At the A1 level, you are just starting your Korean journey. The word 기후위기 (Climate Crisis) might seem difficult because it has four syllables, but you can understand it by breaking it down. Think of it as 'The Earth is sick' or 'The Earth is too hot.' At this stage, you don't need to use it in complex sentences. You can use it simply as a noun to point out a problem.
You might see this word on a poster or in a simple picture book. It is made of two parts: 기후 (climate/weather over a long time) and 위기 (danger/emergency). If you know the word 위험해요 (It's dangerous), you can understand that 위기 is a similar but more serious word. Even at A1, it is good to know this word because it is very common in Korean society.
For example, you can say: '기후위기는 나빠요' (The climate crisis is bad) or '기후위기가 무서워요' (The climate crisis is scary). These are simple sentences that help you practice basic particles like -는 and -가. You can also associate it with words you already know, like 지구 (Earth) and 더워요 (It's hot). Learning this word early helps you understand that Korean vocabulary often combines two smaller words to make a big idea.
At the A2 level, you can begin to use 기후위기 in slightly more descriptive sentences. You are starting to learn about cause and effect. You can use this word to explain why you are doing certain things, like recycling or not using plastic straws. This word helps you talk about your opinions on the world in a very simple way.
In A2, you learn the grammar -때문에 (because of). You can say: '기후위기 때문에 지구가 아파요' (Because of the climate crisis, the Earth is hurting). This is a great way to practice connecting a noun with a reason. You might also hear this word in simple news clips for children or in weather reports that mention 'unusual weather' (이상 기후).
You can also start to use verbs like 생각하다 (to think). For example: '저는 기후위기가 심각하다고 생각해요' (I think the climate crisis is serious). This helps you express your thoughts. At this level, you should be able to recognize the word when you see it in a headline and understand that the article is about the environment. It's a key 'topic word' for basic conversations about the world around us.
At the B1 level, you are an intermediate learner. You can handle more complex grammar and topics. 기후위기 becomes a very useful word for discussions and writing tasks. You should be able to explain what the climate crisis is and what its effects are using intermediate connectors like -기 위해서 (in order to) or -면 (if).
For example, you can say: '기후위기를 해결하기 위해서 우리는 전기를 아껴야 합니다' (In order to solve the climate crisis, we must save electricity). This shows you can link a global problem to a specific action. You will encounter this word in intermediate reading passages about the environment, where it might be paired with words like 환경 보호 (environmental protection) or 일회용품 (disposable goods).
You should also be comfortable using the word as a modifier. For instance, '기후위기 문제' (the climate crisis problem). At B1, you are expected to understand the difference between 'weather' and 'climate' in Korean, and why 'crisis' is used instead of just 'change.' You can participate in a classroom debate about whether the climate crisis is the most important problem facing the world today. This word is a 'bridge' that helps you move from talking about yourself to talking about society.
At the B2 level, you are an upper-intermediate learner. This is the level where 기후위기 is most frequently used in exams like TOPIK II. You are expected to understand not just the word, but the social and political context surrounding it in South Korea. You should be able to use formal grammar like -로 인해 (due to) and -에 따르면 (according to).
At this stage, you can discuss specific consequences: '기후위기로 인해 해수면이 상승하고 생태계가 파괴되고 있습니다' (Due to the climate crisis, sea levels are rising and ecosystems are being destroyed). You can also talk about government and corporate responsibility. You will hear this word in documentaries and news reports where experts discuss '탄소중립' (carbon neutrality) and '신재생 에너지' (renewable energy).
B2 learners should be able to write a 400-600 character essay on the topic of the climate crisis. You should use '기후위기' as a central theme, exploring its causes, effects, and potential solutions. You should also be able to understand the nuance of why a writer chose '기후위기' instead of '기후변화'—usually to emphasize the need for urgent policy changes. Your vocabulary should now include related terms like 지속 가능성 (sustainability) and 기후 정의 (climate justice).
At the C1 level, you are an advanced learner who can understand complex, lengthy texts and recognize implicit meaning. For you, 기후위기 is a foundational concept used to explore even more specialized topics like green finance, climate litigation, and international environmental law. You can use the word in professional and academic settings with high-level vocabulary.
You can discuss the '기후위기 담론' (climate crisis discourse) and how it has evolved in the Korean media. You might say: '기후위기는 단순한 환경 문제를 넘어 불평등과 정의의 문제로 인식되어야 합니다' (The climate crisis must be recognized as an issue of inequality and justice, beyond just an environmental problem). This level of complexity requires using the word as part of sophisticated rhetorical structures.
C1 learners can follow fast-paced debates on TV about the 'Green New Deal' or the economic impact of 'RE100' (Renewable Energy 100%). You should be able to critique different approaches to the climate crisis, using '기후위기' to frame your arguments. You can also understand the word in literature or high-level editorials that use metaphors to describe the crisis. At this point, the word is not just a vocabulary item; it's a tool for critical thinking in Korean.
At the C2 level, you have a mastery of Korean that is near-native. You can use 기후위기 with absolute precision in any context, from a formal academic lecture to a passionate political speech. You understand the deep etymological roots of the word and can play with its components to create new meanings or emphasize specific points.
You can engage with the most complex aspects of the '기후위기,' such as its intersection with '인류세' (the Anthropocene) or '탈성장' (degrowth) theories. You can write professional-grade reports or articles in Korean that influence public opinion on the climate crisis. You understand the subtle differences in how '기후위기' is framed by different political parties in Korea and can navigate these nuances in conversation.
For a C2 learner, '기후위기' is a starting point for exploring the '기후 비상사태' (climate emergency) and '기후 파국' (climate catastrophe). You can use the term to discuss the '기후위기 대응법' (Climate Crisis Response Act) in detail, including its legal implications and administrative challenges. Your command of the language allows you to use the word to inspire action, educate others, and participate in the highest levels of Korean intellectual life.
