こぼす در ۳۰ ثانیه
- こぼす (kobosu) means to spill liquids or small items accidentally.
- It describes unintended messes, common in daily life.
- Use it for liquids like drinks or food items like rice.
- Pay attention to transitive (こぼす) vs. intransitive (こぼれる).
The Japanese verb こぼす (kobosu) is a fundamental word that describes the act of accidentally or carelessly letting a liquid or granular substance fall out of its container. Imagine a child eagerly drinking juice and then, with a bump or a sudden movement, a puddle forms on the table. That's こぼす in action. It's not limited to just drinks; you can spill rice, sugar, or even small toys if they fall out of a bag or box. The nuance of こぼす often implies a lack of control or an unfortunate accident. It's a common occurrence in daily life, from kitchens to classrooms, and understanding it is key to navigating many everyday situations in Japan.
- Core Meaning
- To spill, to let fall out of a container.
- Common Substances
- Liquids (water, tea, soup), granular solids (rice, sugar, salt), small items.
- Implied Cause
- Usually accidental, due to clumsiness, a sudden movement, or an unstable container.
子供がお茶をこぼしたので、すぐに拭きました。The child spilled the tea, so I wiped it up immediately.
うっかりコーヒーを服にこぼしてしまった。I accidentally spilled coffee on my clothes.
Think about the difference between intentionally pouring something out and accidentally spilling it. こぼす falls into the latter category. It's a verb that often elicits a sigh or a quick reaction to mitigate the mess. In a restaurant, if your soup spills, the staff will likely apologize and clean it up, using phrases related to こぼす. In a home setting, it's a common scenario with children and pets. The word itself carries a sense of minor mishap, something that happens but is usually resolved without major drama. It’s important to note that こぼす is generally used for unintended spills. If someone intentionally throws liquid, different verbs would be used.
- Usage Contexts
- Kitchen mishaps, dining accidents, spills involving children, accidental drops of small items from containers.
- Grammatical Form
- It is a Group 1 (u-verb) verb, meaning its conjugation follows a specific pattern, often ending in -す (su) in its dictionary form.
テーブルの上の砂糖がこぼれてしまった。掃除しなきゃ。The sugar on the table spilled. I have to clean it up.
Understanding こぼす provides insight into how native speakers describe common, everyday accidents. It's a verb that’s used frequently and naturally, making it a valuable addition to any learner's vocabulary. When you hear Japanese speakers talking about a small mess or an unfortunate spill, there's a high chance they are using this word. It’s a practical term that bridges the gap between understanding basic vocabulary and comprehending nuanced descriptions of daily events.
Using こぼす (kobosu) correctly involves understanding its conjugation and the context in which it applies. As a Group 1 (u-verb), it changes its ending depending on the tense and grammatical function. The dictionary form is こぼす. The polite present tense is こぼします (koboshimasu), the polite past tense is こぼしました (koboshimashita), and the plain past tense is こぼした (koboshita). The potential form, meaning 'can spill', is こぼせる (koboseru), though this is less common as spills are usually unintentional. The passive form, こぼれる (k_oboreru), is also very important and often used interchangeably or to describe the state of having spilled, meaning 'to be spilled' or 'to spill' (intransitively).
- Basic Conjugations
- こぼす (kobosu): Dictionary form (to spill)
- こぼします (koboshimasu): Polite present/future (will spill)
- こぼした (koboshita): Plain past (spilled)
- こぼしました (koboshimashita): Polite past (spilled)
- こぼれる (k_oboreru): To spill (intransitive, often used for the state of being spilled)
コップの水をこぼさないように、ゆっくり歩いてください。Please walk slowly so as not to spill the water in the glass.
The particle を (o) is often used to mark the substance that is spilled, and the particle に (ni) can indicate where it is spilled (e.g., on the floor, on clothes). When describing the action of spilling something, こぼす is the active verb. However, it's very common to use the intransitive verb こぼれる (k_oboreru) to describe the state of something having spilled or the event of spilling itself, especially when the agent is not the focus or is implied. For example, instead of saying 'I spilled the rice', one might say 'The rice spilled', using こぼれた (k_oboreta).
- Active vs. Intransitive
- こぼす (kobosu) is transitive: someone spills something (e.g., 水をこぼす - spill water).
- こぼれる (k_oboreru) is intransitive: something spills itself or is spilled (e.g., 水がこぼれる - water spills).
スープがテーブルからこぼれた。The soup spilled from the table.
熱いお茶をこぼして、やけどしないように注意してください。Please be careful not to get burned when you spill hot tea.
When learning, focus on the common patterns: Subject + Object (substance) + を + こぼす (to spill) and Subject (substance) + が + こぼれる (to spill). The context will usually make it clear whether the active or intransitive form is more appropriate. For learners, mastering こぼした (koboshita) and こぼしました (koboshimashita) is crucial for describing past incidents, which are very common topics.
