A1 · Anfänger Kapitel 7

Formal Situations and Polite Requests

4 Gesamtregeln
44 Beispiele
5 Min.
Regeln in diesem Kapitel Schnelle Übung

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of respect and professional communication in the Land of the Morning Calm.

  • Conjugate verbs into the high-formal speech level for business and formal introductions.
  • Ask respectful questions and make polite requests without sounding demanding.
  • Identify the plain form used in books, news, and diaries for factual narration.
Speak with honor, respect, and professional grace.

Was du lernen wirst

Hey there! Ready to speak like a local in important, formal situations in Korea? In this chapter, we're going to master a super important skill: how to speak respectfully and politely, especially when you're talking to someone older than you, a teacher, or a boss. Do you know how crucial showing respect through your speech is in Korea? Here, you'll learn how to end your sentences in a very formal and respectful way using the endings '-ㅂ니다' and '-습니다' (Rule 1). Imagine introducing yourself or speaking in a business meeting – this is your go-to! Then, we'll dive into how to ask formal and polite questions with 'ㅂ니까 / 습니까' (Rule 2), so you'll never feel awkward in serious situations like job interviews or asking a stranger for directions again. Now, what if you want to politely ask someone to do something, but you don't want to sound bossy? That's where '-(으)세요' (Rule 3) comes in handy, helping you make requests smoothly and respectfully, like ordering coffee at a cafe or asking a colleague to pass something. Plus, you'll learn another cool thing: the Korean Plain Form, or '-ㄴ다' (Rule 4), which is perfect for objective writing and factual narration, like when you're reading a text or telling a story. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to navigate formal settings, ask polite questions, make elegant requests, and understand simple written texts. Trust me, it's easier than you think, so let's jump in and start speaking Korean like a respectful pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Introduce yourself in a formal business setting using -ㅂ니다(mnida).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate polite questions to ask a boss or elder using -ㅂ니까(mnikka).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Order food or request assistance politely using -(으)세요(euseyo).
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Recognize factual statements in written Korean texts using the plain form.

Kapitel-Leitfaden

Overview

Hey there, future Korean speaker! Welcome to a crucial chapter in your A1 Korean grammar journey. In Korea, showing respect through your language is incredibly important, especially when you're speaking to someone older, a teacher, a boss, or anyone you're meeting for the first time.
This chapter is all about mastering formal Korean speech, making sure you sound polite, respectful, and confident in any serious situation. From introducing yourself in a business setting to asking for directions from a stranger, these grammar patterns are your secret weapon.
We’ll dive into four essential rules that will transform your communication. You’ll learn how to end your sentences formally with -ㅂ니다/-습니다, ask questions politely using -ㅂ니까/-습니까, make respectful requests with -(으)세요, and even understand the Korean Plain Form (-ㄴ다) for reading and narration. These structures are fundamental for navigating social interactions and understanding written content in Korea.
By the end of this guide, you'll be able to speak and understand Korean in formal contexts like a pro. Get ready to elevate your Korean language learning!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core grammar patterns for formal and polite communication. First up, the Formal Polite Korean (-ㅂ니다/-습니다) ending is your go-to for declarative sentences in formal settings. If a verb or adjective stem ends in a consonant, you add -습니다.
For example, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹습니다 (I eat/he eats). If the stem ends in a vowel, you add -ㅂ니다. So, 가다 (to go) becomes 갑니다 (I go/he goes).
This form is widely used in presentations, news broadcasts, and when addressing people of higher status.
Next, for asking questions in formal situations, we use Formal Questions in Korean (ㅂ니까 / 습니까). This follows the same consonant/vowel rule as the declarative form. A consonant-ending stem takes -습니까? (e.g., 있습니까? – Do you have it?), and a vowel-ending stem takes -ㅂ니까? (e.g., 갑니까? – Are you going?).
This is perfect for interviews or formal inquiries.
When you want to make a Polite Command: Please do... (-(으)세요), this ending is your friend. If the verb stem ends in a consonant, add -으세요 (e.g., 앉다 (to sit) becomes 앉으세요 – Please sit).
If it ends in a vowel, just add -세요 (e.g., 오다 (to come) becomes 오세요 – Please come). Remember, if a verb stem ends in ㄹ (like 만들다 – to make), the ㄹ drops before -으세요, becoming 만드세요 (Please make). This form is polite and commonly used in shops, restaurants, and when speaking to elders.
Finally, the Korean Plain Form: Writing & Narrating (-ㄴ다) is primarily used in written text, for objective narration, or when talking to close friends in a casual way (though we're focusing on its formal written context here for A1). For verbs, if the stem ends in a vowel, add -ㄴ다 (e.g., 가다 becomes 간다 – goes). If it ends in a consonant, add -는다 (e.g., 먹다 becomes 먹는다 – eats).
For adjectives, you simply add -다 (e.g., 예쁘다 – is pretty). This form is crucial for understanding news articles, books, and reports.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «저는 한국어를 공부합니다어요.»
✓ Correct: «저는 한국어를 공부합니다.» (I study Korean.)
*Explanation:* The -ㅂ니다/-습니다 ending is a complete sentence ending. You should not combine it with other sentence endings like -아요/-어요. Choose one appropriate ending for the context.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «선생님, 앉으세요요!»
✓ Correct: «선생님, 앉으세요.» (Teacher, please sit.)
*Explanation:* Similar to the declarative form, -(으)세요 is a complete polite command ending. Duplicating or adding extra endings makes it grammatically incorrect and unnatural.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «이것이 무엇이ㅂ니까?»
✓ Correct: «이것이 무엇입니까?» (What is this?)
*Explanation:* The -ㅂ니까/-습니까 ending is attached directly to the verb or adjective stem. There should be no space between the stem and the ending.

