A1 · 初級 チャプター 7

Formal Situations and Polite Requests

4 トータルルール
44 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of respect and professional communication in the Land of the Morning Calm.

  • Conjugate verbs into the high-formal speech level for business and formal introductions.
  • Ask respectful questions and make polite requests without sounding demanding.
  • Identify the plain form used in books, news, and diaries for factual narration.
Speak with honor, respect, and professional grace.

学べること

Hey there! Ready to speak like a local in important, formal situations in Korea? In this chapter, we're going to master a super important skill: how to speak respectfully and politely, especially when you're talking to someone older than you, a teacher, or a boss. Do you know how crucial showing respect through your speech is in Korea? Here, you'll learn how to end your sentences in a very formal and respectful way using the endings '-ㅂ니다' and '-습니다' (Rule 1). Imagine introducing yourself or speaking in a business meeting – this is your go-to! Then, we'll dive into how to ask formal and polite questions with 'ㅂ니까 / 습니까' (Rule 2), so you'll never feel awkward in serious situations like job interviews or asking a stranger for directions again. Now, what if you want to politely ask someone to do something, but you don't want to sound bossy? That's where '-(으)세요' (Rule 3) comes in handy, helping you make requests smoothly and respectfully, like ordering coffee at a cafe or asking a colleague to pass something. Plus, you'll learn another cool thing: the Korean Plain Form, or '-ㄴ다' (Rule 4), which is perfect for objective writing and factual narration, like when you're reading a text or telling a story. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to navigate formal settings, ask polite questions, make elegant requests, and understand simple written texts. Trust me, it's easier than you think, so let's jump in and start speaking Korean like a respectful pro!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Introduce yourself in a formal business setting using -ㅂ니다(mnida).
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate polite questions to ask a boss or elder using -ㅂ니까(mnikka).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Order food or request assistance politely using -(으)세요(euseyo).
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Recognize factual statements in written Korean texts using the plain form.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, future Korean speaker! Welcome to a crucial chapter in your A1 Korean grammar journey. In Korea, showing respect through your language is incredibly important, especially when you're speaking to someone older, a teacher, a boss, or anyone you're meeting for the first time.
This chapter is all about mastering formal Korean speech, making sure you sound polite, respectful, and confident in any serious situation. From introducing yourself in a business setting to asking for directions from a stranger, these grammar patterns are your secret weapon.
We’ll dive into four essential rules that will transform your communication. You’ll learn how to end your sentences formally with -ㅂ니다/-습니다, ask questions politely using -ㅂ니까/-습니까, make respectful requests with -(으)세요, and even understand the Korean Plain Form (-ㄴ다) for reading and narration. These structures are fundamental for navigating social interactions and understanding written content in Korea.
By the end of this guide, you'll be able to speak and understand Korean in formal contexts like a pro. Get ready to elevate your Korean language learning!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core grammar patterns for formal and polite communication. First up, the Formal Polite Korean (-ㅂ니다/-습니다) ending is your go-to for declarative sentences in formal settings. If a verb or adjective stem ends in a consonant, you add -습니다.
For example, 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹습니다 (I eat/he eats). If the stem ends in a vowel, you add -ㅂ니다. So, 가다 (to go) becomes 갑니다 (I go/he goes).
This form is widely used in presentations, news broadcasts, and when addressing people of higher status.
Next, for asking questions in formal situations, we use Formal Questions in Korean (ㅂ니까 / 습니까). This follows the same consonant/vowel rule as the declarative form. A consonant-ending stem takes -습니까? (e.g., 있습니까? – Do you have it?), and a vowel-ending stem takes -ㅂ니까? (e.g., 갑니까? – Are you going?).
This is perfect for interviews or formal inquiries.
When you want to make a Polite Command: Please do... (-(으)세요), this ending is your friend. If the verb stem ends in a consonant, add -으세요 (e.g., 앉다 (to sit) becomes 앉으세요 – Please sit).
If it ends in a vowel, just add -세요 (e.g., 오다 (to come) becomes 오세요 – Please come). Remember, if a verb stem ends in ㄹ (like 만들다 – to make), the ㄹ drops before -으세요, becoming 만드세요 (Please make). This form is polite and commonly used in shops, restaurants, and when speaking to elders.
Finally, the Korean Plain Form: Writing & Narrating (-ㄴ다) is primarily used in written text, for objective narration, or when talking to close friends in a casual way (though we're focusing on its formal written context here for A1). For verbs, if the stem ends in a vowel, add -ㄴ다 (e.g., 가다 becomes 간다 – goes). If it ends in a consonant, add -는다 (e.g., 먹다 becomes 먹는다 – eats).
For adjectives, you simply add -다 (e.g., 예쁘다 – is pretty). This form is crucial for understanding news articles, books, and reports.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: «저는 한국어를 공부합니다어요.»
✓ Correct: «저는 한국어를 공부합니다.» (I study Korean.)
*Explanation:* The -ㅂ니다/-습니다 ending is a complete sentence ending. You should not combine it with other sentence endings like -아요/-어요. Choose one appropriate ending for the context.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «선생님, 앉으세요요!»
✓ Correct: «선생님, 앉으세요.» (Teacher, please sit.)
*Explanation:* Similar to the declarative form, -(으)세요 is a complete polite command ending. Duplicating or adding extra endings makes it grammatically incorrect and unnatural.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: «이것이 무엇이ㅂ니까?»
✓ Correct: «이것이 무엇입니까?» (What is this?)
*Explanation:* The -ㅂ니까/-습니까 ending is attached directly to the verb or adjective stem. There should be no space between the stem and the ending.