You'll encounter こぼす (kobosu) in a variety of everyday contexts in Japan. Listen for it in casual conversations, especially when people are discussing domestic life, meals, or interactions with children. For instance, parents might talk about their toddlers spilling milk at breakfast, using phrases like 「子供が牛乳をこぼしたんです。」(Kodomo ga gyuunyuu o koboshita n desu - My child spilled the milk). In restaurants or cafes, if an accident happens, staff might say 「大変申し訳ございません、お飲み物をこぼしてしまいました。」(Taihen moushiwake gozaimasen, o-nomimono o koboshite shimaimashita - We are very sorry, we have spilled your drink). This shows politeness and responsibility.
- Home and Family
- Discussions about children's messes, kitchen accidents, or pet-related spills.
- Dining Out
- Staff apologies for spills, or patrons mentioning their own accidental spills.
- Workplace
- Mentioning spills in offices, break rooms, or during events.
お皿を落として、ご飯をこぼしてしまいました。I dropped the plate and spilled the rice.
In media, such as TV dramas or anime, こぼす is frequently used to depict relatable, everyday scenarios. A character might spill their coffee in a moment of surprise or frustration, or a scene might focus on the cleanup after a spill. News reports about accidents, even minor ones, could also use this term. For instance, if there's a minor traffic accident involving spilled cargo, the news might report that something was こぼれた (spilled). Even in educational materials for children, こぼす is a common word used to teach basic actions and consequences.
袋から豆がこぼれて、床に散らばった。Beans spilled from the bag and scattered on the floor.
You might also hear こぼす in situations involving crafts or hobbies where small materials are used. For example, someone working with glitter or beads might accidentally spill them. The key is that it's generally an unintended release of contents. The word is so common that it's often used without much thought, making it a natural part of spoken Japanese.
絵の具をパレットからこぼしてしまった。I spilled the paint from the palette.
One of the most common mistakes for learners is confusing the transitive verb こぼす (kobosu) with its intransitive counterpart こぼれる (k_oboreru). While they are closely related and describe the same phenomenon, their grammatical usage differs significantly. Using こぼす when こぼれる is appropriate, or vice versa, can sound unnatural or incorrect. For instance, saying 「水がこぼした」(Mizu ga koboshita) is incorrect because こぼした is transitive and requires an agent performing the action on an object. The correct sentence would be 「水がこぼれた」(Mizu ga koboreta - The water spilled) or 「私が水をこぼした」(Watashi ga mizu o koboshita - I spilled the water).
- Transitive vs. Intransitive
- Mistake: Using こぼす (transitive) when the subject is the thing that spills.
- Correct: Use こぼれる (intransitive) when the subject is the thing that spills, or use こぼす with a subject that is the agent performing the spill.
Incorrect: 砂糖がこぼした。(Satou ga koboshita.)
Correct: 砂糖がこぼれた。(Satou ga koboreta.) or 私が砂糖をこぼした。(Watashi ga satou o koboshita.)
Another potential pitfall is using こぼす to describe intentional pouring. While こぼす implies an accident, some learners might use it for actions like deliberately emptying a container. In such cases, verbs like 注ぐ (sosogu - to pour) or 出す (dasu - to take out, to pour out) would be more appropriate. For example, pouring tea into a cup is 注ぐ, not こぼす.
- Intentional vs. Accidental
- Mistake: Using こぼす for intentional pouring.
- Correct: Use verbs like 注ぐ (sosogu - to pour) for intentional actions.
Incorrect: コップに水をこぼした。(Koppu ni mizu o koboshita.) (If pouring intentionally)
Correct: コップに水を注いだ。(Koppu ni mizu o soida.)
Finally, learners might forget to conjugate the verb properly, especially when using the polite form. Using the plain form こぼした (koboshita) in a formal situation can be inappropriate. Always remember to adjust the verb ending based on the level of politeness required for the conversation.
While こぼす (kobosu) is the go-to verb for accidental spills, several other Japanese words describe related actions or states, each with its own nuance. Understanding these distinctions is key to precise expression.
- こぼれる (k_oboreru)
- Meaning: To spill (intransitive), to overflow. This is the intransitive form of こぼす. It's used when the substance itself spills, or when something spills over its container's limit.
- Usage: 「コップから水がこぼれた。」(Koppu kara mizu ga koboreta. - Water spilled from the glass.) This is very common and often used when the agent is unknown or unimportant.
- Comparison: While こぼす is active (someone spills), こぼれる is passive or states the fact of spilling.
- 零す (こぼす - kobosu)
- Meaning: This is a less common kanji for the same word, こぼす. It carries a similar meaning of spilling.
- Usage: Usually written in hiragana (こぼす) in modern Japanese. The kanji 零す is more literary or archaic.