Real Conversations

A

A

안녕하세요? 처음 뵙겠습니다. (Hello? Nice to meet you for the first time.)
B

B

네, 반갑습니다. 저는 김민준입니다. (Yes, nice to meet you. I am Kim Minjun.)
A

A

죄송하지만, 창문을 닫아 주시겠습니까? (Excuse me, but would you please close the window?)
B

B

네, 알겠습니다. (Yes, I understand.)
A

A

커피 한 잔 주십시오. (Please give me one cup of coffee.)
B

B

네, 잠시만 기다리십시오. (Yes, please wait a moment.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use formal polite speech in Korean, specifically -ㅂ니다/-습니다?

You should use -ㅂ니다/-습니다 in very formal settings like business meetings, news broadcasts, public speeches, military contexts, or when addressing someone much older or of a higher social rank for the first time.

Q

Is -(으)세요 considered formal or just polite?

-(으)세요 is a polite command or request form. While not as formal as -ㅂ니다/-습니다, it's generally appropriate for most polite interactions, such as addressing shop assistants, strangers, or people you don't know well.

Q

What's the main difference between -ㅂ니다/-습니다 and -아요/-어요?

Both are polite, but -ㅂ니다/-습니다 is the most formal and respectful form, often used in public or hierarchical settings. -아요/-어요 is the standard polite form used in most everyday conversations, making it more common and versatile.

Q

Can I use the plain form (-ㄴ다) when talking to people?

While it's primarily for written text and narration, the plain form (-ㄴ다) can be used in very casual conversation among close friends, or when speaking to oneself. However, as an A1 learner, it's best to stick to formal or standard polite forms when speaking to others.

Cultural Context

In Korean culture, speech levels are incredibly important and reflect the hierarchical nature of society. Using the correct speech level, especially the formal polite forms like -ㅂ니다/-습니다 and -ㅂ니까/-습니까, demonstrates respect for age, status, and unfamiliarity. These forms are fundamental for showing deference and politeness, making them indispensable for anyone learning A1 Korean.
Mastering them will help you navigate social interactions smoothly and avoid unintentional offense.