기후위기 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- 기후위기 is the Korean word for 'Climate Crisis', emphasizing urgency.
- It is a compound of '기후' (climate) and '위기' (crisis).
- It is used more frequently than '기후변화' to signal immediate danger.
- Commonly found in news, government policy, and environmental activism.
The term 기후위기 (gihu-uigi) is a powerful compound noun in Korean that translates directly to 'climate crisis.' It represents a significant linguistic shift in the way environmental issues are discussed in South Korea. Historically, the term 기후변화 (climate change) was the standard descriptor for shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns. However, as the scientific community and activist groups began to emphasize the immediate and catastrophic nature of environmental degradation, '기후위기' emerged as the preferred term to convey urgency and the need for immediate action. In South Korea, this term is now ubiquitous in news broadcasts, government policy documents, and educational curricula.
- Linguistic Composition
- 기후 (Gihu) means 'climate,' referring to the long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, and wind. 위기 (Uigi) means 'crisis' or 'emergency,' derived from the Hanja characters 危機, where '위' implies danger and '기' implies a turning point or opportunity.
When you use 기후위기, you are not just talking about the weather getting warmer; you are highlighting a systemic threat to human civilization, ecosystems, and the economy. It is used to discuss extreme weather events like the record-breaking heatwaves in Seoul, the unusual flooding in the southern provinces, or the shifting agricultural zones that are making it harder to grow traditional Korean crops like apples in their historical regions.
전 세계가 기후위기에 직면해 있습니다. (The entire world is facing a climate crisis.)
The usage of this word has surged since 2019, following the global influence of youth activists like Greta Thunberg and the subsequent declaration of 'climate emergencies' by various local governments in Korea. It is a 'call to action' word. If a politician uses '기후변화,' they might be seen as passive; if they use '기후위기,' they are signaling that they recognize the gravity of the situation. This distinction is crucial for advanced learners to understand the socio-political nuance of Korean environmental discourse.
Furthermore, the word is central to the 'Green New Deal' (그린 뉴딜) policies in Korea. You will find it in academic papers discussing the 'Carbon Neutral 2050' (2050 탄소중립) goals. It acts as a primary keyword in SEO for environmental NGOs and is a frequent topic for the TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korean) exam, particularly in the writing and reading sections for levels 5 and 6. Understanding this word involves understanding the modern Korean zeitgeist regarding sustainability and global responsibility.
- Contextual Usage
- It is used in formal settings like UN conferences, corporate ESG reports, and school textbooks, but also in informal settings among younger generations who are increasingly 'eco-conscious' (환경 의식이 높은).
우리는 기후위기 대응을 위해 일회용품 사용을 줄여야 합니다. (We must reduce the use of disposables to respond to the climate crisis.)
In summary, '기후위기' is more than just a synonym for global warming. It is a term that encapsulates fear, urgency, responsibility, and the collective struggle of the 21st century. For a Korean speaker, the word evokes images of melting glaciers, fine dust (미세먼지) issues exacerbated by atmospheric changes, and the moral imperative to protect the Korean peninsula for future generations. It is a term that demands a serious tone and a proactive stance.
Using 기후위기 correctly requires an understanding of its role as a subject, object, or modifier in a sentence. Because it is a serious and somewhat academic term, it frequently appears with formal particles and high-level verbs. However, its structure is straightforward because it is a simple noun compound.
- As a Subject
- When '기후위기' is the subject, it often takes the particles '-가' or '-는'. It is usually followed by verbs describing its progression or impact. For example: 기후위기가 심각해지고 있습니다 (The climate crisis is becoming serious).
When modifying other nouns, it often takes the possessive particle '-의' or is used as part of a longer compound noun. For instance, 기후위기 대응 (Climate crisis response) or 기후위기 교육 (Climate crisis education). In these cases, the '-의' is frequently omitted in news headlines or official titles to create a punchier, more direct phrase.
기후위기로 인해 해수면이 상승하고 있습니다. (Sea levels are rising due to the climate crisis.)
The grammatical construction -로 인해 (due to / because of) is one of the most common ways to link the climate crisis to its effects. This is a formal way to express cause and effect, perfect for presentations or essays. If you are speaking more casually, you might use - 때문에, but since the topic is grave, -로 인해 or -로 말미암아 (a more literary version) is often preferred in writing.
In terms of sentence placement, '기후위기' often starts the sentence to establish the topic. In Korean discourse, establishing the 'environmental context' is a common way to introduce arguments for sustainability. For example, '기후위기 시대에 우리는...' (In the era of climate crisis, we...). This '시대' (era/age) suffix is a very common rhetorical device in Korean speeches.
- Object Usage
- As an object, it takes '-를'. Example: 정부는 기후위기를 해결하기 위한 정책을 발표했습니다 (The government announced policies to solve the climate crisis).
많은 청년들이 기후위기의 심각성을 인지하고 있습니다. (Many young people are aware of the seriousness of the climate crisis.)
Another important aspect is the use of the word with '인식' (awareness) or '경각심' (alarm/alertness). You will often hear phrases like '기후위기에 대한 경각심을 높여야 한다' (We must raise awareness about the climate crisis). This reflects the educational and societal focus on shifting public opinion in Korea. For learners, mastering these collocations makes your Korean sound much more natural and sophisticated.
Finally, consider the passive voice. While less common in casual speech, in academic Korean, you might see '기후위기가 초래한...' (brought about by the climate crisis...). This allows you to link the crisis to specific disasters like '식량 위기' (food crisis) or '생태계 파괴' (ecosystem destruction). By building these complex sentences, you demonstrate a B2-C1 level of proficiency.