Real Conversations

A

A

안녕하세요? 처음 뵙겠습니다. (Hello? Nice to meet you for the first time.)
B

B

네, 반갑습니다. 저는 김민준입니다. (Yes, nice to meet you. I am Kim Minjun.)
A

A

죄송하지만, 창문을 닫아 주시겠습니까? (Excuse me, but would you please close the window?)
B

B

네, 알겠습니다. (Yes, I understand.)
A

A

커피 한 잔 주십시오. (Please give me one cup of coffee.)
B

B

네, 잠시만 기다리십시오. (Yes, please wait a moment.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use formal polite speech in Korean, specifically -ㅂ니다/-습니다?

You should use -ㅂ니다/-습니다 in very formal settings like business meetings, news broadcasts, public speeches, military contexts, or when addressing someone much older or of a higher social rank for the first time.

Q

Is -(으)세요 considered formal or just polite?

-(으)세요 is a polite command or request form. While not as formal as -ㅂ니다/-습니다, it's generally appropriate for most polite interactions, such as addressing shop assistants, strangers, or people you don't know well.

Q

What's the main difference between -ㅂ니다/-습니다 and -아요/-어요?

Both are polite, but -ㅂ니다/-습니다 is the most formal and respectful form, often used in public or hierarchical settings. -아요/-어요 is the standard polite form used in most everyday conversations, making it more common and versatile.

Q

Can I use the plain form (-ㄴ다) when talking to people?

While it's primarily for written text and narration, the plain form (-ㄴ다) can be used in very casual conversation among close friends, or when speaking to oneself. However, as an A1 learner, it's best to stick to formal or standard polite forms when speaking to others.

Cultural Context

In Korean culture, speech levels are incredibly important and reflect the hierarchical nature of society. Using the correct speech level, especially the formal polite forms like -ㅂ니다/-습니다 and -ㅂ니까/-습니까, demonstrates respect for age, status, and unfamiliarity. These forms are fundamental for showing deference and politeness, making them indispensable for anyone learning A1 Korean.
Mastering them will help you navigate social interactions smoothly and avoid unintentional offense.

重要な例文 (8)

1

저는 미국 사람입니다.

私はアメリカ人です。

韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
2

매일 한국어를 공부합니다.

毎日韓国語を勉強します。

韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
3

한국어를 공부합니까?

韓国語を勉強しますか？

韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
4

오늘 시간이 있습니까?

今日お時間はありますか？

韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
5

여기에 앉으세요.

ここに座ってください。

丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)
6

이 책을 읽으세요.

この本を読んでください。

丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)
7

나는 지금 점심을 먹는다.

私は今、昼食を食べる。

韓国語の基本形：書き言葉とナレーション (-ㄴ다)
8

하늘이 정말 파랗다.

空が本当に青い。

韓国語の基本形：書き言葉とナレーション (-ㄴ다)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

質問する時は？

質問したい時は、最後の「다」を「까?」に変えるだけでOKです。例えば「行きますか？」なら «갑니까?» になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)
🎯

発音の魔法：鼻音化

「ㅂ」と書いてありますが、音は「ㅁ」に変わります。「スブニッカ」ではなく「スムニッカ」と発音すると、一気にネイティブっぽくなりますよ！ «한국어를 공부합니까?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)
⚠️

自分へのご褒美？

自分に対して「-세요」を使うと、自分を敬う変な人になっちゃいます！自分の時は «저는 한국어를 공부해요.» と言いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)
🎯

「L」のルールに注意！

만들다（作る）のように「ㄹ」で終わる動詞は、「ㄹ」を消してから「-ㄴ다」をつけます。 «나는 지금 요리를 만든다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の基本形：書き言葉とナレーション (-ㄴ다)

