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B1 adjective 9 دقیقه مطالعه

個人的な

kojinteki na

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 個人的な در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 個人的な in your Level:

At the A1 level, you can think of 個人的な (こじんてきな) as a way to say 'my' or 'personal' when talking about simple things like opinions or hobbies. While you usually learn '私の' (watashi no) first, 個人的な is a bit more grown-up. You might see it in a simple sentence like '個人的な趣味です' (It's a personal hobby). It helps you explain that something is just about you and not everyone else. Remember to always put 'na' after it before the noun! It is a 'na-adjective.' Even if you don't use it often yet, recognizing it will help you understand when Japanese people are talking about their own private thoughts. For example, if someone says '個人的に...' at the start of a sentence, they are saying 'Personally...' or 'For me...' It is a very useful word for making your Japanese sound more natural and polite when sharing your feelings.

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At the A2 level, you should start using 個人的な to distinguish between group activities and your own interests. For example, if your class is talking about a famous movie, you could say '個人的には、あまり好きじゃないです' (Personally, I don't like it very much). This is a polite way to disagree because you are saying it's just your own feeling, not a fact about the movie. You will also see this word in signs or simple forms, like '個人的な情報は書かないでください' (Please do not write personal information). Learning the difference between '個人的' (individual) and '公的' (public) is a great step. Also, notice the grammar: 個人的な + Noun (個人的な理由 - personal reason) and 個人的に + Verb/Adjective (個人的に好き - personally like). This word helps you move beyond basic 'I like' statements into more nuanced 'Personally, I like' statements.

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At the B1 level, 個人的な becomes a vital tool for professional and social navigation. You are now expected to understand the 'Uchi-Soto' (inside-outside) dynamics of Japanese culture. Using 個人的な意見 (personal opinion) allows you to express your thoughts in a meeting without sounding too aggressive or as if you are speaking for your whole team. It functions as a 'hedge'—a way to soften your statements. You should also be comfortable using 個人的な理由 (personal reasons) as a polite way to decline invitations or explain absences without over-sharing. At this level, you can also start to compare it with 'プライベート' (private). While 'プライベート' refers to your life outside work, 個人的な refers more to your individual perspective or identity. Mastering the adverbial 個人的には (personally speaking) will significantly improve your conversational flow and ability to discuss subjective topics like art, politics, or personal taste.

At the B2 level, you should master the subtle nuances of 個人的な versus its more formal or specific synonyms like 私的な (shiteki-na) or 個別の (kobetsu-no). You will encounter 個人的な in complex texts, news reports, and literature. For instance, a news anchor might say, 'これは記者の個人的な見解です' (This is the reporter's personal view). In business, you might discuss 個人的なつながり (personal connections/networking) and how they differ from official partnerships. You should also understand that 個人的な can sometimes imply a lack of objectivity, which can be either a disclaimer (polite) or a criticism (e.g., 'それは個人的な感情にすぎない' - That is nothing more than a personal emotion). You should be able to use it fluently to frame arguments and define the boundaries of your responsibility or knowledge. It’s also important to recognize its role in protecting 'individual' rights in social discussions.

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At the C1 level, you use 個人的な with precision to navigate high-level discourse. You understand its etymological roots and its role in modern Japanese legal and sociological contexts. For instance, you might analyze the tension between 個人的な自由 (individual freedom) and 公共の福祉 (public welfare) in a political essay. You can distinguish between 個人的な (individual/subjective), 私的な (private/non-official), and 独自の (unique/idiosyncratic). In a professional negotiation, you might use 個人的な立場から言えば (Speaking from an individual standpoint) to offer a creative solution that bypasses official bureaucracy. You also recognize the word's usage in psychological contexts, such as 個人的な無意識 (personal unconscious). Your use of the word is no longer just about 'opinions,' but about defining the philosophical and legal boundaries of the 'individual' within the Japanese collective society.

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At the C2 level, your mastery of 個人的な is indistinguishable from a native speaker. You use it to navigate the most delicate social situations, using it to maintain 'Wa' (harmony) while asserting a strong individual identity. You can appreciate the word's appearance in classical or early modern literature where the concept of the 'individual' (kojin) was first being translated and integrated into the Japanese consciousness during the Meiji era. You understand how 個人的な interacts with concepts like 'Self-responsibility' (自己責任) and 'Privacy' (プライバシー). You can use it in highly technical fields, such as discussing 個人的なデータの保護 (protection of personal data) in the context of international law, or in literary criticism to discuss a writer's 個人的な文体 (personal/individual style). The word is a tool you use with absolute control to modulate tone, authority, and intimacy in any given context.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

個人的な در ۳۰ ثانیه

Kojinteki-na means 'personal' or 'individual.'
It is a na-adjective used for opinions, reasons, and privacy.
The adverbial form 'Kojinteki-ni' means 'personally' or 'subjectively.'
It helps separate private matters from public or official ones.