- Comparison: Functionally identical to the hiragana version, but less frequently encountered in everyday writing.
- 垂らす (たらす - tarasu)
- Meaning: To let something drip, to let hang down. This is used for liquids that drip slowly, not for a sudden spill.
- Usage: 「鼻水をたらす。」(Hanamizu o tarasu. - To let one's snot drip.) 「ソースを垂らす。」(Soosu o tarasu. - To let sauce drip.)
- Comparison: こぼす is about a larger, often accidental release, while たらす is about slow dripping.
- 注ぐ (そそぐ - sosogu)
- Meaning: To pour (liquid). This is an intentional act of transferring liquid from one container to another.
- Usage: 「お湯を注ぐ。」(Oyu o sosogu. - To pour hot water.) 「ビールをグラスに注ぐ。」(Biiru o gurasu ni sosogu. - To pour beer into a glass.)
- Comparison: The opposite of spilling; it's a controlled action. You pour *into* something, whereas you spill *out of* something.
- 溢れる (あふれる - afureru)
- Meaning: To overflow, to brim over. This happens when a container is filled beyond its capacity.
- Usage: 「バスタブのお湯が溢れた。」(Basutabu no oyu ga afureta. - The bathwater overflowed.) 「感情が溢れる。」(Kanjou ga afureru. - Emotions overflow.)
- Comparison: こぼれる/こぼす is usually about an accidental loss of contents, while 溢れる is about exceeding the container's limit, often due to overfilling.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The kanji 零 (rei) is sometimes used to write こぼす, but it's much more common to see it written in hiragana (こぼす). The kanji 零 itself often relates to 'zero' or 'small amount', which doesn't directly align with the meaning of spilling, highlighting the preference for the phonetic representation in everyday use.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing the 'u' at the end too strongly.
- Not stressing the second syllable sufficiently.
- Confusing it with similar-sounding words.
سطح دشواری
Commonly encountered in everyday texts, news articles, and informal writing. Understanding the difference between こぼす and こぼれる is key for comprehension.
Requires attention to the transitive/intransitive distinction and appropriate conjugation based on context and politeness level.
Essential for describing common accidents and situations. Natural use requires practice with common phrases.
Frequently heard in everyday conversations, especially when discussing domestic life or minor accidents.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs
こぼす (transitive) vs. こぼれる (intransitive). Subject + を + こぼす (spills X) vs. Subject + が + こぼれる (X spills).
The 〜てしまう (te shimau) Form
こぼしてしまった (koboshite shimatta) - ended up spilling (often with regret).
The 〜ように (you ni) Phrase for Purpose/Manner
こぼさないように歩く (kobosanai you ni aruku) - to walk so as not to spill.
The 〜て (te) Form for Connecting Clauses
こぼして、拭いた (koboshite, fuita) - spilled and wiped.
Past Tense Conjugation of U-Verbs
こぼす -> こぼした (kobosu -> koboshita).
مثالها بر اساس سطح
ジュースをこぼした。
Spilled juice.
Past tense of こぼす.
こぼさないでね。
Don't spill it.
Negative imperative form.
お茶がこぼれた。
The tea spilled.
Intransitive past tense (こぼれる).
こぼれたものを拭く。
Wipe up what was spilled.
Connects こぼれる with 拭く (to wipe).
コーヒーをこぼしました。
I spilled coffee.
Polite past tense of こぼす.
こぼしたくない。
I don't want to spill.
Negative desire form.
水がこぼれて床が濡れた。
Water spilled and the floor got wet.
Connects こぼれる with 濡れた (got wet).
こぼれる前に止めて。
Stop it before it spills.
Before + verb.
お皿を落として、ご飯をこぼしてしまった。
I dropped the plate and ended up spilling the rice.
Past tense + しまう (indicates completion, often with regret).
スープをこぼさないように、ゆっくり運んでください。
Please carry it slowly so as not to spill the soup.
Negative potential form + ように (so as to).
テーブルの上でコップが倒れて、水がこぼれた。
The cup fell over on the table, and the water spilled.
Intransitive こぼれる, linking two events.
うっかり熱いお茶をこぼして、服が汚れてしまった。
I accidentally spilled hot tea, and my clothes got dirty.
Accidental action + result.
袋から砂糖がこぼれないように、しっかり閉めてください。
Please close the bag tightly so that sugar doesn't spill out.
Negative potential + ように.
子供がジュースをこぼしたので、床がべたべたになった。
Because the child spilled juice, the floor became sticky.
Reason (ので) + result.
こぼしたワインを拭くために、布を探した。
I looked for a cloth to wipe up the spilled wine.
Purpose clause (ために).
この入れ物は壊れやすいから、中身をこぼさないように注意しよう。
This container is fragile, so let's be careful not to spill its contents.
Warning + volitional form.
