A1 · مبتدی فصل 10

گفتنِ "هست" و "نیست" به ژاپنی، مؤدبانه!

1 مجموع قواعد
11 مثال‌ها
5 دقیقه
قواعد این فصل

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of stating what exists and where things are.

  • Distinguish between animate and inanimate objects.
  • Use Arimasu for objects and plants.
  • Use Imasu for people and animals.
Bringing your world to life with Arimasu and Imasu!

چی یاد می‌گیری

هی! تو این فصل، می‌خوایم یه قدم خیلی بزرگ برداریم تو یادگیری ژاپنی. می‌دونی، اولش شاید فکر کنی ژاپنی سخته، ولی با Desu (دِس) و Arimasu/Imasu (آریماسو/ایماسو) خیلی زود می‌تونی خودتو معرفی کنی و بگی چی هست و چی نیست. Desu رو در نظر بگیر مثل یه علامت «مساوی (=)» خیلی با ادب! همیشه آخر جمله میاد و باهاش می‌تونی بگی «من دانش‌آموز هستم» یا «این یه کتابه». وقتی می‌خوای مؤدب باشی و قشنگ حرف بزنی، Desu رفیق فابته. اینو که یاد بگیری، می‌تونی ۹۰ درصد مکالمات روزمره رو با احترام جلو ببری، مثلاً تو یه کافه ژاپنی می‌خوای بگی «این قهوه است» یا خودتو به یه نفر معرفی کنی. بعدش می‌ریم سراغ Arimasu و Imasu که برای گفتن «هست» یا «وجود داره» استفاده می‌شن. یه قانون ساده داره: اگه چیزی زنده است و خودش تکون می‌خوره (مثل آدم یا حیوون)، می‌گی Imasu. ولی اگه یه چیزیه که سر جاش ثابت مونده یا جون نداره (مثل میز، کتاب یا حتی یه درخت)، از Arimasu استفاده می‌کنی. خیلی کاربردیه! مثلاً می‌تونی بگی «تو اتاق، یه گربه هست» یا «اینجا یه کتابخونه هست». وقتی این فصل رو تموم کنی، می‌تونی به راحتی خودت و بقیه رو معرفی کنی، در مورد اشیاء و افراد صحبت کنی، و حتی بگی «چی هست و چی نیست». اینا پایه‌های مهمیه برای اینکه بتونی تو ژاپن گلیم خودتو از آب بکشی و با اعتماد به نفس حرف بزنی. پس بزن بریم که ژاپنی یاد بگیری!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly identify whether to use Arimasu or Imasu based on the subject's animacy.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your Japanese grammar A1 journey! We're about to unlock some of the most fundamental and frequently used structures in the language. Mastering the concepts of
Stating Existence and Identity
will empower you to communicate effectively from day one.
This chapter aligns perfectly with CEFR A1 objectives, equipping you with essential Japanese phrases to introduce yourself, describe your surroundings, and express basic facts. You'll learn how to say
I am a student
or
This is a book
using Desu, the polite equals sign of Japanese. Then, we'll dive into Arimasu and Imasu, which allow you to articulate there is or exists for both inanimate objects and living beings.
These foundational tools are crucial for navigating daily life in Japan, whether you're ordering coffee or asking for directions. Get ready to build a solid base for confident Japanese communication!

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

Let's start with Desu (です), your first key to polite and clear communication. Think of Desu as the equals sign of Japanese. It’s a polite copula that links a noun or noun phrase to another noun or adjective, stating identity or a characteristic.
This covers "Using 'Desu' (A is B) and The Japanese Copula: Using 'Desu' for Identity." It always comes at the end of a sentence.
For example, to introduce yourself:
私は学生です。(Watashi wa gakusei desu.)
(I am a student.)
To identify an object:
これは本です。(Kore wa hon desu.)
(This is a book.)
Desu is fundamental for "Mastering the Japanese Copula: Using 'Desu' for Basic Sentences
and is a cornerstone of
Japanese Politeness Basics: Using Desu and Masu." It makes your sentences polite and complete.
Next, we tackle
Existence: Arimasu vs Imasu (There is/are).
These verbs both mean there is or exists, but their usage depends on what you're talking about.
Use Imasu (います) for living things that can move on their own, like people and animals.
猫がいます。(Neko ga imasu.)
(There is a cat.)
先生がいます。(Sensei ga imasu.)
(There is a teacher.)
Use Arimasu (あります) for inanimate objects or things that don't move on their own, such as books, tables, or even trees and plants (as they are generally considered stationary in this context).
本があります。(Hon ga arimasu.)
(There is a book.)
机があります。(Tsukue ga arimasu.)
(There is a desk.)
Understanding the distinction between Imasu and Arimasu is vital for accurately describing your environment and is a core part of Japanese beginner grammar.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 私学生。 (Watashi gakusei.)
✓ Correct: 私は学生です。(Watashi wa gakusei desu.)
*Explanation:* In Japanese, sentences typically end with a predicate. Desu acts as the polite copula, completing the sentence and indicating politeness. Omitting it makes the sentence sound abrupt or incomplete, especially in formal or polite contexts.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 部屋に犬があります。(Heya ni inu ga arimasu.)
✓ Correct: 部屋に犬がいます。(Heya ni inu ga imasu.)
*Explanation:* This is a classic Arimasu vs Imasu mix-up. Dogs are living beings that can move independently, so you must use Imasu to state their existence. Arimasu is reserved for inanimate objects.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: ここに図書館です。(Koko ni toshokan desu.)
✓ Correct: ここに図書館があります。(Koko ni toshokan ga arimasu.)
*Explanation:* While Desu states identity (
This is a library
), when talking about the *existence* of something at a location (
There is a library here
), you need to use Arimasu (for inanimate objects) or Imasu (for animate objects).