The Japanese word 個人的な (こじんてきな - kojinteki-na) is a foundational na-adjective used to describe things that are personal, individual, or private in nature. At its core, it distinguishes the 'individual' sphere from the 'public' or 'collective' sphere. In Japanese society, where the distinction between Uchi (inside/private) and Soto (outside/public) is paramount, this word serves as a crucial linguistic marker to signal that a statement or situation belongs strictly to the speaker or a specific person, rather than representing a group, company, or official stance.

Etymological Breakdown: The word is composed of three kanji: 個 (Ko) meaning 'individual' or 'counter for small things,' 人 (Jin) meaning 'person,' and 的 (Teki), a suffix that functions like '-al' or '-ic' in English to turn nouns into adjectives. Together, they literally translate to 'individual-person-like' or 'of an individual person.'
Nuance of Subjectivity: While 'personal' in English can sometimes imply intimacy, 個人的な often carries a sense of 'subjective' or 'from my own perspective.' It is frequently used when a speaker wants to offer an opinion without claiming it to be an absolute truth or the consensus of their organization.

これはあくまで個人的な意見ですが、今の計画には反対です。
— Translation: This is strictly my personal opinion, but I am against the current plan.

In a professional setting, using 個人的な is a politeness strategy. It allows an employee to voice a concern or a preference without sounding like they are overstepping their authority or speaking for the whole department. This 'hedging' is vital for maintaining harmony (Wa) while still being honest about one's own feelings. It is also used to describe personal matters that one might not want to disclose in detail, such as 'personal reasons' for being absent.

個人的な理由で、明日の会議を欠席させていただきます。
— Translation: Due to personal reasons, I will be absent from tomorrow's meeting.

Furthermore, the word is used to describe individual tastes, preferences, or history. For instance, 'personal taste' (個人的な好み) or 'personal history' (個人的な歴史) highlight the unique path of a single human being. It contrasts sharply with 公的な (kouteki-na), which refers to official, public, or governmental matters. Understanding this dichotomy is key to mastering Japanese social registers.

Grammar Note: Because it is a 'na-adjective' (形容動詞), it must be followed by な when modifying a noun. When used at the end of a sentence, it becomes 個人的だ or 個人的です. When used as an adverb (personally), it becomes 個人的に.

彼は個人的な感情を仕事に持ち込まない。
— Translation: He does not bring personal feelings into his work.

Using 個人的な (こじんてきな) correctly requires an understanding of how na-adjectives function in Japanese syntax. It serves as a modifier for nouns, identifying the scope of the noun as belonging to an individual rather than a collective entity. Below are the primary ways to integrate this word into your Japanese conversation and writing.

1. Modifying Nouns (Noun + な): The most common use is placed directly before a noun to describe it as personal. Common nouns include 意見 (opinion), 理由 (reason), 事情 (circumstances), and 趣味 (hobby).
Example: 個人的な意見 (A personal opinion).
2. As an Adverb (Noun + に): When you want to say 'Personally...' or 'From my individual standpoint,' you change the な to に. This is extremely common at the start of sentences to frame the following statement as subjective.
Example: 個人的には、その映画はあまり好きではありません。(Personally, I don't like that movie very much.)

これは私の個人的な問題ですので、ご心配なく。
— Translation: This is my personal problem, so please don't worry.

In formal writing or business emails, 個人的な is often used to excuse oneself from a situation or to clarify that one is not speaking on behalf of the company. For example, if you need to take a day off for a reason you don't want to explain in detail, you say '個人的な事情' (personal circumstances). This is a polite way to maintain privacy while providing a valid reason.

彼は個人的なブログで料理のレシピを公開している。
— Translation: He publishes cooking recipes on his personal blog.

Another important usage is in the context of 'personal relationships' (個人的な関係). This distinguishes a professional or formal connection from a private friendship. If you are friends with a client outside of work, you might say you have a '個人的な付き合い' (personal association) with them. This clarifies that the interaction happens in a private capacity.

Common Collocations: - 個人的な理由 (Personal reason)
- 個人的な趣味 (Personal hobby)
- 個人的な見解 (Personal view/take)
- 個人的な情報 (Personal information - though 'kojin jouhou' is more common in legal contexts)

その質問はあまりにも個人的なことなので、答えられません。
— Translation: That question is too personal, so I cannot answer it.

