장비가 고장 났을 때의 상황을 상상해 보세요. (Imagine a situation where the measuring equipment breaks down.)
정확한 계측이 왜 중요한지 당신의 생각을 써보세요. (Write your thoughts on why accurate measurement is important.)
미래에는 어떤 새로운 것들을 계측할 수 있을까요? (What new things will we be able to measure in the future?)
우리 주변에서 매일 계측되고 있는 데이터는 무엇이 있을까요? (What data is being measured around us every day?)
الأسئلة الشائعة
10 أسئلةNo, that would sound like you are a robot or a piece of equipment. Use '키를 재다' instead.
They are often used interchangeably, but '계측' specifically implies using a '계측기' (instrument) for physical data, whereas '측정' can be used for things like 'intelligence' or 'satisfaction.'
It is very common in news, science, and engineering, but you won't hear it much at a dinner table or a shopping mall.
You say '계측기' (gye-cheuk-gi).
Yes, it comes from 計 (to count) and 測 (to measure).
Yes, especially in sports or scientific contexts where time is measured by a precise device. '시간을 계측하다.'
It is '원격 계측' (won-gyeok gye-cheuk).
Yes, '계측되다' means 'to be measured.' Example: '수치가 자동으로 계측된다.'
No, use '계량하다' for recipes.
The word itself is quite formal, but the concept is introduced at the A2/B1 level as learners move beyond basic vocabulary.
اختبر نفسك 24 أسئلة
/ 24 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Use '계측하다' when you are using a tool (like a sensor or gauge) to get a technical measurement. Example: '기술자가 소음을 계측했다' (The technician measured the noise).
- Technical term for measuring with instruments.
- Used in science, engineering, and industry.
- More formal and precise than '재다'.
- Derived from Hanja: 計 (count) + 測 (measure).
Use for Tools
Always use '계측하다' when a specific tool like a sensor, gauge, or multimeter is involved. This makes your Korean sound professional.
Noun + 하다
Remember that '계측' is a noun. You can use it in '계측 중' (measuring in progress) or '계측 완료' (measurement complete).
Compare with 예측
Be careful not to confuse '계측하다' (measure) with '예측하다' (predict). One is about the present, the other is about the future.
Factory & Lab
This word is your best friend if you work in a factory, a lab, or a construction site in Korea.
محتوى ذو صلة
هذه الكلمة بلغات أخرى
مزيد من كلمات academic
입체적
B2له تأثير ثلاثي الأبعاد أو فحص شيء ما من وجهات نظر متعددة.
~에 관해
B1تعبير يعني 'عن' أو 'بخصوص'. يُستخدم في السياقات الرسمية لتقديم موضوع معين.
~에 대하여
A2بخصوص أو فيما يتعلق بموضوع معين. 'نحن نتحدث عن المستقبل.'
~대해
A2تعني 'عن' أو 'بخصوص'. تُستخدم لتحديد موضوع الحديث أو التفكير.
~에 관하여
A2فيما يتعلق بـ أو حول موضوع ما. يستخدم في المواقف الرسمية مثل التقارير أو الخطب.
~에 대해(서)
A1يشير إلى موضوع أو مسألة المناقشة، بمعنى 'عن' أو 'بخصوص'. يتم استخدامه عادة مع أفعال مثل التحدث أو التفكير.
무엇보다
A2قبل كل شيء؛ أكثر من أي شيء آخر.
결석생
A2A student who is absent from class.
추상화하다
B2يُجرد: النظر في شيء ما نظرياً أو بشكل منفصل عن واقعه المادي.
추상
A2Abstraction; the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events.