If you live in South Korea or consume Korean media, 기후위기 is a word you will encounter daily. Its presence spans from the highest levels of government to the stickers on public trash cans. Understanding where it appears helps you grasp its cultural weight.
- News and Media
- Major broadcasters like KBS, MBC, and SBS have dedicated segments for environmental issues, often titled '기후위기 보고서' (Climate Crisis Report) or similar. News anchors use this term to explain why summer monsoons (장마) are becoming more unpredictable and violent.
In the subway stations of Seoul, you will see digital advertisements and posters from the Ministry of Environment (환경부) using '기후위기' to encourage citizens to reduce carbon emissions. These public service announcements (PSAs) often pair the word with '탄소중립' (Carbon Neutrality). For example, '기후위기 극복, 탄소중립으로 시작합니다' (Overcoming the climate crisis starts with carbon neutrality).
오늘 뉴스에서는 기후위기가 농작물 가격에 미치는 영향에 대해 보도했습니다. (Today's news reported on the impact of the climate crisis on crop prices.)
Educational settings are another primary location. From elementary school to university, '기후위기' is a core part of the curriculum. Students participate in '기후위기 대응 백일장' (writing contests about responding to the climate crisis) or '기후행동' (climate action) clubs. If you are a student in Korea, you will likely have to write an essay or give a presentation using this term.
In the corporate world, specifically in the context of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) management, '기후위기' is a keyword. Companies like Samsung or SK publish annual sustainability reports where they outline their strategies to mitigate '기후위기 리스크' (climate crisis risks). This usage is highly formal and often involves technical vocabulary related to renewable energy and supply chains.
- Social Activism
- Protests in Gwanghwamun Square often feature banners with the slogan '기후위기, 지금 당장 행동하라!' (Climate crisis, act right now!). Here, the word is used with high emotional intensity to demand policy changes from the government.
환경 단체들이 기후위기 비상사태 선포를 촉구하며 시위를 벌였습니다. (Environmental groups held a protest calling for the declaration of a climate crisis emergency.)
Lastly, you will hear it in documentaries and TED-style talks (like 'Sebasi' - 세바시). Experts in climatology, sociology, and economics use the term to bridge the gap between scientific data and social reality. For a learner, listening to these talks is an excellent way to hear '기후위기' used in long-form, persuasive speech, which helps in developing advanced listening comprehension skills.
While 기후위기 is a straightforward noun, learners often make mistakes regarding its nuance, collocation, and confusion with similar-sounding words. Understanding these pitfalls will help you use the term with the precision of a native speaker.
- Confusion with '날씨' (Weather)
- A common mistake for beginners is using '기후' (climate) when they mean '날씨' (weather). You wouldn't say '오늘 기후가 좋아요' (The climate is good today). Similarly, don't use '기후위기' to describe a single bad storm unless you are connecting it to the broader trend. Use '기상 악화' (worsening weather conditions) for short-term events.
Another frequent error is the incorrect use of particles. Because '기후위기' is an abstract concept, learners sometimes use the locative particle '-에서' incorrectly. You don't usually say '기후위기에서 살고 있다' (living in the climate crisis). Instead, use '기후위기 시대에 살고 있다' (living in the era of climate crisis) or '기후위기 상황에 처해 있다' (being in a climate crisis situation).
❌ 기후위기를 날씨와 혼동하지 마세요. (Don't confuse climate crisis with weather.)
There is also the nuance between 기후변화 (Climate Change) and 기후위기 (Climate Crisis). While they are related, using '기후변화' in a context that demands urgency can make you sound out of touch with modern environmental discourse. Conversely, using '기후위기' in a strictly historical, scientific paper about the Earth's cycles millions of years ago might be seen as anachronistic or overly dramatic.
Learners also struggle with the pronunciation of the '위기' (uigi) part. The 'ui' (의/위) sounds can be tricky. In '위기', the 'wi' sound is clear, like 'we' in English. However, if you mispronounce it as '외기' (oegi), you are saying 'outside air' or 'extra-atmospheric,' which changes the meaning entirely. Practice the 'wi' sound carefully.
- Collocation Errors
- Don't say '기후위기를 만들다' (to make a climate crisis). Humans '초래하다' (bring about/cause) or '가속화하다' (accelerate) the crisis. Using these more specific verbs will significantly improve your writing score in exams like TOPIK.
인간의 활동이 기후위기를 초래했습니다. (Human activities have caused the climate crisis.)
Lastly, be careful with the word '재난' (disaster). While '기후위기' leads to '기후재난' (climate disasters), they are not interchangeable. '기후위기' is the overarching state or problem, while '기후재난' refers to specific events like floods or wildfires. Using 'crisis' when you mean 'disaster' can lead to vague sentences that lack impact.
To speak fluently about the environment in Korean, you need to know the synonyms and related terms that provide different shades of meaning. 기후위기 is part of a large family of vocabulary related to ecology and survival.
- 기후변화 (Climate Change)
- The most common alternative. It is more neutral and scientific. Use this when discussing long-term historical shifts or in a strictly academic context where 'crisis' might be seen as too emotive.
- 지구온난화 (Global Warming)
- Specifically refers to the rising average temperature of the Earth. While '기후위기' covers all consequences (like storms and biodiversity loss), '지구온난화' focuses specifically on heat.
For those looking for even more urgent terms, 기후비상 (Climate Emergency) is used by activists and some local governments. It implies a state of emergency requiring immediate mobilization of resources. It is the Korean translation of 'Climate Emergency,' a term popularized by the UK parliament and later adopted globally.
우리는 기후비상 사태를 선포해야 합니다. (We must declare a climate emergency.)