子供がコップをひっくり返して、牛乳を床にこぼしてしまった。
The child turned over the cup and spilled the milk on the floor.
Covers the action of overturning and spilling.
作業中に誤ってインクをこぼしてしまい、書類が台無しになった。
I accidentally spilled ink during work, and the documents were ruined.
Using しまう to emphasize the negative consequence.
このドリンクホルダーは、カーブで飲み物がこぼれないように設計されている。
This drink holder is designed so that drinks don't spill on curves.
Passive voice (こぼれないように設計されている).
うっかり熱いコーヒーを自分の服にこぼしてしまい、シミになってしまった。
I accidentally spilled hot coffee on myself, and it left a stain.
Emphasizes the personal impact of the spill.
容器の蓋がしっかり閉まっていなかったので、輸送中に中身がこぼれてしまった。
The lid of the container wasn't closed properly, so the contents spilled during transport.
Explains the cause of the spill.
彼は急いでいたため、歩きながらお弁当のご飯を少しこぼしてしまった。
Because he was in a hurry, he spilled a little of his bento rice while walking.
Describes spilling a small amount while performing another action.
このワイングラスは底が広いため、多少揺れてもワインがこぼれにくい構造になっている。
Because this wine glass has a wide base, it's structured so that wine is less likely to spill even if it shakes a bit.
Describes a feature that prevents spilling.
子供が遊んでいる最中に、おもちゃ箱から小さな部品がこぼれ落ちた。
While the child was playing, small parts spilled out of the toy box.
Using こぼれ落ちる (spill and fall out).
不注意から、貴重な試薬を実験台にこぼしてしまい、実験が中断せざるを得なくなった。
Due to carelessness, I spilled precious reagent on the lab bench, forcing the experiment to be interrupted.
Formal context, consequences of spilling.
その古い水筒は蓋のパッキンが劣化していたため、振ると必ず中身がこぼれた。
The gasket on the lid of that old thermos had deteriorated, so it always spilled its contents when shaken.
Describing a recurring spill due to faulty equipment.
イベント会場で、参加者が持ち寄った飲み物が一斉にこぼれるというアクシデントが発生した。
An accident occurred at the event venue where drinks brought by participants spilled all at once.
Describing a large-scale spill.
彼女は、子供の頃に絵の具をこぼした苦い経験から、絵を描く際に非常に慎重になった。
From the bitter experience of spilling paint as a child, she became very careful when painting.
Linking a past spill to present behavior.
運搬中にトラックの荷台から穀物がこぼれ落ち、道路に散乱した。
Grain spilled from the truck bed during transport and was scattered on the road.
Describing a public hazard spill.
その設計者は、地震の際にも内容物がこぼれないような、安全性の高い容器を考案した。
The designer devised a highly safe container that would not spill its contents even during an earthquake.
Focus on preventative design against spills.
彼は、サラダのドレッシングをこぼしたことに気づかず、シャツ全体に広げてしまった。
He didn't realize he had spilled the salad dressing and spread it all over his shirt.
Highlighting the lack of awareness leading to a larger spill.
高齢化社会においては、配膳時の誤操作による食品のこぼれを防ぐための工夫が求められている。
In an aging society, measures are needed to prevent food spills due to operational errors during meal service.
Societal context for spills.
不注意から、高価な香水瓶を床に落とし、その芳香成分が部屋中にこぼれ散った。
Through carelessness, I dropped an expensive perfume bottle on the floor, and its aromatic components spilled and scattered throughout the room.
Describes the dispersal of spilled material.
その特殊な食品添加物は、容器の構造上の欠陥により、輸送中に微量がこぼれ出るという問題が指摘された。
It was pointed out that a small amount of that special food additive spilled out during transport due to a structural defect in the container.
Technical description of a spill issue.
長年の研究の末、彼は液体がこぼれても蒸発しにくい、特殊なコーティング剤を開発することに成功した。
After years of research, he succeeded in developing a special coating agent that is difficult to evaporate even when liquid spills.
Focus on a scientific solution to spills.
子供が誤って化学薬品をこぼしてしまったため、学校は一時的にそのエリアへの立ち入りを禁止した。
Because a child accidentally spilled chemicals, the school temporarily banned access to that area.
Consequences of spilling hazardous materials.
彼女は、幼少期に経験した、大雨で家財道具が水にこぼれるような惨状がトラウマとなり、水辺を極度に恐れるようになった。
The devastating scene she experienced in her childhood, where household items were submerged and scattered by heavy rain, became a trauma, making her extremely afraid of bodies of water.
Figurative use of spill/scatter in a disaster context.
その最新鋭の調理器具は、食材がこぼれ落ちるのを最小限に抑えるよう、精密なセンサーと可動式のガードを備えている。
This state-of-the-art cooking appliance is equipped with precision sensors and a movable guard to minimize the spilling of ingredients.
