A1 · 初級 チャプター 6

Connecting People and Things

6 トータルルール
62 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting your thoughts to build complete, natural Korean sentences.

  • Join nouns together using formal and casual connectors.
  • Express possession and target recipients of actions.
  • Add nuance to your speech with particles for 'also' and 'only'.
Connect, possess, and define: building your Korean toolkit.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! Ready for another exciting leap in your Korean journey? This chapter is all about becoming a master connector – you’ll learn how to link words together like a pro, making your sentences sound natural and complete. Don’t worry, it’s easier than you think and super fun! First up, you’ll discover how to join nouns. Imagine you're in a bustling Seoul café and want to order coffee and cake. Korean has special particles, '와/과' for more formal or written contexts, and '하고' for casual chats, that do just that! You'll be using them constantly in real-life situations. Next, we tackle possession. Ever wondered how to say my book or "my friend's car"? You’ll learn the tiny but mighty particle '의' (pronounced 'eh') that makes it happen. Plus, you’ll even get a shortcut for saying mine, turning '나의' into a neat '내'. Then, we'll learn how to show who’s receiving an action. Want to say

I called my mom
or
I gave a gift to my friend
? The particles '에게' and '한테' will be your best friends, making sure your actions reach the right person. Finally, you’ll round off the chapter by learning how to say this too (with '도') and only this (with '만'). These particles are incredibly useful for adding emphasis and precision to your sentences, whether you’re saying
I’m coming too
or Only I know. By the end of this chapter, you’ll be confidently connecting people and objects, expressing ownership, and conveying your exact meaning with ease. From
me and my friend
to "it's Mom's and only this one," you'll have the tools to express so much more. Ready for this exciting adventure? Let's go!

  • フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)
    書き言葉やフォーマルな場面で使う「と」です。パッチムがない時は «와»、ある時は «과» を使いましょう。
  • 「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)
    会話で「〜と」と言いたい時は、名詞の後ろに «하고» をピタッとくっつけるだけでOK！「並列」と「一緒」の両方で使えます。
  • 所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)
    所有を表す「の」にあたる «의» は、発音を「エ」にすることと、«내» や «제» のような短縮形を覚えるのがポイントです！
  • 誰かに (에게 / 한테)
    名詞のあとに「에게」や「한테」をくっつけるだけで、「誰かに」という気持ちが伝わります。 «에게» «한테» «께» の3つをマスターしましょう！
  • 助詞 도 (〜も)
    助詞（은/는/이/가/을/를）の代わりに «도» をペタッと貼るだけで「〜も」という意味になります。
  • 〜だけ/〜のみ：限定の助詞 만
    名詞にピタッと «만» をくっつけるだけで、ポジティブに「〜だけ」という限定の気持ちを伝えられます。