On the more technical side, you will encounter 탄소배출 (Carbon Emissions) and 온실가스 (Greenhouse Gases). These are the causes of the '기후위기'. If you are discussing solutions, 재생에너지 (Renewable Energy) and 친환경 (Eco-friendly) are essential words to have in your vocabulary.
Another interesting term is 환경파괴 (Environmental Destruction). This is broader than '기후위기' and can include things like plastic pollution in the ocean or deforestation, which may or may not be directly linked to climate patterns in a specific sentence. However, in modern discourse, they are often linked together as part of the same global struggle.
- Comparison Table
-
- 기후위기: Urgent, socio-political, focuses on threat.
- 기후변화: Scientific, neutral, focuses on the process.
- 지구가열화 (Global Heating): A newer, more intense term than global warming.
지구온난화는 기후위기의 주요 원인 중 하나입니다. (Global warming is one of the main causes of the climate crisis.)
By learning these alternatives, you can vary your language and avoid repetition in long essays or speeches. It also allows you to understand the subtle bias of different news sources—conservative outlets might stick to '기후변화,' while progressive ones will almost certainly use '기후위기' or '기후비상'.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The character '위' (危) in '위기' depicts a person on a cliff, symbolizing danger, while '기' (機) can also mean 'opportunity' or 'machine/trigger'. Some interpret '위기' as a 'dangerous opportunity'.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'wi' as 'oi' (외).
- Over-aspirating the initial 'k' sound.
- Stressing the first syllable too heavily.
سطح دشواری
The word itself is clear, but it often appears in complex sentences with advanced vocabulary.
Requires knowledge of formal particles and specific collocations to use correctly in essays.
Pronunciation is straightforward, but it's a heavy topic for casual conversation.
Very common in news, so it's a good 'anchor' word to recognize.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
-로 인해 (Due to / Because of)
기후위기로 인해 많은 동물이 멸종 위기에 처했습니다.
-기 위해(서) (In order to)
기후위기를 막기 위해 우리는 채식을 시도할 수 있습니다.
-어/아지다 (To become)
기후위기가 점점 더 심각해지고 있습니다.
-에 대한 (About / Regarding)
기후위기에 대한 대중의 관심이 필요합니다.
-(으)면 (If)
기후위기가 해결되지 않으면 미래는 어두울 것입니다.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
기후위기는 아주 무서워요.
The climate crisis is very scary.
-는 is a topic particle. '무서워요' is the polite present form of 'to be scary'.
지구가 기후위기 때문에 아파요.
The Earth is hurting because of the climate crisis.
-때문에 means 'because of'.
우리는 기후위기를 알아요.
We know about the climate crisis.
-를 is an object particle.
기후위기가 뭐예요?
What is the climate crisis?
-가 is a subject particle. '뭐예요?' means 'What is it?'
기후위기는 진짜 문제예요.
The climate crisis is a real problem.
'진짜' means 'real/really'. '문제예요' means 'is a problem'.
기후위기 뉴스예요.
It is climate crisis news.
Noun + 예요/이에요 means 'It is [Noun]'.
기후위기를 공부해요.
I study the climate crisis.
공부해요 is the present tense of 'to study'.
기후위기가 싫어요.
I don't like the climate crisis.
싫어요 means 'to dislike/be hateful'.
기후위기 때문에 날씨가 이상해요.
The weather is strange because of the climate crisis.
이상해요 means 'is strange'.
기후위기를 해결하고 싶어요.
I want to solve the climate crisis.
-고 싶어요 means 'want to'.
기후위기에 대해 들어봤어요?
Have you heard about the climate crisis?
-에 대해 means 'about'. -어/아 봤어요? means 'Have you tried/done...?'
기후위기는 우리 모두의 문제예요.
The climate crisis is a problem for all of us.
모두의 means 'everyone's'.
기후위기가 심각해지고 있어요.
The climate crisis is becoming serious.
-어/아지고 있다 means 'is becoming...'
기후위기를 막으려면 나무를 심어야 해요.
To stop the climate crisis, we must plant trees.
-(으)려면 means 'if you want to'. -어/아야 하다 means 'must'.
기후위기 뉴스가 매일 나와요.
Climate crisis news comes out every day.
매일 means 'every day'.
기후위기 때문에 북극곰이 위험해요.
Polar bears are in danger because of the climate crisis.
위험해요 means 'is dangerous'.
기후위기에 대응하기 위해 일회용품을 줄입시다.
Let's reduce disposables to respond to the climate crisis.
-기 위해 means 'in order to'. -(으)ㅂ시다 means 'let's'.
기후위기가 심해지면 농사가 힘들 거예요.
If the climate crisis gets worse, farming will be difficult.
-(으)면 means 'if'. -(으)ㄹ 거예요 is future tense.
기후위기의 원인은 탄소 배출입니다.
The cause of the climate crisis is carbon emissions.
원인 means 'cause'. -입니다 is formal 'is'.
많은 사람들이 기후위기를 걱정하고 있습니다.
Many people are worrying about the climate crisis.
걱정하다 means 'to worry'. -고 있다 is progressive.
기후위기 교육이 학교에서 중요해졌어요.
Climate crisis education has become important in schools.
중요해지다 means 'to become important'.
기후위기를 극복하는 방법은 다양합니다.
There are various ways to overcome the climate crisis.
방법 means 'way/method'. 다양하다 means 'to be diverse'.
기후위기 전문가의 말을 들어봅시다.
Let's listen to what the climate crisis expert says.
전문가 means 'expert'.
기후위기 상황에서도 희망을 잃지 맙시다.
Let's not lose hope even in a climate crisis situation.
-지 맙시다 means 'let's not'.