Advanced engineering to prevent spills.
彼は、長年勤めた工場で、機械の不具合により油がこぼれ、作業員が滑って大怪我をする事故が頻発していたことを証言した。
He testified that at the factory where he had worked for many years, accidents where oil spilled due to machine malfunctions and workers slipped and were seriously injured occurred frequently.
Workplace safety report involving spills.
この美術館では、展示品に触れることは固く禁じられているが、万が一、展示物の一部がこぼれたり破損したりした場合の対応マニュアルが整備されている。
Touching the exhibits is strictly forbidden at this museum, but a manual for handling cases where parts of an exhibit might spill or be damaged has been prepared.
Emergency procedures for accidental damage/spills.
不慮の事故により、貴重な文化財である古文書のインクがにじみ、一部がこぼれ落ちるという事態が発生した。
Due to an unforeseen accident, the ink on precious ancient documents, which are cultural assets, blurred and some spilled and fell off, creating a critical situation.
Describing damage to irreplaceable artifacts.
その研究チームは、宇宙空間での実験中に、特殊な培養液がこぼれて微生物が拡散するリスクを最小限に抑えるための斬新な封じ込めシステムを開発した。
The research team developed an innovative containment system to minimize the risk of special culture medium spilling and microorganisms spreading during experiments in outer space.
Advanced scientific application for spill prevention in extreme environments.
彼は、幼少期に体験した、家屋の倒壊と共に家財道具が泥水にこぼれ散るという凄惨な記憶が、彼の芸術活動の根幹をなすモチーフとなっている。
The horrific memory he experienced in his childhood, where household items spilled and scattered in muddy water along with the collapse of their house, forms the fundamental motif of his artistic activities.
Figurative language connecting spills to deep psychological impact and art.
この高度な自動化された製造ラインでは、微量の化学物質であっても、そのこぼれや飛散をリアルタイムで検知し、即座にプロセスを停止させる高度なセンサー技術が導入されている。
This highly automated manufacturing line incorporates advanced sensor technology that detects even minute spills or scattering of chemical substances in real-time and immediately halts the process.
Technical description of industrial spill detection and response.
彼は、長年にわたる調査の結果、ある古代文明の儀式において、神聖な液体が祭壇からこぼれ落ちる様を模倣した舞踊が存在したことを突き止めた。
As a result of many years of investigation, he discovered that in the rituals of a certain ancient civilization, there was a dance that imitated the spilling and falling of sacred liquid from the altar.
Historical and cultural interpretation of spills.
その災害対策計画には、原油が海上にこぼれ出すという最悪のシナリオを想定し、流出拡散の予測と封じ込め、そして環境への影響を最小限に抑えるための詳細な手順が盛り込まれている。
The disaster response plan includes detailed procedures for predicting the spread of oil spills, containment, and minimizing environmental impact, assuming the worst-case scenario of crude oil spilling into the ocean.
Scenario planning for large-scale environmental spills.
彼女の小説では、登場人物が抱える抑圧された感情が、比喩的に「心の器からこぼれ出る涙」として描かれており、読者に深い共感を呼んでいる。
In her novel, the characters' suppressed emotions are metaphorically depicted as 'tears spilling from the vessel of their hearts,' evoking deep empathy in readers.
Metaphorical use of 'spilling' for emotions.
この博物館の展示品は、来場者が誤って触れてしまわないよう、厳重な監視下に置かれているが、万が一、展示物の一部がこぼれたり破損したりした場合の緊急対応プロトコルが整備されている。
The exhibits in this museum are under strict surveillance to prevent visitors from accidentally touching them, but an emergency response protocol has been prepared in case any part of an exhibit spills or is damaged.
Detailed emergency response for accidental damage/spills in a high-stakes environment.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— Ended up spilling (often with a sense of regret or apology).
ごめんなさい、ジュースをこぼしてしまいました。
— It ended up spilling (intransitive, often with regret).
残念ながら、ワインがこぼれてしまった。
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
This is the intransitive form. While こぼす is active (someone spills), こぼれる is passive or states the fact of spilling (something spills). For example, 'I spilled the water' is '水をこぼした' (mizu o koboshita), but 'The water spilled' is '水がこぼれた' (mizu ga koboreta).
This means 'to pour' and is an intentional act. こぼす is about accidental spills. You pour tea into a cup (お茶を注ぐ), but you spill soup on the table (スープをこぼす).
This means 'to overflow'. It happens when a container is too full. こぼす is about losing contents, often due to instability or clumsiness, not necessarily overfilling.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— Anecdotes, trivia, or side stories that don't fit into the main narrative; 'spillover' stories.
この本には、著者のこぼれ話がたくさん載っている。
Informal to Neutral— Seeds scattered from a plant that grow into new plants; metaphorically, something that spreads or originates from a main source.