In summary, whether you are expressing a subjective opinion, protecting your privacy, or describing individual traits, 個人的な provides the necessary linguistic tool to separate the 'self' from the 'group' in Japanese communication.

The word 個人的な (こじんてきな) is ubiquitous in Japanese daily life, appearing in professional, casual, and media contexts. Understanding where you are likely to encounter it helps in grasping its practical nuances and frequency.

1. Business and Professional Settings: In the workplace, you will hear this word constantly. It is the polite shield used to protect one's privacy or to offer a dissenting opinion safely. When an employee quits, the official announcement often states they left for '個人的な理由' (personal reasons), even if the reason is well-known. This maintains the 'Tatemae' (public face) of the company.
2. News and Talk Shows: Commentators on TV frequently start their sentences with '個人的には' (Personally...) or refer to their '個人的な見解' (personal view). This is to clarify that their words do not necessarily reflect the views of the TV station or the government. It’s a standard disclaimer in Japanese media.

番組の意見ではなく、これは私の個人的な感想です。
— Translation: This is not the opinion of the program; it is my personal impression.

In casual conversation among friends, the word is used to discuss individual tastes. You might hear someone say, '個人的な好みだけど、このラーメンはちょっとしょっぱい' (It's just my personal taste, but this ramen is a bit salty). It softens the criticism by making it about the speaker's subjective palate rather than the quality of the food itself.

SNSで個人的な情報を公開するのは危険です。
— Translation: It is dangerous to publish personal information on social media.

In legal and administrative contexts, you might see '個人情報' (kojin jouhou - personal information) which is a shortened version, but in descriptive speech, '個人的な情報' is still used to refer to details about one's private life. Similarly, in literature, an author might describe a character's '個人的な苦悩' (personal struggles), highlighting the internal, individual nature of their pain.

3. Academic and Scientific Writing: Even in research, scholars might use 個人的な to describe anecdotal evidence or case studies that focus on a single individual's experience rather than a statistically significant group. It helps define the scope of the data being presented.

この研究は、被験者の個人的な体験に基づいています。
— Translation: This research is based on the personal experiences of the subjects.

Whether you are reading a newspaper, watching a variety show, or talking to a coworker, 個人的な is the go-to word for drawing a line around the individual.

While 個人的な (こじんてきな) is a versatile word, English speakers often make mistakes by overusing it or confusing it with other Japanese words that translate to 'personal' or 'private.' Understanding these distinctions will make your Japanese sound more natural.

Mistake 1: Confusing it with 'Private' (プライベート): In English, 'personal life' and 'private life' are often interchangeable. In Japanese, プライベート (puraibēto) is more commonly used for 'off-duty' time or life outside of work. 個人的な is more about the 'individual' aspect. For example, 'private time' is usually プライベートな時間, while 'personal opinion' is 個人的な意見.
Mistake 2: Forgetting the 'Na' (な): As a na-adjective, you cannot say '個人的意見' (Kojinteki Iken). You must include the connector: 個人的な意見. Omitting the 'na' is a common beginner error that breaks the grammatical flow of the sentence.

❌ 個人的理由で休みます。
✅ 個人的な理由で休みます。
— Explanation: Always use 'na' when modifying a noun.

Another mistake is using 個人的な when 独自の (dokuji-no) or 自分なりの (jibun-nari-no) would be more appropriate. 独自の implies 'unique' or 'original' (like a unique style), while 個人的な just means 'belonging to an individual.' If you want to praise someone's unique perspective, 独自の視点 is better than 個人的な視点.

❌ これは私の個人的なペンです。
✅ これは私のペンです。 / これは自分専用のペンです。
— Explanation: Using 'kojinteki-na' for physical objects like a pen sounds unnatural; 'sen-you' (exclusive use) or just 'jibun-no' is better.

Finally, be careful with the adverbial form 個人的に. While it translates to 'personally,' it is often used to mean 'as far as I am concerned' or 'I, for one.' Don't use it to mean 'in a personal manner' (like 'he treated me personally'); for that, you might use 親身に (shinmi-ni) or 直接 (chokusetsu).

Comparison Table: - 個人的な: Individual vs. Public (Focus on scope).
- 内緒の (naisho-no): Secret/Confidential (Focus on concealment).
- 私的な (shiteki-na): Private vs. Official (Very formal version of kojinteki-na).
- 独自の (dokuji-no): Unique/Original (Focus on distinction).