기후위기로 인해 전 세계적으로 이상 기후 현상이 빈번해지고 있습니다.
Due to the climate crisis, abnormal climate phenomena are becoming frequent worldwide.
-로 인해 means 'due to'. 빈번해지다 means 'to become frequent'.
정부는 기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립 정책을 수립했습니다.
The government established a carbon neutrality policy to respond to the climate crisis.
수립하다 means 'to establish (a policy/plan)'.
기후위기는 더 이상 먼 미래의 일이 아니라 현재의 위협입니다.
The climate crisis is no longer a matter of the distant future, but a present threat.
A-이/가 아니라 B means 'Not A but B'.
기업들은 기후위기 리스크를 관리하기 위해 ESG 경영을 강화하고 있습니다.
Companies are strengthening ESG management to manage climate crisis risks.
강화하다 means 'to strengthen'.
기후위기의 심각성을 알리는 캠페인이 활발히 진행 중입니다.
Campaigns to raise awareness of the seriousness of the climate crisis are actively underway.
- 중이다 means 'in the middle of/underway'.
기후위기에 취약한 계층을 돕기 위한 사회적 안전망이 필요합니다.
A social safety net is needed to help those vulnerable to the climate crisis.
취약하다 means 'to be vulnerable'.
우리는 기후위기 시대에 걸맞은 새로운 가치관을 가져야 합니다.
We must have new values suitable for the era of the climate crisis.
-에 걸맞은 means 'suitable for/matching'.
기후위기 해결을 위해 국제적인 공조가 절실히 요구됩니다.
International cooperation is urgently required to solve the climate crisis.
절실히 means 'urgently/desperately'.
기후위기는 인류의 생존을 위협하는 실존적 위기로 규정되어야 합니다.
The climate crisis must be defined as an existential crisis threatening human survival.
규정되다 means 'to be defined'. 실존적 means 'existential'.
기후위기 담론은 단순한 환경 보호를 넘어 체제 전환의 필요성을 시사합니다.
The climate crisis discourse suggests the necessity of a system transition beyond simple environmental protection.
시사하다 means 'to suggest/imply'. 담론 means 'discourse'.
과학적 데이터는 기후위기의 가속화가 임계점에 도달했음을 보여줍니다.
Scientific data shows that the acceleration of the climate crisis has reached a tipping point.
임계점 means 'tipping point'. -음을 보여주다 means 'shows that...'
기후위기에 대한 안일한 태도는 돌이킬 수 없는 결과를 초래할 것입니다.
A complacent attitude toward the climate crisis will bring about irreversible consequences.
안일한 means 'complacent'. 돌이킬 수 없는 means 'irreversible'.
선진국들은 기후위기에 대한 역사적 책임을 통감하고 지원을 확대해야 합니다.
Developed countries must fully realize their historical responsibility for the climate crisis and expand support.
통감하다 means 'to deeply feel/realize'.
기후위기 대응은 경제 성장의 걸림돌이 아니라 새로운 기회로 인식되어야 합니다.
Responding to the climate crisis should be perceived not as a stumbling block to economic growth, but as a new opportunity.
걸림돌 means 'stumbling block'.
시민 사회는 기후위기 해결을 위한 법적 장치 마련을 강력히 촉구하고 있습니다.
Civil society is strongly urging the creation of legal mechanisms to solve the climate crisis.
촉구하다 means 'to urge'.
기후위기는 세대 간의 불평등을 심화시키는 정의의 문제입니다.
The climate crisis is a matter of justice that deepens inequality between generations.
심화시키다 means 'to deepen/intensify'.
기후위기의 파토스적 호소력은 인류 공동의 운명체적 인식을 일깨우는 기폭제가 되었습니다.
The pathetic appeal of the climate crisis has become a catalyst for awakening the collective consciousness of humanity's shared destiny.
기폭제 means 'catalyst'. 운명체적 means 'sharing a common destiny'.
기후위기 대응에 있어 기술적 낙관주의를 경계하고 근본적인 패러다임 전환을 모색해야 합니다.
In responding to the climate crisis, we must be wary of technological optimism and seek a fundamental paradigm shift.
경계하다 means 'to be wary of'. 모색하다 means 'to seek/explore'.
기후위기는 자본주의적 생산 방식의 한계를 극명하게 드러내는 지표입니다.
The climate crisis is an indicator that starkly reveals the limits of the capitalist production method.
극명하게 means 'starkly/clearly'. 지표 means 'indicator'.
포스트 코로나 시대의 기후위기 담론은 생태적 전환을 향한 전 지구적 연대를 요청합니다.
The climate crisis discourse in the post-COVID era calls for global solidarity toward an ecological transition.
연대 means 'solidarity'. 요청하다 means 'to request/call for'.
기후위기로 인한 생물 다양성의 급격한 감소는 지구 생태계의 복원력을 약화시키고 있습니다.
The rapid decrease in biodiversity caused by the climate crisis is weakening the resilience of the Earth's ecosystem.
복원력 means 'resilience/restorative power'.
기후위기 정치는 국가 이기주의를 넘어 인류 보편의 가치를 지향해야 하는 난제에 직면해 있습니다.
Climate crisis politics faces the difficult problem of having to aim for universal human values beyond national egoism.
지향하다 means 'to aim for'. 난제 means 'difficult problem'.
기후위기의 불확실성은 리스크 관리를 넘어선 실존적 결단을 요구하는 지점에 우리를 세워두었습니다.
The uncertainty of the climate crisis has placed us at a point that demands existential decisions beyond risk management.
불확실성 means 'uncertainty'. 결단 means 'decision/resolve'.
기후위기 시대의 문학은 상실의 슬픔을 넘어 새로운 생태적 상상력을 구축하는 역할을 수행합니다.