彼のアイデアは、会議でのちょっとした発言からこぼれ種のように広がっていった。
Literary/Figurative— Cherry blossoms that fall and scatter, often creating a beautiful scene on the ground or water.
春になると、公園のこぼれ桜がとてもきれいだ。
Poetic/Literary— Almost spilling over; full to the brim; overflowing with emotion.
彼の感謝の気持ちはこぼれんばかりだった。
Figurative— Words that slip out unintentionally; perhaps secrets or unguarded thoughts.
彼は動揺して、普段は言わないようなこぼれ落ちる言葉を口にしてしまった。
Literary— A radiant smile; a smile that seems to overflow with happiness.
合格の知らせを聞いた彼女は、こぼれんばかりの笑顔を見せた。
Figurative— A fate that was missed or lost; a lost opportunity.
彼はチャンスを逃し、こぼれ落ちた運命を嘆いた。
Figurative/Literaryبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
It's the transitive verb for spilling.
This is the active form where a subject intentionally or unintentionally causes something to spill. For example, 'I spilled the coffee' (コーヒーをこぼした). It requires an object (the thing spilled).
子供がジュースを<strong>こぼした</strong>。
It describes the same phenomenon of spilling.
This is the intransitive form. The subject is the thing that spills itself. For example, 'The coffee spilled' (コーヒーがこぼれた). It does not require a direct object performing the action.
コップの水が<strong>こぼれた</strong>。
Both relate to liquids.
注ぐ means 'to pour' intentionally, like pouring water into a glass. こぼす means 'to spill' accidentally, like knocking over the glass.
水をグラスに<strong>注ぐ</strong> vs. グラスの水を<strong>こぼす</strong>。
Both involve liquids coming out of containers.
溢れる means 'to overflow' because the container is too full. こぼす is typically due to clumsiness or instability, not necessarily overfilling.
バケツがいっぱいになり<strong>溢れた</strong> vs. バケツを倒して<strong>こぼした</strong>。
Both involve liquids moving out of place.
垂らす means 'to let drip' slowly, like snot or sauce dripping. こぼす is a more sudden, often larger, accidental release of liquid or granules.
鼻水を<strong>垂らす</strong> vs. ジュースを<strong>こぼす</strong>。
الگوهای جملهسازی
Noun + を + こぼす
水<strong>をこぼす</strong>。
Noun + が + こぼれる
お茶<strong>がこぼれる</strong>。
こぼさないように
<strong>こぼさないように</strong>、気をつけて。
〜てしまう (regret/completion)
ジュースを<strong>こぼしてしまった</strong>。
〜て、〜 (connecting actions)
<strong>こぼして</strong>、服が汚れた。
Noun + に + こぼす
床<strong>にこぼす</strong>。
〜ないように + Verb
<strong>こぼれないように</strong>設計されている。
こぼれ落ちる
袋から豆が<strong>こぼれ落ちた</strong>。
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
Very High
-
Using こぼす when こぼれる is appropriate.
→
Using the correct transitive/intransitive form.
Mistake: 砂糖がこぼした。(Satou ga koboshita.) Correct: 砂糖がこぼれた。(Satou ga koboreta.) The first implies the sugar spilled itself, which is grammatically incorrect. The second correctly states that the sugar spilled.
-
Confusing こぼす with 注ぐ (sosogu).
→
Using 注ぐ for intentional pouring and こぼす for accidental spills.
Mistake: コップに水をこぼした。(Koppu ni mizu o koboshita.) (if pouring intentionally). Correct: コップに水を注いだ。(Koppu ni mizu o soida.) 注ぐ is for intentional actions like pouring tea, while こぼす is for accidental spills.
-
Using plain past tense in polite situations.
→
Using the polite past tense こぼしました (koboshimashita).
Mistake: 昨日、コーヒーをこぼした。(Kinou, koohii o koboshita.) (in a formal setting). Correct: 昨日、コーヒーをこぼしました。(Kinou, koohii o koboshimashita.) The plain form can sound rude in polite company.
-
Not using 〜てしまう (te shimau) for regret.
→
Using こぼしてしまった (koboshite shimatta) to express regret.
Mistake: ジュースをこぼした。(Juusu o koboshita.) (when feeling regretful). Correct: ジュースをこぼしてしまった。(Juusu o koboshite shimatta.) The 〜てしまう form adds the nuance of 'ended up doing it' with a sense of regret or mishap.
-
Using こぼす for overflow.
→
Using 溢れる (afureru) for overflow.
Mistake: バケツの水がこぼれた。(Baketsu no mizu ga koboreta.) (if it overflowed due to being too full). Correct: バケツの水が溢れた。(Baketsu no mizu ga afureta.) 溢れる specifically means overflowing due to capacity.