Japanese has several words that overlap with 個人的な (こじんてきな). Choosing the right one depends on the level of formality and the specific nuance you wish to convey. Here is a guide to the most common alternatives.

1. 私的な (してきな - shiteki-na): This is a more formal and academic counterpart to 個人的な. It is often used in legal, political, or highly professional contexts to contrast 'private' (私的) with 'public' (公的). For example, 私的な流用 (misappropriation of funds for private use).
2. プライベートな (puraibēto-na): Borrowed from English, this word is used for 'private life' or 'free time.' It has a softer, more modern feel. You use it when talking about things you do outside of work or school. プライベートな質問 (a private/personal question) is very common.

彼は仕事とプライベートをしっかり分けている。
— Translation: He keeps a clear distinction between work and his private life.

When you want to emphasize that something is 'one's own' or 'exclusive,' you might use 自分専用の (じぶんせんようの - jibun sen'you no). This is common for physical objects like a car, a computer, or a room. 個人的なパソコン sounds like a PC for individual use (generic), while 自分専用のパソコン means 'my own personal PC.'

生徒一人ひとりに個別のカリキュラムを作成します。
— Translation: We create an individual curriculum for each student.

For 'subjective' opinions, 主観的な (しゅかんてきな - shukan-teki-na) is the direct antonym of 客観的な (kyakkan-teki-na - objective). While 個人的な means the opinion belongs to you, 主観的な emphasizes that the opinion is based on feelings rather than facts.

Comparison Summary: - 個人的な: General 'personal/individual.'
- 私的な: Formal/Legal 'private.'
- 個別の: 'Separate/Itemized' individual.
- 自分なりの: 'In my own way' (more positive/creative).
- プライベートな: 'Personal life/Off-time.'

In many cases, 個人的な is the safest and most versatile choice for learners at the B1 level, as it covers both 'personal opinion' and 'personal reasons' effectively.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The suffix 'teki' (的) was originally used for 'target', but became the standard way to translate '-al' or '-ic' from English/German during the modernization of Japan.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /kəʊ.dʒɪn.te.ki.na/

US /koʊ.dʒɪn.te.ki.na/

Japanese has pitch accent rather than stress. 'Kojinteki' generally has a Flat (Heiban) or slightly falling pitch, but in 'Kojinteki-na', the 'na' is low.

هم‌قافیه با

Te-ki-na Se-ki-na Ge-ki-na Re-ki-na Ma-ki-na Sa-ki-na Ka-ki-na Ha-ki-na

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'jin' like 'john'. It should be 'jeen'.
Stressing the 'teki' too much. It should flow smoothly.
Making the 'na' too long.
Forgetting the 'n' sound in 'jin'.
Pronouncing 'ko' like 'cow'.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

The kanji are common, but the combination requires N3 knowledge.

نوشتن 3/5

Writing '個' and '的' requires practice but is standard for intermediate learners.

صحبت کردن 2/5

Easy to pronounce once you get the pitch accent.

گوش دادن 2/5

Very common in speech, easy to pick out.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

人 (Person) 意見 (Opinion) 理由 (Reason) 私 (I/Me) 的 (Target suffix)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

私的な (Private) 客観的な (Objective) 公式な (Official) 独自の (Unique) プライバシー (Privacy)

پیشرفته

主観的 (Subjective) 個体発生 (Ontogeny) 自己決定権 (Right to self-determination) 個人主義 (Individualism) 秘匿 (Concealment)

گرامر لازم

Na-adjective modification

きれいな花 (Beautiful flower) -> 個人的な意見 (Personal opinion)

Adverbial 'ni'

静かに歩く (Walk quietly) -> 個人的に思う (Personally think)

Contrastive 'wa'

個人的には好きです (Personally [unlike others], I like it)

Polite Disclaimer 'Desuga'

個人的な意見ですが、... (It's a personal opinion, but...)

Humble Speech (Kenjougo)

個人的な見解を述べさせていただきます (Allow me to state my personal view)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

これは個人的な趣味です。

This is a personal hobby.

Na-adjective + Noun.

個人的な意見を言います。

I will say my personal opinion.

Kojinteki-na + Iken (opinion).

個人的に、この色が一番好きです。

Personally, I like this color the best.

Adverbial use: Kojinteki-ni.

個人的なブログを書いています。

I am writing a personal blog.

Modifying the noun 'blog'.

それは個人的なことです。

That is a personal matter.

Kojinteki-na koto (personal thing).

個人的に、日本料理が好きです。

Personally, I like Japanese food.

Kojinteki-ni + Verb.

個人的な理由で帰ります。

I am going home for personal reasons.

Standard polite excuse.