Literature in the era of the climate crisis plays the role of building a new ecological imagination beyond the sorrow of loss.
수행하다 means 'to carry out/perform'.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— The climate crisis is right in front of us (imminent).
기후위기가 눈앞에 닥쳤는데도 아무것도 안 하고 있다.
— The warning of the climate crisis.
폭염은 기후위기가 보내는 강력한 경고이다.
— Climate Crisis Response Act (specific legislation).
기후위기 대응법이 국회를 통과했습니다.
— Climate crisis clock (referring to the time left to act).
기후위기 시계가 빠르게 돌아가고 있다.
— The front line of the climate crisis.
섬나라들은 기후위기 최전선에 서 있다.
— Those directly affected by the climate crisis (often youth).
청소년들은 스스로를 기후위기 당사자라고 부른다.
— Signs/symptoms of the climate crisis.
곳곳에서 기후위기 징후가 포착되고 있다.
— Climate crisis governance.
효율적인 기후위기 거버넌스 구축이 시급하다.
— Climate crisis adaptation.
완화뿐만 아니라 기후위기 적응 전략도 중요하다.
— Vulnerability to the climate crisis.
지역별 기후위기 취약성을 평가해야 한다.
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
'Change' is neutral; 'Crisis' is urgent. Use 'Crisis' for modern social issues.
'Weather' is short-term (today/tomorrow); 'Climate' is long-term patterns.
'Meteorology' or 'Weather conditions'. Often used in technical weather reports.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To have a fire fall on one's foot (to be in an urgent situation). Used with climate crisis.
기후위기로 발등에 불이 떨어졌는데 여전히 토론만 하고 있다.
Informal/Common— Mending the barn after losing the cow. Used to warn against late climate action.
기후위기 대응을 미루다가 소 잃고 외양간 고치는 격이 될 수 있다.
Common— To watch a fire across the river (to be indifferent). Used for those ignoring the crisis.
기후위기 문제를 강 건너 불구경하듯 해서는 안 된다.
Common— Snow on top of frost (misfortunes never come singly). Used for compounding climate disasters.
경제 위기에 기후위기까지 겹쳐 설상가상의 상황이다.
Formal— Natural disaster/Act of God. Often contrasted with the man-made climate crisis.
이제 기후위기는 단순한 천재지변이 아니라 인재입니다.
Formal— Justice will prevail/Things will return to the right path. Used for environmental restoration.
자연을 파괴한 대가를 치르는 것은 사필귀정이다.
Formal— Unprecedented (nothing before or after). Used for extreme weather.
이번 폭염은 기상 관측 사상 전무후무한 일이다.
Formal— To be helpless/at one's wits' end. Used for the scale of the crisis.
기후위기 앞에서는 인간의 기술도 속수무책일 수 있다.
Common— A hair's breadth from danger. Used for the 'tipping point'.
지구의 생태계는 지금 위기일발의 상황에 처해 있다.
Common— Reaping what one sows. Used for human-caused climate change.
기후위기는 결국 인간의 욕심이 부른 자업자득이다.
Commonبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both relate to changing weather patterns.
기후변화 (Climate Change) is a general scientific term. 기후위기 (Climate Crisis) emphasizes the danger and urgency.
과학자들은 기후변화를 연구하고, 활동가들은 기후위기를 경고한다.
Both describe the Earth getting hotter.
지구온난화 (Global Warming) is the specific phenomenon of rising temperatures. 기후위기 is the broader crisis resulting from it.
지구온난화가 지속되면 기후위기가 심화된다.
Both describe strange weather.
이상기후 (Abnormal Climate) refers to specific weird weather events (like snow in summer). 기후위기 is the overall state.
이상기후는 기후위기의 증거 중 하나이다.
Both are environmental problems.
환경오염 (Environmental Pollution) refers to trash, chemicals, etc. 기후위기 refers to the systemic change in the Earth's climate.
플라스틱은 환경오염을 일으키고, 탄소는 기후위기를 일으킨다.
Both involve natural disasters.
천재지변 (Natural Disaster) implies an act of nature. 기후위기 implies a man-made or systemic crisis.
과거에는 홍수를 천재지변이라 했지만, 이제는 기후위기라고 부른다.
الگوهای جملهسازی
[Subject]은/는 기후위기예요.
이것은 기후위기예요.
기후위기 때문에 [Result].
기후위기 때문에 더워요.
기후위기를 위해 [Action]해요.
기후위기를 위해 나무를 심어요.
기후위기에 대해 [Verb].
기후위기에 대해 공부해요.
기후위기로 인해 [Result (Formal)].
기후위기로 인해 가뭄이 발생했습니다.
기후위기에 대응하는 [Noun].
기후위기에 대응하는 기술이 개발되었습니다.
기후위기가 시사하는 바는 [Noun]입니다.
기후위기가 시사하는 바는 체제 전환입니다.
기후위기 담론의 핵심은 [Noun]에 있습니다.
기후위기 담론의 핵심은 정의의 실현에 있습니다.
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
Extremely high in modern Korean media and education.
-
오늘 기후위기가 좋아요.
→
오늘 날씨가 좋아요.
'기후' refers to long-term patterns, not the daily weather. You can't say the climate crisis is 'good' for a sunny day.
-
기후위기를 해요.
→
기후위기에 대응해요.
'기후위기' is a noun. You can't 'do' a crisis; you 'respond' to it.
-
기후위기에서 살아요.
→
기후위기 시대에 살아요.
In Korean, you live in an 'era' (시대) of crisis, rather than 'inside' the crisis itself.
-
기후위기 때문에 날씨가 변화해요.
→
기후위기로 인해 기후가 변화해요.