نکات
Transitive vs. Intransitive
Remember the key difference: こぼす (transitive) means someone causes a spill (Subject + を + こぼす), while こぼれる (intransitive) means something spills on its own (Subject + が + こぼれる). This distinction is crucial for correct sentence construction.
Stress and Rhythm
The stress in こぼす falls on the second syllable: ko-BO-su. Practice saying it with this rhythm to sound more natural. Avoid stressing the first syllable or making the final 'u' sound too prominent.
The 〜てしまう Form
Using こぼしてしまった (koboshite shimatta) adds a nuance of regret or unintentionality, making it very common when describing spills. It's a useful way to express that something unfortunate happened.
Visual Association
Create a vivid mental image. Picture a clumsy cow ('ko-') trying to pose ('-bosu') and spilling milk everywhere. Visual aids can significantly improve recall.
Listen Actively
When watching Japanese media or listening to conversations, actively listen for instances of こぼす and こぼれる. Try to identify the context and the grammatical form used.
Connecting Actions
The te-form, こぼして (koboshite), is very useful for connecting a spill to the subsequent action, like cleaning it up: こぼして、拭いた (koboshite, fuita - spilled and wiped).
Related Nouns
Be aware of related nouns like こぼれ話 (koborebanashi - anecdote) or こぼれ星 (kobareboshi - shooting star). These show how the core concept of 'spilling' or 'falling out' extends metaphorically.
Politeness Levels
Remember to adjust the verb ending based on politeness. Use こぼしました (koboshimashita) in polite situations and こぼした (koboshita) in informal ones.
Sentence Creation
Actively try to create your own sentences using こぼす and こぼれる in different tenses and grammatical structures. This hands-on practice is key to solidifying your understanding.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a 'cow' (ko-) trying to 'pose' (-bosu) for a photo, but it's so clumsy it spills its milk everywhere! The 'cow pose' spills milk.
تداعی تصویری
Picture a cartoon cow with a milk carton, milk splashing everywhere in a messy, humorous way. Focus on the 'cow' and the 'spill'.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to describe three different scenarios where something might be spilled, using こぼす in each case. For example, a baby spilling soup, a baker spilling flour, or a clumsy person spilling coffee.
ریشه کلمه
The word こぼす (kobosu) is believed to have originated from onomatopoeia or mimetic words related to the sound or action of things falling or scattering. Its exact ancient origins are debated, but it likely evolved from descriptive sounds associated with spills.
معنای اصلی: Likely related to the sound or action of scattering or falling out.
Japonicبافت فرهنگی
While こぼす is a common word for accidents, spilling hazardous materials (like chemicals) or valuable items requires more specific and serious vocabulary and context. The general use of こぼす implies minor, everyday spills.
In English-speaking cultures, spills are also generally seen as accidental mishaps requiring cleanup. While politeness is valued, the level of apology might vary depending on the severity and context. The focus is often on rectifying the situation.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Kitchen accidents
- 料理中に調味料をこぼした。
- お湯をこぼさないように注意してください。
- シンクに食材がこぼれてしまった。
Dining with children
- 子供がコップを倒してジュースをこぼした。
- こぼさないで、ゆっくり食べなさい。
- こぼれた食べ物を拭いてあげた。
Accidents involving drinks
- コーヒーをこぼして服が汚れた。
- ワインがカーペットにこぼれてしまった。
- こぼれたビールを拭いた。
Spills of granular items
- 砂糖が袋からこぼれた。
- お米をこぼしてしまって、掃除が大変だった。
- 砂がこぼれて床に散らばった。
Describing past events
- 昨日、お茶をこぼしました。
- 以前、同じような事故で資料がこぼれた。
- あの時、うっかりインクをこぼしてしまった。
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"Have you ever spilled something important? What was it and what happened?"
"What's the messiest thing you've ever accidentally spilled?"
"Do you have any tips for cleaning up difficult spills?"
"What do you usually say when you accidentally spill something?"
"Have you ever seen someone else make a big spill? How did they react?"
موضوعات نگارش
Describe a time you spilled something and felt embarrassed. What did you do afterwards?
Write about a childhood memory involving a spill. Who was involved and what was the outcome?
Imagine you are a character in a story who needs to clean up a major spill. Describe the scene and your actions.
Reflect on the importance of being careful with liquids and small items. How does this relate to other aspects of life?
Write a short dialogue between two people where one accidentally spills something on the other. How do they resolve the situation?
سوالات متداول
10 سوالこぼす (kobosu) is a transitive verb, meaning someone or something actively causes a spill (e.g., 'I spilled the water' - 水をこぼした). こぼれる (k_oboreru) is an intransitive verb, meaning the substance itself spills or is spilled (e.g., 'The water spilled' - 水がこぼれた). You use こぼす when you are the agent performing the action, and こぼれる when the substance is the subject of the spilling.