私の個人的な秘密です。

It is my personal secret.

Watashi no + Kojinteki-na + Noun.

個人的な情報は教えられません。

I cannot tell you personal information.

Kojinteki-na jouhou (personal info).

個人的には、その映画は面白くなかった。

Personally, that movie wasn't interesting.

Kojinteki-ni-wa (Personally...).

個人的な質問をしてもいいですか？

May I ask a personal question?

Polite request for personal info.

個人的な持ち物はここに置いてください。

Please put your personal belongings here.

Kojinteki-na mochimono (personal belongings).

彼は個人的な理由で欠席した。

He was absent for personal reasons.

Kojinteki-na riyuu (personal reason).

個人的には、バスより電車がいいです。

Personally, I prefer the train over the bus.

Comparing preferences.

個人的な感情を顔に出さないでください。

Please don't show your personal feelings on your face.

Kojinteki-na kanjou (personal feelings).

個人的な話ですが、来月結婚します。

On a personal note, I'm getting married next month.

Introductory phrase for personal news.

個人的な見解を述べさせていただきます。

Allow me to state my personal view.

Formal humble speech (Kenjougo).

個人的な事情により、プロジェクトを辞退します。

Due to personal circumstances, I am withdrawing from the project.

Kojinteki-na jijou (personal circumstances).

個人的な関係を仕事に持ち込むのは良くない。

It's not good to bring personal relationships into work.

Kojinteki-na kankei (personal relationship).

個人的には、このデザインの方が現代的だと思う。

Personally, I think this design is more modern.

Using 'to omou' with 'kojinteki-ni-wa'.

個人的な興味で、このテーマを調べています。

I am researching this theme out of personal interest.

Kojinteki-na kyoumi (personal interest).

個人的な問題を解決するために時間が必要です。

I need time to solve a personal problem.

Kojinteki-na mondai (personal problem).

個人的な好みは人それぞれです。

Personal tastes vary from person to person.

Kojinteki-na konomi (personal taste).

個人的なブログと会社の公式ブログは別です。

A personal blog and a company's official blog are different.

Contrasting 'kojinteki' with 'koushiki' (official).

個人的な恨みがあるわけではありません。

It's not that I have a personal grudge.

Kojinteki-na urami (personal grudge).

個人的な判断で行動するのは控えてください。

Please refrain from acting on your personal judgment.

Kojinteki-na handan (personal judgment).

個人的な経験に基づいたアドバイスをします。

I will give advice based on my personal experience.

Kojinteki-na keiken (personal experience).

個人的な成功よりも、チームの勝利が大切だ。

Team victory is more important than personal success.

Kojinteki-na seikou (personal success).

個人的なレベルでは、彼を尊敬している。

On a personal level, I respect him.

Kojinteki-na reberu (personal level).

個人的な感想ですが、この曲は心に響きます。

It's just a personal impression, but this song touches my heart.

Kojinteki-na kansou (personal impression).

個人的な付き合いは一切ありません。

I have no personal association with them at all.

Kojinteki-na tsukiai (personal association).

個人的な背景を考慮する必要があります。

We need to consider the personal background.

Kojinteki-na haikei (personal background).

個人的な利益を追求するあまり、倫理を忘れてはならない。

One must not forget ethics in the excessive pursuit of personal gain.

Kojinteki-na rieki (personal gain/profit).

個人的な自由と公共の利益のバランスが重要だ。

A balance between individual freedom and public interest is important.

Kojinteki-na jiyuu (individual freedom).

個人的な主観を排除して、客観的に分析する。

Eliminate personal subjectivity and analyze objectively.

Kojinteki-na shukan (personal subjectivity).

個人的な信念に基づいて、この道を選んだ。

I chose this path based on my personal beliefs.

Kojinteki-na shinnen (personal belief).

個人的な資質が、リーダーシップに大きく影響する。

Personal qualities greatly influence leadership.

Kojinteki-na shishitsu (personal qualities/traits).

個人的な立場を超えて、協力し合うべきだ。

We should cooperate, going beyond our individual positions.

Kojinteki-na tachiba (individual position).

個人的な体験を文学的な作品へと昇華させる。

Sublimate personal experiences into a literary work.

Kojinteki-na taiken (personal experience).

個人的な尊厳を守ることは、基本的人権の一部である。

Protecting personal dignity is part of fundamental human rights.

Kojinteki-na songen (personal dignity).

個人的な思惑が絡み合い、事態は複雑化した。

Individual ulterior motives intertwined, and the situation became complicated.

Kojinteki-na omowaku (personal motives/intentions).