While not strictly wrong, '로 인해' is much more natural and formal for this serious topic.
-
기후위기를 만들었어요.
→
기후위기를 초래했어요.
'만들다' (to make) is too simple. '초래하다' (to cause/bring about) is the correct academic term for a crisis.
نکات
Learn the components
Remember that 기후 is climate and 위기 is crisis. This helps you understand other words like 기후학 (climatology) or 경제위기 (economic crisis).
Use with -로 인해
When writing about the effects of the crisis, the pattern '기후위기로 인해 [Result]' is very sophisticated and common in formal Korean.
Context matters
In Korea, the term is often linked to the 'Green New Deal'. Knowing this helps you understand news about the economy and environment.
Serious tone
This is a heavy topic. When speaking about it, use a serious tone and avoid overly casual endings if you want to sound persuasive.
Listen for keywords
In news reports, '기후위기' is often followed by words like '폭염' (heatwave), '홍수' (flood), or '탄소' (carbon). Listen for these clusters.
TOPIK Preparation
Practice writing a short paragraph using 기후위기, 심각성 (seriousness), and 대응 (response). These are 'golden' words for the exam.
The 'Key' to 'Who'
Think: The 'Ki' (Key) to 'Hu' (Who) we are is solving the 'Wi-gi' (Crisis).
Headline spotting
Look at the 'Environment' section of Korean news sites like Naver News. You will see '기후위기' in almost every headline.
Conversation starter
Asking someone '기후위기에 대해 어떻게 생각하세요?' is a great way to start a deep conversation with a Korean friend.
Daily usage
Try to label environmental events in your head as '기후위기' in Korean to reinforce the word.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Think of 'Ki' (Key) to 'Hu' (Human) survival being in 'Wi' (We) 'Gi' (Gearing) up for a crisis.
تداعی تصویری
An image of a giant hourglass filled with melting ice instead of sand.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to use '기후위기' in a sentence that explains one thing you did today to help the planet.
ریشه کلمه
Derived from Sino-Korean characters: 氣候 (기후) meaning 'climate' and 危機 (위기) meaning 'crisis'.
معنای اصلی: 'Climate' + 'Danger/Opportunity'.
Sino-Korean (Hanja).بافت فرهنگی
While widely accepted, some older generations might see it as alarmist, though this is changing rapidly.
In English, 'Climate Crisis' is often contrasted with 'Climate Change' to show political alignment. In Korea, the shift to '기후위기' is broadly accepted across most media.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Watching the News
- 기후위기 보도 (Climate crisis report)
- 이상 기후 (Abnormal climate)
- 기록적인 폭염 (Record-breaking heatwave)
- 해수면 상승 (Sea level rise)
At School/University
- 기후위기 과제 (Climate crisis assignment)
- 환경 토론 (Environmental debate)
- 탄소 발자국 (Carbon footprint)
- 에너지 절약 (Energy saving)
At Work (ESG/Policy)
- 기후위기 리스크 관리 (Climate crisis risk management)
- 친환경 공정 (Eco-friendly process)
- 지속가능경영 보고서 (Sustainability report)
- 규제 대응 (Regulatory response)
Social Activism
- 기후위기 집회 (Climate crisis rally)
- 서명 운동 (Signature campaign)
- 미래 세대를 위해 (For future generations)
- 지금 당장 행동하라 (Act right now)
Daily Life/Shopping
- 제로 웨이스트 (Zero waste)
- 친환경 제품 (Eco-friendly product)
- 분리배출 (Separated disposal/recycling)
- 일회용품 줄이기 (Reducing disposables)
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"요즘 기후위기가 정말 심각한 것 같은데, 어떻게 생각하세요? (The climate crisis seems really serious lately, what do you think?)"
"기후위기를 해결하기 위해 우리가 일상에서 할 수 있는 일이 무엇일까요? (What can we do in our daily lives to solve the climate crisis?)"
"학교나 직장에서 기후위기 대응을 위해 어떤 노력을 하고 있나요? (What efforts are being made at your school or workplace to respond to the climate crisis?)"
"최근의 이상 기후 현상이 기후위기와 관련이 있다고 보시나요? (Do you think recent abnormal climate phenomena are related to the climate crisis?)"
"기후위기 뉴스 중에서 가장 기억에 남는 것이 있나요? (Is there any climate crisis news that stands out in your memory?)"
موضوعات نگارش
내가 생각하는 기후위기의 가장 큰 원인과 그 해결책에 대해 써 보세요. (Write about what you think is the biggest cause of the climate crisis and its solution.)
기후위기 시대에 미래 세대에게 미안한 마음이 든다면 그 이유는 무엇인가요? (If you feel sorry for future generations in the era of climate crisis, what is the reason?)
오늘 내가 기후위기 대응을 위해 실천한 작은 행동 세 가지를 기록해 보세요. (Record three small actions you took today to respond to the climate crisis.)
10년 후의 지구가 기후위기를 잘 극복했을 때의 모습을 상상해서 묘사해 보세요. (Imagine and describe what the Earth will look like in 10 years if it overcomes the climate crisis well.)
정부나 기업이 기후위기 해결을 위해 가장 먼저 해야 할 일은 무엇이라고 생각하나요? (What do you think is the first thing governments or companies should do to solve the climate crisis?)
سوالات متداول
10 سوال'기후위기' is used to emphasize that the changes are not just natural shifts but an urgent threat that requires immediate action. It reflects the global movement to treat environmental issues as emergencies.
Yes, it is used in formal news, academic papers, and government documents. However, it is also common in daily conversation due to its high relevance.
There isn't a 'slang' for it, but in casual speech, you might just say '날씨가 너무 이상해' (The weather is so weird) or '지구가 너무 더워' (The Earth is too hot) while referring to the crisis.