重要な語彙 (6)

가다 (gada) to go 먹다 (meokda) to eat 선생님 (seonsaengnim) teacher 사장님 (sajangnim) boss/CEO 커피 (keopi) coffee 책 (chaek) book

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering Coffee Like a Pro

user-check

Meeting the Boss

Review Summary

  • Stem + ㅂ니다 (vowel) / 습니다 (consonant)
  • Stem + ㅂ니까 (vowel) / 습니까 (consonant)
  • Stem + 세요 (vowel) / 으세요 (consonant)
  • Stem + ㄴ다 (vowel) / 는다 (consonant)

よくある間違い

While -으세요 is the rule, some verbs like 'eat' (먹다) have special honorific versions (드시다) that you must use with elders.

Wrong: 먹으세요 (meogeuseyo) - incorrect command for 'eat'
正解: 드세요 (deuseyo)

Never use the Plain Form (-ㄴ다) when speaking directly to a teacher or boss; it sounds cold or even rude in speech.

Wrong: 선생님, 밥을 먹는다? (seonsaengnim, babeul meokneunda?)
正解: 선생님, 식사하십니까? (seonsaengnim, siksahasimnikka?)

Don't forget to check if the stem ends in a vowel. 가다 (gada) has no bottom consonant, so it takes -ㅂ니다, not -습니다.

Wrong: 가습니다 (gaseumnida)
正解: 갑니다 (gamnida)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a huge part of Korean culture! By mastering these formal levels, you've shown that you respect the language and its people. Keep practicing, and you'll be navigating Seoul's business district with confidence in no time!

Write a 5-sentence formal diary entry about your day.

Practice introducing yourself out loud using -ㅂ니다.

Continue to: The Essentials: Identity and the Present Moment

クイック練習 (9)

この文の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

어디에 살습니까?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 어디에 삽니까?
「살다」の「ㄹ」は、「ㅂ」と出会うと消えてしまうルールがあります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

動詞「가다」（行く）をフォーマルな疑問形に変えてみましょう。

학교에 ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 갑니까
「가다」にはパッチムがないので、語幹の「가」に「ㅂ니까」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

「가다（行く）」を丁寧な命令形に変えてみましょう。

저쪽으로 ___. (あちらへ行ってください。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 가세요
「가다」は母音で終わるので、そのまま「-세요」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)

空欄に当てはまる正しいフォーマルな形を選んでください。

저희 회사는 서울에 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 있습니다
動詞 '있다' は子音（있）で終わるので、 '습니다' をつなげます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

「ㄹ」が消えるルールを正しく使っているのはどれ？

「만들다（作る）」の正しい形を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 만드세요
「ㄹ」で終わる単語は、「ㄹ」を消してから「-세요」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)

文法的に正しい文章はどれですか？

正しいフォーマルな質問を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹습니까?
質問にする時は「다」を「까」に変えます。 '먹다' は '습니다' を使うので '먹습니까?' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

「앉다（座る）」の丁寧な命令形の間違いを探しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

의자에 앉세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 의자에 앉으세요.
「앉다」にはパッチムがあるので、クッション役の「으」を入れて「앉으세요」にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 丁寧な命令・依頼：〜してください (-(으)세요)

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

저는 한국어를 배우습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 한국어를 배웁니다.
'배우다' は母音（우）で終わるので、下に 'ㅂ' を入れて '배웁니다' にするのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語のフォーマル丁寧語 (-ㅂ니다/-습니다)

「먹다」（食べる）の正しいフォーマルな疑問形はどれ？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹습니까?
「먹다」にはパッチム「ㄱ」があるので、「습니까」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の丁寧な疑問文 (ㅂ니까 / 습니까)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

「プニダ」ではなく「ムニダ」と発音します。'ㅂ' の後に 'ㄴ' が来ると音が変わるんです。 «합니다»
いいえ、ロボットみたいで少し不自然です。友達にはもっとカジュアルな言葉を使いましょう。 «고마워»
就職面接や軍隊、大勢の前での発表など、公的な場では「ㅂ니까」がベストです。 «면접을 시작합니까?» のように、プロフェッショナルな境界線を作れます。
企業が信頼感を与えるために使います。ボタンや確認画面で «저장합니까?»（保存しますか？）のように使われるのが一般的です。
はい、職場でも十分丁寧です。ただ、すごく重要な会議などでは «-십시오» を使うこともあります。 «여기 앉으세요.»
-아요 は単なる説明ですが、 -세요 は相手への「お願い」や「敬意」が含まれます。 «지금 가세요?»
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