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use particles to link nouns and express ownership accurately.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Direct actions to specific people and emphasize exclusivity or inclusion.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, language explorer, to an exciting chapter in your A1 Korean grammar journey:
Connecting People and Things
! This guide is designed to help you master essential Korean particles that act like linguistic glue, allowing you to link words and express complex ideas with ease. Understanding these basic connectors is fundamental for building natural-sounding sentences and will significantly boost your conversational confidence.
You'll learn how to say and, express possession, indicate who receives an action, and add emphasis with also or only.
By the end of this chapter, you won't just be memorizing words; you'll be actively connecting them, transforming simple vocabulary into meaningful phrases. Whether you're ordering 커피와 케이크 (coffee and cake) at a café, talking about 내 친구 (my friend), or telling someone 선물 줬어요 (I gave a gift), these particles are your key. They are truly the building blocks for more advanced Korean sentence structure and crucial for any learner aiming for fluency in A1 Korean.
Get ready to connect like a pro!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces six crucial Korean particles that help you connect elements within your sentences. First, for connecting nouns with and, we have 와/과 and 하고. 와/과 is typically used in more formal or written contexts.
You use 와 after a vowel-ending noun (like 커피와 케이크 - coffee and cake), and 과 after a consonant-ending noun (like 빵과 우유 - bread and milk). In contrast, 하고 is the casual, everyday way to say and and can also mean with. It attaches directly to any noun, regardless of its ending, making it very versatile (e.g., 나하고 친구 - me and friend).
Next, to show possession, you'll use the particle 의. It's usually pronounced 'eh' when indicating ownership, as in 엄마의 가방 (Mom's bag). A common and useful shortcut for my is to change 나의 to 내 (my) and 저의 to 제 (my, polite form).
When you want to indicate who is receiving an action, like giving a gift or making a call, you'll use 에게 or 한테. 에게 is more formal or written (e.g., 선생님에게 질문 - question to the teacher), while 한테 is used in casual spoken Korean (e.g., 친구한테 전화 - call to a friend). Finally, to add nuance, we have 도 for also/too (e.g., 저도 학생이에요 - I am also a student) and 만 for only/just (e.g., 물만 주세요 - Please give only water).
Mastering these A1 Korean particles will significantly enhance your communication.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 사과과 바나나 주세요. (Incorrect use of 과 after a vowel)
✓ Correct: 사과와 바나나 주세요. (Please give me apples and bananas.)
*Explanation:* The particle 와 is used after a noun ending in a vowel, while 과 is used after a noun ending in a consonant. 사과 (apple) ends in a vowel, so 와 is correct.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 나 책이에요. (Missing possessive particle)
✓ Correct: 내 책이에요. (It's my book.)
*Explanation:* While 나의 means my, it almost always shortens to 내 in spoken Korean. Similarly, 저의 (my, polite) shortens to 제. Omitting the particle entirely is grammatically incorrect for possession.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 책상에게 앉아요. (Using '에게' for an inanimate object)
✓ Correct: 책상에 앉아요. (I sit on the desk.)
*Explanation:* The particles 에게 and 한테 are specifically used for living beings (people, animals) that receive an action. For inanimate objects or locations, a different particle like 에 is used to indicate location or direction.

Real Conversations

A

A

이거 누구 가방이에요? (Whose bag is this?)
B

B

이거 제 가방이에요. (This is my bag.)
A

A

뭐 주문할까요? 커피하고 케이크 어때요? (What should we order? How about coffee and cake?)
B

B

네, 좋아요! 저는 커피만 마실게요. (Yes, good! I'll only drink coffee.)
A

A

어제 친구한테 전화했어요? (Did you call your friend yesterday?)
B

B

아니요, 못 했어요. 하지만 오늘 할 거예요. 그리고 엄마에게도 전화할 거예요. (No, I couldn't. But I will today. And I will call Mom too.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 와/과 and 하고 for and?

와/과 is generally more formal or used in writing, and requires you to choose between 와 (after vowels) and 과 (after consonants). 하고 is the casual, everyday spoken form of and, and it attaches directly to any noun regardless of its ending.

Q

How is the possessive particle 의 pronounced, and why does it sometimes sound like 'eh'?

When 의 functions as a possessive particle (like in 저의 or 친구의), it is most commonly pronounced similar to 'eh' (like the 'e' in bed). When it's part of a word or at the beginning of a word, its pronunciation is closer to 'eu'.

Q

Can 에게 and 한테 be used for animals, or only for people?

Yes, both 에게 and 한테 can be used for animals, as they are considered living beings capable of receiving an action. For example, you can say 강아지에게 밥을 줬어요 (I gave food to the puppy).

Cultural Context

In Korean conversations, the choice between particles like 와/과 versus 하고, or 에게 versus 한테, subtly reflects the level of formality and closeness. While 와/과 and 에게 are grammatically correct, native speakers almost exclusively use 하고 and 한테 in casual, everyday speech with friends and family. Using the more formal options in such settings might sound a bit stiff or overly polite.
The shortened possessive forms 내 and 제 are also incredibly common and natural, so much so that using the full 나의 or 저의 can sound a bit formal or even unnatural in most casual contexts. These particles are not just grammatical tools; they are integral to the social nuances of Korean communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

아침에 빵과 우유를 먹었습니다.