Wichtige Beispiele (8)

1

저는 미국 사람입니다.

Ich bin Amerikaner.

Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
2

매일 한국어를 공부합니다.

Ich lerne jeden Tag Koreanisch.

Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
3

한국어를 공부합니까?

Lernen Sie Koreanisch?

Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
4

오늘 시간이 있습니까?

Haben Sie heute Zeit?

Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
5

여기에 앉으세요.

Bitte setzen Sie sich hier hin.

Höfliche Befehle: Bitte tun Sie... (-(으)세요)
6

이 책을 읽으세요.

Bitte lies dieses Buch.

Höfliche Befehle: Bitte tun Sie... (-(으)세요)
7

나는 지금 점심을 먹는다.

Ich esse jetzt zu Mittag.

Koreanische einfache Form: Schreiben & Erzählen (-ㄴ다)
8

하늘이 정말 파랗다.

Der Himmel ist wirklich blau.

Koreanische einfache Form: Schreiben & Erzählen (-ㄴ다)

Tipps & Tricks (4)

💡

Fragen stellen

Um eine Frage in dieser Form zu stellen, tauschst du das '다' am Ende einfach gegen ein '까?' aus. Aus «갑니다» wird dann zum Beispiel «갑니까?».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
🎯

Das Nasal-Geheimnis

Das ㅂ wird geschrieben, klingt aber wie ein weiches ㅁ. Sag 'Sumnikka' statt 'Subnikka', um wie ein Local zu klingen: «비빔밥을 먹습니까?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
⚠️

Kein Eigenlob!

Benutze -세요 niemals, wenn du von dir selbst sprichst. Das klingt sonst so, als würdest du dir selbst Befehle geben! Sag lieber: «저는 공부해요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Höfliche Befehle: Bitte tun Sie... (-(으)세요)
🎯

Die 'L'-Regel

Wenn ein Verb auf 'ㄹ' endet wie '만들다' (machen), lass das 'ㄹ' weg und häng '-ㄴ다' dran. So wird daraus «나는 케이크를 만든다».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Koreanische einfache Form: Schreiben & Erzählen (-ㄴ다)

Wichtige Vokabeln (6)

가다 (gada) to go 먹다 (meokda) to eat 선생님 (seonsaengnim) teacher 사장님 (sajangnim) boss/CEO 커피 (keopi) coffee 책 (chaek) book

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering Coffee Like a Pro

user-check

Meeting the Boss

Review Summary

  • Stem + ㅂ니다 (vowel) / 습니다 (consonant)
  • Stem + ㅂ니까 (vowel) / 습니까 (consonant)
  • Stem + 세요 (vowel) / 으세요 (consonant)
  • Stem + ㄴ다 (vowel) / 는다 (consonant)

Häufige Fehler

While -으세요 is the rule, some verbs like 'eat' (먹다) have special honorific versions (드시다) that you must use with elders.

Wrong: 먹으세요 (meogeuseyo) - incorrect command for 'eat'
Richtig: 드세요 (deuseyo)

Never use the Plain Form (-ㄴ다) when speaking directly to a teacher or boss; it sounds cold or even rude in speech.

Wrong: 선생님, 밥을 먹는다? (seonsaengnim, babeul meokneunda?)
Richtig: 선생님, 식사하십니까? (seonsaengnim, siksahasimnikka?)

Don't forget to check if the stem ends in a vowel. 가다 (gada) has no bottom consonant, so it takes -ㅂ니다, not -습니다.

Wrong: 가습니다 (gaseumnida)
Richtig: 갑니다 (gamnida)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of Korean culture! By mastering these formal levels, you've shown that you respect the language and its people. Keep practicing, and you'll be navigating Seoul's business district with confidence in no time!

Write a 5-sentence formal diary entry about your day.

Practice introducing yourself out loud using -ㅂ니다.

Continue to: The Essentials: Identity and the Present Moment

Schnelle Übung (10)

Finde den Fehler in diesem Satz.