Yes, こぼす can be used for granular or small solid items that can spill, such as rice, sugar, salt, or small beads. For example, 'I spilled the rice' is 'ご飯をこぼした' (Gohan o koboshita).
Generally, yes. こぼす implies an unintended spill due to carelessness or accident. If you intentionally pour something out, you would use a different verb like 注ぐ (sosogu - to pour).
You can say 'こぼさないでください' (kobosanai de kudasai) for a polite request, or 'こぼさないでね' (kobosanai de ne) for a more casual one. If you want to emphasize not spilling, you can use 'こぼさないように' (kobosanai you ni).
The plain past tense is こぼした (koboshita), and the polite past tense is こぼしました (koboshimashita).
こぼしてしまった (koboshite shimatta) uses the 〜てしまう (te shimau) form, which often adds a nuance of regret, finality, or doing something unintentionally. It means 'ended up spilling' or 'accidentally spilled'.
Yes, there are several. For example, こぼれ話 (koborebanashi) means anecdotes or trivia, and こぼれ星 (kobareboshi) means a shooting star. These use the noun form derived from the verb.
こぼれる (k_oboreru) means 'to spill' usually due to accident or instability. 溢れる (afureru) means 'to overflow' because the container is too full. You can spill water from an unstable cup (こぼれる), but water overflows from a bathtub if you leave the tap on too long (溢れる).
A common apology is 'ごめんなさい、こぼしてしまいました' (Gomen nasai, koboshite shimaimashita - I'm sorry, I ended up spilling it). In a restaurant, staff might say '大変申し訳ございません、お飲み物をこぼしてしまいました' (Taihen moushiwake gozaimasen, o-nomimono o koboshite shimaimashita - We are very sorry, we have spilled your drink).
While こぼす can be used for ink or paint, the context makes it clear. For example, 'インクをこぼした' (Ink o koboshita) or '絵の具をこぼした' (Enogu o koboshita). The verb itself doesn't change based on the substance, but the surrounding words might be more specific.
خودت رو بسنج 10 سوال
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نمره کامل!
Summary
こぼす (kobosu) is the verb for accidentally spilling liquids or granular substances. It's a common word used for everyday mishaps, and understanding its transitive nature (こぼす) versus its intransitive counterpart (こぼれる) is crucial for accurate usage.
- こぼす (kobosu) means to spill liquids or small items accidentally.
- It describes unintended messes, common in daily life.
- Use it for liquids like drinks or food items like rice.
- Pay attention to transitive (こぼす) vs. intransitive (こぼれる).
Transitive vs. Intransitive
Remember the key difference: こぼす (transitive) means someone causes a spill (Subject + を + こぼす), while こぼれる (intransitive) means something spills on its own (Subject + が + こぼれる). This distinction is crucial for correct sentence construction.
Stress and Rhythm
The stress in こぼす falls on the second syllable: ko-BO-su. Practice saying it with this rhythm to sound more natural. Avoid stressing the first syllable or making the final 'u' sound too prominent.
Context is Key
While こぼす is generally for accidental spills, pay attention to context. If someone is pouring intentionally, they'd use 注ぐ (sosogu). If a container is overflowing, they'd use 溢れる (afureru).
The 〜てしまう Form
Using こぼしてしまった (koboshite shimatta) adds a nuance of regret or unintentionality, making it very common when describing spills. It's a useful way to express that something unfortunate happened.
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
قواعد دستوری مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر food
少々
B1لطفاً یک لحظه کوتاه صبر کنید. مقدار کمی نمک به غذا اضافه کنید.
〜ほど
B1حدود ده دقیقه منتظر ماندم. (I waited about ten minutes.)
~ほど
B1حدود، تقریباً؛ تا حدی که؛ نه به اندازه. مثال: حدود یک ساعت منتظر ماندم. (一時間ほど待ちました). آنقدر خستهام که میتوانم بمیرم. (死ぬほど疲れた).
豊富な
B1Abundant, rich in.
ふんだんに
B1این غذا از زعفران <mark>ふんだんに</mark> (به وفور) استفاده میکند.
足す
B1اضافه کردن چیزی برای کامل کردن مقدار. به عنوان مثال، اضافه کردن نمک به سوپ.
添加物
B1افزودنی. موادی که به غذاها اضافه میشوند تا ماندگاری، رنگ یا طعم آنها را بهبود ببخشند.
〜てから
B1بعد از انجام کاری. 'بعد از غذا خوردن، مسواک میزنم.'
~てから
B1از '~te kara' برای گفتن 'بعد از' انجام کاری استفاده کنید. به عنوان مثال: 'بعد از غذا خوردن، بیرون میروم.'
熟成させる
B1گوشت را برای بیست روز در یخچال مخصوص میگذاریم تا برسد و خوشمزه شود.