個人的な領域に踏み込みすぎるのは、マナー違反だ。

Stepping too far into someone's personal domain is a breach of etiquette.

Kojinteki-na ryouiki (personal domain/sphere).

個人的な葛藤を抱えながらも、彼は職務を遂行した。

While harboring personal conflict, he carried out his duties.

Kojinteki-na kattou (personal conflict/struggle).

個人的な属性によって差別されることはあってはならない。

Discrimination based on personal attributes must never occur.

Kojinteki-na zokusei (personal attributes/traits).

個人的な視点から歴史を再構築する試み。

An attempt to reconstruct history from an individual perspective.

Kojinteki-na shiten (individual perspective).

個人的な信条を貫くためには、勇気が必要だ。

Courage is necessary to stay true to one's personal creed.

Kojinteki-na shinjou (personal creed/conviction).

個人的な感情の起伏が、創作の源泉となっている。

The ups and downs of personal emotions are the source of creation.

Kojinteki-na kanjou no kikyuu (emotional fluctuations).

個人的な幸福の定義は、時代とともに変容してきた。

The definition of personal happiness has transformed over time.

Kojinteki-na koufuku (personal happiness).

ترکیب‌های رایج

個人的な意見

個人的な理由

個人的な事情

個人的な趣味

個人的な情報

個人的な見解

個人的な関係

個人的な感情

個人的な経験

個人的な好み

عبارات رایج

個人的には、〜

— Personally, I... (Used to start a subjective sentence).

個人的には、こちらの方が好きです。

個人的なことで恐縮ですが

— I'm sorry to bring up a personal matter, but... (Very polite).

個人的なことで恐縮ですが、相談があります。

あくまで個人的な

— Strictly personal. (Emphasizes it's not official).

これはあくまで個人的な感想です。

個人的な付き合い

— Personal association/friendship.

彼とは個人的な付き合いがある。

個人的な恨みはない

— I have no personal grudge.

君に個人的な恨みはないよ。

個人的なブログ

— A personal blog.

個人的なブログを運営しています。

個人的な連絡先

— Personal contact information.

個人的な連絡先は教えられません。

個人的なレベルで

— On a personal level.

個人的なレベルでは合意しています。

個人的な興味

— Personal interest.

個人的な興味で始めました。

個人的な背景

— Personal background.

彼の個人的な背景を調べる。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

個人的な vs 個別の (kobetsu-no)

Kobetsu means 'itemized' or 'one-by-one'. Use it for separate items, not personal feelings.

個人的な vs 私的な (shiteki-na)

Shiteki is very formal. Use it in legal or official contexts, not for personal hobbies.

個人的な vs プライベートな (puraibēto-na)

Puraibēto focuses on 'off-work' life. Kojinteki is about 'individual' perspective.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"個人的な感情を差し挟む"

— To interject personal feelings into a matter.

議論に個人的な感情を差し挟まないでください。

Formal

"個人的な見解を問う"

— To ask for a personal view.

専門家に個人的な見解を問う。

Formal

"個人的な領域を侵す"

— To invade someone's personal space or domain.

他人の個人的な領域を侵してはならない。

Academic

"個人的な事情を汲む"

— To take someone's personal circumstances into consideration.

上司が私の個人的な事情を汲んでくれた。

Polite

"個人的な一存で決める"

— To decide based solely on one's own personal judgment.

それは個人的な一存で決められることではない。

Formal

"個人的な秘密を漏らす"

— To leak a personal secret.

友人の個人的な秘密を漏らしてしまった。

Neutral

"個人的な評価を下す"

— To give a personal evaluation.

作品に対して個人的な評価を下す。

Neutral

"個人的な思惑が働く"

— Personal motives are at play.

そこには何らかの個人的な思惑が働いている。

Critical

"個人的な付き合いを断つ"

— To cut off personal ties/association.

彼とはもう個人的な付き合いを断った。

Serious

"個人的な自由を尊重する"

— To respect individual freedom.

民主主義は個人的な自由を尊重する。

Formal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

個人的な vs 自分の (jibun-no)

Both can mean 'my' or 'personal'.

Jibun-no is more possessive ('my own'). Kojinteki-na is more descriptive of the nature of the thing.

自分の車 (my car) vs 個人的な意見 (personal opinion).

個人的な vs 個々の (koko-no)

Both relate to individuals.

Koko-no means 'each and every' (distributive). Kojinteki-na means 'pertaining to an individual'.

個々のケース (each individual case).

個人的な vs 独自の (dokuji-no)

Both imply something not general.

Dokuji means 'unique/original'. Kojinteki just means 'individual'.