Find and fix the mistake:

어디에 살습니까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어디에 삽니까?
Das ㄹ in 살다 fällt weg, wenn es auf das ㅂ von ㅂ니까 trifft.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

Finde und korrigiere den Fehler beim Verb '읽다'.

Find and fix the mistake:

책을 읽다. (Plain Form für 'Ich lese ein Buch')

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 책을 읽는다.
Bei Aktionsverben, die auf einen Konsonanten enden wie '읽다', musst du '-는다' hinzufügen.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Koreanische einfache Form: Schreiben & Erzählen (-ㄴ다)

Welcher Satz ist für 'essen' (먹다) richtig gebildet?

Wähle die formelle Frage:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹습니까?
먹다 hat ein Batchim (ㄱ), daher müssen wir 습니까 nutzen.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

Verwandle das Verb '가다' (gehen) in eine formelle Frage.

학교에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갑니까
가다 hat kein Batchim, also hängen wir ㅂ니까 an den Stamm '가'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formelle Fragen auf Koreanisch (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

Finde und korrigiere den Fehler im Satz.

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 한국어를 배우습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 한국어를 배웁니다.
Das Verb '배우다' endet auf einen Vokal (우). Deshalb setzen wir das 'ㅂ' direkt darunter: '배웁니다'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

Fülle die Lücke mit der richtigen Plain Form von '가다' (gehen).

나는 매일 학교에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 간다
Da '가다' ein Aktionsverb ist, das auf einen Vokal endet, hängen wir '-ㄴ다' an den Stamm.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Koreanische einfache Form: Schreiben & Erzählen (-ㄴ다)

Fülle die Lücke mit der richtigen formell-höflichen Form aus.

저희 회사는 서울에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 있습니다
Das Verb '있다' endet auf einen Konsonanten (있), also hängen wir '습니다' an.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

Welcher Satz ist grammatikalisch richtig?

Wähle die korrekte formelle Frage:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹습니까?
Für eine Frage ändern wir '다' zu '까'. Da '먹다' auf einen Konsonanten endet, wird es zu '먹습니까?'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Formell-Höfliches Koreanisch (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

Finde den Fehler in der Bitte für '앉다' (sitzen).

의자에 앉세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 의자에 앉으세요.
'앉다' endet auf einen Konsonanten, also brauchen wir das '으' als Puffer: 앉 + 으세요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Höfliche Befehle: Bitte tun Sie... (-(으)세요)

Welcher Satz nutzt die 'ㄹ'-Regel richtig?

Wähle die richtige Form für '만들다' (machen):

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 만드세요
Bei Verben auf 'ㄹ' muss das 'ㄹ' verschwinden, bevor -세요 kommt.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Höfliche Befehle: Bitte tun Sie... (-(으)세요)

Score: /10

Häufige Fragen (6)

Es wird wie 'm-ni-da' ausgesprochen, nicht 'p-ni-da'. Das ㅂ wird zum 'm', weil direkt danach ein ㄴ folgt. Beispiel: «합니다» (ham-ni-da).
Lieber nicht, das klingt total steif und wie ein Roboter. Nutze mit Freunden lieber die lockere Form (반말) oder das normale Höflichkeits-요.
Nutze es in offiziellen Situationen wie Jobinterviews oder beim Militär. Es zeigt tiefen Respekt: «처음 뵙겠습니다. 잘 부탁드립니다.»
Firmen nutzen das, um seriös und professionell zu wirken. Es ist der Standard für Buttons: «확인하시겠습니까?»
Ja, das ist absolut okay für den Büroalltag. In sehr formellen Meetings nutzt man aber eher «-하십시오».
-아요 ist eine normale Aussage, während «-세요» eine höfliche Bitte oder Aufforderung ist. «가요» heißt 'Ich gehe', «가세요» heißt 'Bitte gehen Sie'.
Vorheriges Kapitel
Connecting People and Things
Nächstes Kapitel
The Essentials: Identity and the Present Moment
Zurück zur Roadmap