Common verbs include 대응하다 (respond), 극복하다 (overcome), 초래하다 (cause), 심각하다 (to be serious), and 인지하다 (recognize).
Both are used, but as it has become a standard term, it is frequently written without a space as a compound noun: 기후위기.
Absolutely. It is a very high-frequency topic for the TOPIK II writing and reading sections. Using it correctly can help you get a higher score.
'기후비상' (Climate Emergency) is even more urgent than '기후위기'. It is often used when a government officially declares a state of emergency.
It is pronounced [기후위기]. Make sure the 'h' in 'hu' is soft and the 'wi' is like the English word 'we'.
Environmental activists, scientists, journalists, and students are the primary users, but it is now common among all demographics.
While they are different issues, they are often discussed together in Korea because climate change can worsen air stagnation, leading to higher levels of fine dust.
خودت رو بسنج 180 سوال
Write a simple sentence: 'The climate crisis is a problem.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'I am worried about the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'We must solve the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Because of the climate crisis, the weather is hot.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Let's study the climate crisis together.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The cause of the climate crisis is carbon emissions.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Due to the climate crisis, glaciers are melting.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The government is responding to the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Climate crisis awareness is increasing.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis is a present threat.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'We need a paradigm shift for the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis worsens inequality.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Scientific data shows the climate crisis is accelerating.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis is an existential crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'We must urge legal mechanisms for the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis reveals the limits of capitalism.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Climate crisis politics must aim for universal values.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis is a catalyst for collective consciousness.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'We must be wary of technological optimism regarding the climate crisis.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'The climate crisis requires an ecological transition.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Pronounce: 기후위기
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'Climate crisis is serious' in Korean.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'I worry about the climate crisis.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'Let's solve the climate crisis.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Explain in Korean: Why is the climate crisis a problem? (Simple)
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'Due to the climate crisis, the weather is strange.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The government must respond to the climate crisis.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Discuss one way to help the environment in Korean.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The climate crisis is an existential threat.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'We must recognize the seriousness of the climate crisis.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Explain 'Carbon Neutrality' in your own words in Korean.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The climate crisis discourse is evolving.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The climate crisis reveals the limits of our system.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'We need a fundamental paradigm shift.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Discuss the ethical implications of the climate crisis in Korean.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'Global solidarity is the only way.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The climate crisis is a catalyst for change.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'We must move beyond technological optimism.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The climate crisis is a matter of intergenerational justice.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say: 'The uncertainty of the climate crisis is a challenge.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen and write: 기후위기
Listen and write: 기후위기가 심각해요.
Listen and write: 기후위기 때문에 걱정이에요.
Listen and write: 기후위기를 해결합시다.
Listen and write: 기후위기 대응 정책
Listen and write: 탄소중립과 기후위기
Listen and write: 기후위기로 인한 피해
Listen and write: 기후위기 비상사태 선포
Listen and write: 기후위기의 실존적 위협
Listen and write: 기후위기 담론의 핵심
Listen and write: 패러다임 전환과 기후위기
Listen and write: 기후위기 대응의 법적 실효성
Listen and write: 기술적 낙관주의를 경계하라
Listen and write: 전 지구적 연대의 절실함
Listen and write: 기후위기와 자본주의의 한계
/ 180 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
기후위기 (Climate Crisis) is an essential term for discussing modern environmental issues in Korea, signaling a shift from neutral observation to urgent action. Example: 기후위기에 대응하기 위해 탄소 배출을 줄여야 합니다 (We must reduce carbon emissions to respond to the climate crisis).
- 기후위기 is the Korean word for 'Climate Crisis', emphasizing urgency.
- It is a compound of '기후' (climate) and '위기' (crisis).
- It is used more frequently than '기후변화' to signal immediate danger.
- Commonly found in news, government policy, and environmental activism.
Learn the components
Remember that 기후 is climate and 위기 is crisis. This helps you understand other words like 기후학 (climatology) or 경제위기 (economic crisis).
Use with -로 인해
When writing about the effects of the crisis, the pattern '기후위기로 인해 [Result]' is very sophisticated and common in formal Korean.
Context matters
In Korea, the term is often linked to the 'Green New Deal'. Knowing this helps you understand news about the economy and environment.
Serious tone
This is a heavy topic. When speaking about it, use a serious tone and avoid overly casual endings if you want to sound persuasive.
مثال
기후위기에 대응하기 위해 탄소 배출량을 즉각 줄여야 한다.
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر environment
풍부하다
B1To be abundant or plentiful. Having a large quantity of something, especially resources, knowledge, or experience.
집적되다
B2انباشته شدن یا متمرکز شدن در یک مکان. در متون آکادمیک برای توصیف تمرکز جمعیت، ثروت یا آلایندهها استفاده میشود.
적응
B1فرایند سازگاری با شرایط، محیطها یا موقعیتهای جدید.
농업
B1کشاورزی یکی از مهمترین بخشهای اقتصاد است.
대기오염
B2آلودگی هوا باعث بیماریهای ریوی میشود.
인위적
B2این دریاچه مصنوعی است و توسط انسان ساخته شده است.
대기
B1جو پوششی از گازها است که زمین یا سیاره دیگری را احاطه کرده است.
수용력
B2ظرفیت پذیرش یا گنجایش یک فضا یا سیستم. 'ظرفیت پذیرش این بیمارستان تکمیل شده است.'
이산화탄소
B1دیاکسید کربن گازی بیرنگ است که از تنفس و سوختن تولید میشود.
탄소 배출
B2انتشار کربن به معنای آزاد شدن دیاکسید کربن در جو است. کاهش انتشار کربن برای مبارزه با گرمایش زمین ضروری است.