独自の技術 (unique technology).

個人的な vs 単独の (tandoku-no)

Both mean 'single/individual'.

Tandoku means 'solo' or 'unaccompanied'. Kojinteki is about the 'personal' sphere.

単独の犯行 (solo crime).

個人的な vs 主観的な (shukan-teki-na)

Both relate to a person's view.

Shukan-teki is a technical term for 'subjective' (vs objective). Kojinteki is more general.

主観的な評価 (subjective evaluation).

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

これは個人的な [Noun] です。

これは個人的な趣味です。

個人的には [Adjective] です。

個人的には面白かったです。

個人的な理由で [Verb]。

個人的な理由で休みます。

個人的な意見を言うと、[Sentence]。

個人的な意見を言うと、反対です。

[Noun] は個人的な好みの問題だ。

音楽は個人的な好みの問題だ。

個人的な立場から [Verb]。

個人的な立場からアドバイスします。

個人的な [Noun] を排除する。

個人的な感情を排除する。

個人的な [Noun] に基づき、[Verb]。

個人的な信念に基づき、行動する。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

個人 (kojin) - Individual

個人主義 (kojin-shugi) - Individualism

個人差 (kojin-sa) - Individual differences

صفت‌ها

個人的 (kojin-teki) - Individual/Personal (Pre-noun form: kojinteki-na)

مرتبط

個体 (kotai) - Individual organism

個室 (koshitsu) - Private room

個別 (kobetsu) - Individual/Separate

個々 (koko) - Each/Individual

個性 (kosei) - Individuality/Personality

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

Extremely high in both spoken and written Japanese.

اشتباهات رایج

個人的意見 (Kojinteki Iken) → 個人的な意見 (Kojinteki-na Iken)
You must use 'na' to connect this adjective to a noun. Skipping 'na' is grammatically incorrect.
個人的な車 (Kojinteki-na kuruma) → 自分の車 (Jibun no kuruma)
Kojinteki-na is used for abstract concepts or categories. For physical ownership, use 'jibun no' or 'kojin-you'.
個人的な時間 (Kojinteki-na jikan) → プライベートな時間 (Puraibēto-na jikan)
While not strictly wrong, 'Puraibēto' is much more natural when referring to 'free time' or 'off-time'.
個人的に彼を助けた (Kojinteki-ni kare wo tasuketa) → 直接彼を助けた (Chokusetsu kare wo tasuketa)
If you mean 'I personally helped him' (meaning 'I did it myself'), use 'chokusetsu' (directly) or 'jibun de'. 'Kojinteki-ni' means 'from my viewpoint'.
個人的な情報 (Kojinteki-na jouhou) in a legal document → 個人情報 (Kojin jouhou)
In legal or technical settings, the compound noun 'Kojin Jouhou' is the fixed term for 'Personal Data'.

نکات

Opinion Hedging

Use '個人的には' at the start of a sentence to make a disagreement sound softer. It signals that you are just sharing your view, not attacking others.

Na vs Ni

Remember: 'na' for nouns (個人的な意見) and 'ni' for verbs/adjectives (個人的に好き). Mixing them up is a very common learner error.

The Privacy Shield

If someone asks you a question you don't want to answer, say 'それは個人的なことなので...' (That is a personal matter, so...). It's a polite way to end the topic.

Kanji Meaning

Focus on the kanji '個' (ko). It means 'individual'. You'll see it in '1個' (one small thing) and '個人' (individual person). It helps you remember the 'one person' aspect.

Business Emails

When taking a day off, write '個人的な事情により' (due to personal circumstances). You don't need to explain further; this phrase is enough in Japan.

Softening Tone

Pair '個人的な' with 'あくまで' (akumade - strictly) to sound even more humble and non-threatening when giving advice.

Context Clues

If you hear 'Kojinteki' in a news report, it usually means a disclaimer is coming. It's a signal to separate the speaker from the institution.

Friendship Levels

Use '個人的な付き合い' to describe friends you see outside of work. It clarifies that your relationship is not just professional.

Association

Associate 'Kojinteki' with 'Subjective'. It's about what goes on inside one person's head or life.

Respecting Boundaries

Using '個人的な' shows you respect the other person's 'Soto' (public) space by labeling your own comments as 'Uchi' (private).

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'KO' (one/small) + 'JIN' (person) + 'TEKI' (target). Your target is the individual person.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a single person standing inside a small circle (KO) while a large crowd (the public) stands outside the circle.