朝にパンと牛乳を食べました。

フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)
2

제 취미는 영화와 음악 감상입니다.

私の趣味は映画鑑賞と音楽鑑賞です。

フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)
3

불고기하고 비빔밥 주세요.

プルコギとビビンバをください。

「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)
4

저하고 친구예요.

私と友達です。

「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)
5

이건 제 책이에요.

これは私の本です。

所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)
6

여기는 서울의 중심입니다.

ここはソウルの中心です。

所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)
7

친구한테 문자를 보내요.

友達にメッセージを送ります。

誰かに (에게 / 한테)
8

동생한테 과자를 줬어요.

弟（妹）にお菓子をあげました。

誰かに (에게 / 한테)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「〜と一緒に」という意味

「話す」などの動詞と一緒に使うと「〜と」という相手を表せます。«친구와 이야기해요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)
💡

魔法のマジックテープ

«하고» は前の名詞にピタッとくっつくマジックテープだと思ってください。間にスペースを空けずに «사과하고» のように書きましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)
🎯

「エ」の発音でネイティブ風に

「의」は本来「ウィ」と読みますが、所有の「〜の」として使う時はみんな「エ」と発音します。これだけで一気に韓国語が上手く聞こえますよ！ «친구의 편지»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)
🎯

方向を見分けるコツ

「〜に」なのか「〜から」なのか迷ったら、後ろの動詞を見てみて！「주다（あげる）」なら「〜に」、「받다（もらう）」なら「〜から」という意味になります。 «친구한테 선物を 받았어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 誰かに (에게 / 한테)

重要な語彙 (6)

커피 (keopi) coffee 친구 (chingu) friend 선물 (seonmul) gift 나 (na) I/me (casual) 주다 (juda) to give 책 (chaek) book

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

Review Summary

  • Noun + 와/과
  • Noun + 하고
  • Owner + 의 (or 내)
  • Person + 에게/한테
  • Noun + 도
  • Noun + 만

よくある間違い

While '나의' is grammatically correct, '내' is the standard, natural way to say 'my' in speech.

Wrong: 나의 책 (Na-ui chaek)
正解: 내 책 (Nae chaek)

You must use '한테' or '에게' to indicate a person is receiving the action, not just the location particle '에'.

Wrong: 친구에 선물을 줘요 (Chingu-e seonmul-eul jwoyo)
正解: 친구한테 선물을 줘요 (Chingu-hante seonmul-eul jwoyo)

Placement of '도' changes meaning. Attaching it to the subject ('나도') means 'I, as well as others'.

Wrong: 나는 커피도 마셔요 (I also drink coffee - implying others do too)
正解: 나도 커피를 마셔요 (I, too, drink coffee)

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)

A1
書き言葉やフォーマルな場面で使う「と」です。パッチムがない時は «와»、ある時は «과» を使いましょう。
아침에 빵과 우유를 먹었습니다.
10 例文
2

「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)

A1
会話で「〜と」と言いたい時は、名詞の後ろに «하고» をピタッとくっつけるだけでOK！「並列」と「一緒」の両方で使えます。
불고기하고 비빔밥 주세요.
10 例文
3

所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)

A1
所有を表す「の」にあたる «의» は、発音を「エ」にすることと、«내» や «제» のような短縮形を覚えるのがポイントです！
이건 제 책이에요.
12 例文
4

誰かに (에게 / 한테)

A1
名詞のあとに「에게」や「한테」をくっつけるだけで、「誰かに」という気持ちが伝わります。 «에게» «한테» «께» の3つをマスターしましょう！
친구한테 문자를 보내요.
10 例文
5

助詞 도 (〜も)

A1
助詞（은/는/이/가/을/를）の代わりに «도» をペタッと貼るだけで「〜も」という意味になります。
저도요.
10 例文
6

〜だけ/〜のみ：限定の助詞 만

A1
名詞にピタッと «만» をくっつけるだけで、ポジティブに「〜だけ」という限定の気持ちを伝えられます。
나만 한국어를 배워요.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've done an amazing job this chapter! Your ability to link thoughts is growing fast. Keep practicing, and you'll be fluent before you know it!