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

これはなんですか？ (Kore wa nan desu ka?)

(What is this?)

B

B

それはペンです。 (Sore wa pen desu.)

(That is a pen.)

A

A

部屋に猫がいますか？ (Heya ni neko ga imasu ka?)

(Is there a cat in the room?)

B

B

はい、猫がいます。 (Hai, neko ga imasu.)

(Yes, there is a cat.)

A

A

机の上に本がありますか？ (Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu ka?)

(Is there a book on the desk?)

B

B

いいえ、本はありません。 (Iie, hon wa arimasen.)

(No, there isn't a book.)

سؤالات رایج

Q

Why is Desu so important in Japanese beginner grammar?

Desu is crucial because it's the polite way to form basic identity and descriptive sentences. It makes your Japanese sound natural and respectful, which is fundamental in Japanese communication.

Q

What's the main difference between Arimasu vs Imasu?

The main difference is whether the subject is animate or inanimate. Imasu is for living things that can move on their own (people, animals), while Arimasu is for inanimate objects or stationary living things (books, desks, trees).

Q

Can I use Desu with adjectives?

While Desu often follows nouns, it also attaches to the end of *i-adjectives* and *na-adjectives* to make them polite and complete the sentence, for example,

おいしいです
(oishii desu, it is delicious) or
きれいです
(kirei desu, it is beautiful).

Q

Is there a non-polite form of Desu?

Yes, the plain form of Desu is だ (da), but at the A1 level, focusing on Desu is essential for polite and appropriate communication in most situations.

بافت فرهنگی

The use of Desu, Arimasu, and Imasu deeply reflects Japanese cultural values, particularly the emphasis on politeness and respect. Ending sentences with Desu isn't just grammatical; it's a social courtesy that shows respect to your listener. Similarly, the careful distinction between Arimasu and Imasu highlights a subtle Japanese worldview where the nature of existence is acknowledged differently for living, moving beings versus static objects.
Using these forms correctly is a sign of good manners and an understanding of social nuance.

نکات و ترفندها (1)

⚠️

با آدم‌ها مثل اشیاء رفتار نکن!

هیچ‌وقت برای یک شخص از 'arimasu' استفاده نکن. اینطوری انگار داری درباره یه جسد یا چمدون حرف می‌زنی که خیلی بی‌ادبانه‌ست! مثلاً نگو: «{田中|たなか}さんが{あります|arimasu}»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: وجود و مالکیت: Arimasu در برابر Imasu (هست/دارم)

واژگان کلیدی (7)

猫(ねこ) cat 犬(いぬ) dog 本(ほん) book 机(つくえ) desk 椅子(いす) chair 学生(がくせい) student 部屋(へや) room

Real-World Preview

shopping-cart

At a Pet Shop

Review Summary

  • [Noun] が あります/います

اشتباهات رایج

Cats are living creatures. Using 'arimasu' makes it sound like the cat is an inanimate object or a toy.

Wrong: 猫(ねこ)があります。 (Neko ga arimasu.)
صحیح: 猫(ねこ)がいます。 (Neko ga imasu.)

When simply stating that something exists for the first time, the particle 'ga' is used rather than 'wa'.

Wrong: 本(ほん)はあります。 (Hon wa arimasu.) [in a neutral context]
صحیح: 本(ほん)があります。 (Hon ga arimasu.)

Even though cars move, they are not 'alive' in the biological sense. Use 'arimasu' for vehicles.

Wrong: 車(くるま)がいます。 (Kuruma ga imasu.)
صحیح: 車(くるま)があります。 (Kuruma ga arimasu.)

Next Steps

You're doing fantastic! Distinguishing between animate and inanimate existence is a major milestone in thinking like a Japanese speaker.

Inventory Walkthrough: Walk through your house and say out loud what 'arimasu' and what 'imasu'.

Continue to: وا (は) و گا (が): موضوع یا فاعل؟

سوالات رایج (2)

سوال عجیبیه! جسد ({死体|shitai}) یک شیء است پس 'arimasu' می‌گیره، ولی روح ({幽霊|yuurei}) چون حرکت و اراده داره 'imasu' می‌گیره.
نه برای بیان وجود! 'Desu' یعنی 'هست' (من دانش‌آموز هستم)، ولی 'Arimasu' یعنی 'وجود دارد' (یک مداد وجود دارد). «{ペン|pen} است» غلطه.
فصل قبلی
Japanese Adjectives: い and な Types
فصل بعدی
وا (は) و گا (が): موضوع یا فاعل؟
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