شبکه واژگان

個人 (Individual) 意見 (Opinion) 理由 (Reason) 事情 (Circumstance) プライベート (Private) 主観 (Subjective) 秘密 (Secret) 好み (Taste)

چالش

Try to use 'Kojinteki-ni-wa' at least three times today when expressing your likes or dislikes in Japanese.

ریشه کلمه

Formed in the late 19th century during the Meiji period. It was created to translate Western concepts of 'the individual' and 'personal' into Japanese.

معنای اصلی: Pertaining to the status or view of a single person.

Sino-Japanese (Kango) + Adjectival suffix.

بافت فرهنگی

Be careful not to use it to dismiss others' problems as 'just personal' (個人的なこと), as it can sound cold or indifferent.

English speakers might say 'In my opinion' or 'Just for me.' 'Kojinteki-na' is the direct equivalent but used more frequently as a politeness hedge.

The phrase 'Kojinteki na taiken' (A Personal Matter) is the title of a famous novel by Nobel laureate Kenzaburō Ōe. Commonly used in 'Kojin Jouhou Hogo Hou' (Personal Information Protection Law) discussions. Frequently heard in J-Pop lyrics when discussing individual feelings or paths.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Declining an invitation

個人的な用事があって...
個人的な理由で行けません。
あいにく個人的な事情がございまして。
個人的なことで申し訳ないのですが。

Sharing an opinion

個人的にはそう思います。
個人的な見解ですが。
あくまで個人的な感想です。
個人的な意見を言ってもいいですか？

Talking about hobbies

個人的な趣味でやっています。
個人的に興味があります。
個人的なコレクションです。
個人的に好きな作家です。

Discussing privacy

個人的な質問は控えてください。
個人的な情報は教えません。
これは個人的な問題です。
個人的な領域を守りたい。

Business Disclaimer

これは会社ではなく、個人的な回答です。
個人的な立場での発言です。
個人的なブログの内容です。
個人的なつながりで知りました。

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"個人的には、最近のニュースについてどう思いますか？ (Personally, what do you think about the recent news?)"

"個人的な趣味で、何か集めているものはありますか？ (Is there anything you collect as a personal hobby?)"

"個人的に、一番おすすめの日本料理は何ですか？ (Personally, what is your most recommended Japanese dish?)"

"個人的な意見ですが、この街はとても住みやすいですね。 (Just my personal opinion, but this city is very easy to live in.)"

"個人的な理由で、最近新しく始めたことはありますか？ (Is there anything you've started recently for personal reasons?)"

موضوعات نگارش

今日の個人的な一番のニュースは何ですか？ (What was your personal biggest news of today?)

あなたの個人的な目標について詳しく書いてください。 (Write in detail about your personal goals.)

個人的に大切にしている価値観は何ですか？ (What are the values you personally hold dear?)

個人的な理由で過去に諦めたことはありますか？ (Is there anything you gave up on in the past for personal reasons?)

個人的な時間をどのように過ごすのが好きですか？ (How do you like to spend your personal time?)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

Use 'Kojinteki-na' when you want to emphasize that something is a 'personal version' of a general thing, like an opinion or a reason. 'Watashi-no' is simple possession. Use 'Kojinteki-na' to sound more professional or nuanced.

Yes, it is very common. Starting a sentence with '個人的には...' (Personally...) is a polite way to offer your own view without sounding like you're challenging the boss's authority directly.

'Puraibēto' usually refers to your life outside of work (hobbies, family, free time). 'Kojinteki' is broader and refers to anything belonging to an individual, including subjective opinions or private reasons.

Rarely. For a personal computer, you'd say 'kojin-you' (individual use) or 'jibun-no'. 'Kojinteki-na' is mostly for abstract things like opinions, reasons, and relationships.

It is neutral-to-polite. It's perfectly fine in both business and casual speech. For extremely formal legal documents, '私的な' (shiteki-na) is preferred.

The most common term is '個人情報' (kojin jouhou). You can say '個人的な情報' (kojinteki-na jouhou) in descriptive speech, but the former is the standard noun.

'Teki' (的) is a suffix that acts like '-al' or '-ic' in English. It turns nouns into adjectives. So 'Kojin' (individual) + 'teki' = 'Individual-al' (Personal).

The most common opposite is '公的な' (kouteki-na), which means 'public' or 'official'. Another is '集団的な' (shuudanteki-na), meaning 'collective'.

Yes, if it's right before a noun. If it's at the end of a sentence, it's 'Kojinteki desu'. If it's an adverb, it's 'Kojinteki ni'.

Usually, '個人競技' (kojin kyougi) is used, but '個人的な' could be used to describe an individual's performance within a sport.

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