Write 5 sentences describing items you own and people you interact with.

Continue to: Formal Situations and Polite Requests

クイック練習 (10)

間違いを見つけて直しましょう

Find and fix the mistake:

우유과 빵을 샀습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 우유와 빵을 샀습니다.
「우유」は母音（ㅠ）で終わるので、「와」にするのが正しい修正です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)

「私もピザが好きです」という正しい韓国語を選んでください。

正しい文章を選択してください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저 피자도 좋아해요.
「도」を使う時は、目的語の助詞「를」を消して「피자도」にするのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助詞 도 (〜も)

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

숙제 하고 자요。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 숙제하고 자요。
助詞の「하고」は、前の名詞（宿題）にスペースを空けずにくっつける必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)

文法的に正しい文章はどれですか？

「本と鉛筆」を正しく言ってみましょう：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 책과 연필
「책」はパッチム（ㄱ）で終わるので、「과」を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「と」：名詞の連結 (와/과)

「水とコーヒー」の正しい書き方はどれ？

正しいスペースと使い方を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 물하고 커피
最初の名詞と「하고」の間にはスペースを入れません。「와」は書き言葉で使われることが多いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜と」の言い方 (会話体)

友達と話している時、正しい文章はどれかな？

「ミンジにプレゼントをあげます」を韓国語で言ってみよう：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 민지한테 선물을 줘요.
話し言葉で人に対して使う時は「한테」が正解！「에」は場所、「께」は目上の人用だよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 誰かに (에게 / 한테)

発音のガイドを直してください

Find and fix the mistake:

「의」が所有の助詞として使われる時の発音は？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: [에] (エ)
書く時は «의» ですが、助詞として使う時の標準的な発音は «에» です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の助詞 의 (発音は「エ」)

教授に対して話しています。間違いを直してね。

Find and fix the mistake:

교수님한테 질문이 있어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 교수님께 질문이 있어요.
教授のような目上の人が相手の時は、尊敬を表す「께」を使うのがマナーだよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 誰かに (에게 / 한테)

この文章の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는도 가고 싶어요. (私も行きたいです。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저도 가고 싶어요.
トピックの助詞「는」と「도」は一緒に使えません。「는」を消して「저도」にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 助詞 도 (〜も)

正しい文章はどれ？

「私だけ勉強します」を正しく韓国語にすると？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 나만 공부해요.
助詞 «만» は主語の助詞 «이/가» を置き換えるので、 «나만» が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜だけ/〜のみ：限定の助詞 만

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

直前の名詞の最後にパッチムがあるかどうかです。«사과와» のようにパッチムがなければ «와»、«책과» のようにあれば «과» を使います。
ニュースや書き言葉では «와/과» が多いですが、日常会話では «하고» の方がよく使われます。
いいえ、変わりません！ «차하고» (お茶と) も «물하고» (水と) も、どんな名詞にもそのままくっつきます。
いいえ、できません。名詞の後ろにつけるルールなので、文の頭で「そして」と言いたい時は «그리고» を使いましょう。
«내» (私の) と «네» (あなたの) の音が似ているので、区別するために会話では «네» を «니» と発音します。 «니 거» (君の) のように使います。
日常会話では «엄마 차» (ママの車) のように省略できますが、書き言葉や複雑な文では «한국의 경제» (韓国の経済) のように残します。
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Talking About Time and Schedules
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Formal Situations and Polite Requests
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