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A1 noun #3,000 پرکاربردترین 14 دقیقه مطالعه

운행

unhaeng رتبه 3,000

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 운행 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 운행 in your Level:

At the A1 level, learners are just beginning to navigate the Korean language and the physical environment of South Korea. The word 운행 is introduced primarily as a survival vocabulary item for reading public transportation signs and understanding basic announcements. A1 learners do not need to master the complex passive grammatical structures associated with the word, but they must be able to recognize it visually and auditorily. When an A1 learner looks at a bus schedule or a subway display, seeing this word alongside terms like 'normal' (정상) or 'stop' (중지) provides crucial context about whether they can travel. The focus at this stage is purely on associating the word with the concept of a bus or train moving. Teachers will often present it in simple, declarative sentences such as 'The bus is operating' or 'The train is not operating.' Learners are encouraged to memorize it as a fixed chunk rather than analyzing its Hanja roots. It is also a great opportunity to introduce the difference between this word and the word for driving, preventing a common beginner mistake early on. Mastery at the A1 level means a student can confidently stand at a transit stop, look at the digital board, and determine the status of their ride based on the presence or absence of this key noun and its basic verb forms.

As learners progress to the A2 level, their ability to interact with the language expands, and so does their use of 운행. At this stage, students begin to form their own sentences using the word, rather than just passively recognizing it on signs. They learn to ask functional questions about transportation schedules, which is a core competency for A2. A student might ask a clerk at a terminal, 'Until what time does the bus operate?' or 'Is the subway operating right now?' This requires an understanding of how to attach basic verbs like 하다 (to do) and 되다 (to become) to the noun. A2 learners also start encountering the word in compound forms, such as 운행 시간 (hours of operation), which is vital for planning daily activities. The vocabulary is practiced through role-playing exercises, such as simulating a conversation at a train ticket counter or calling a transit information line. Teachers emphasize the pronunciation and the correct subject particles to use when discussing different vehicles. By the end of the A2 level, a learner should feel comfortable not only reading the word but also using it to gather necessary travel information, making their experience in Korea significantly more independent and manageable.

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At the B1 intermediate level, the usage of 운행 becomes more nuanced and grammatically complex. Learners are now expected to understand the reasons behind changes in operation, which involves comprehending longer, more detailed announcements and short news snippets. For instance, a B1 learner should be able to understand a sentence like, 'Due to heavy snow, the operation of the mountain bus route has been suspended.' This requires integrating the target word with conjunctions indicating cause and effect. Furthermore, B1 students dive deeper into the passive voice, recognizing that 운행되다 is the preferred, natural way to describe a vehicle's status in formal contexts. They also learn to express continuous action using 운행 중 (currently in operation). The vocabulary is expanded to include related terms like 노선 (route), 지연 (delay), and 취소 (cancellation), creating a robust semantic network around the concept of public transit. In speaking and writing, B1 learners can narrate past experiences involving transportation issues, using the word accurately to describe how a delayed train affected their schedule. The focus shifts from basic survival to fluid communication about logistical situations.

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Reaching the B2 level signifies a strong upper-intermediate proficiency, where learners can handle abstract and complex discussions. At this stage, 운행 is no longer just about catching a bus; it is about understanding the systems and policies governing transportation. B2 learners encounter the word in extensive reading materials, such as newspaper articles discussing transit strikes, budget cuts affecting subway operations, or the introduction of new high-speed rail lines. They must comprehend the word within sophisticated sentence structures involving advanced grammar patterns. In discussions, a B2 student might be asked to debate the efficiency of the night bus operations in Seoul or present a summary of how a recent typhoon impacted ferry services across the country. The vocabulary is used to express opinions and analyze situations rather than just stating facts. B2 learners also refine their register, understanding exactly when to use formal announcements phrasing versus conversational descriptions of a commute. They become highly sensitive to the collocations of the word, knowing precisely which adjectives and verbs naturally pair with it in professional and journalistic contexts.

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At the C1 advanced level, learners possess near-native fluency in specific domains, and their use of 운행 reflects a deep, analytical understanding of the language. They interact with the word in academic, professional, and highly formal contexts. A C1 learner might read government reports on urban planning, where the efficiency of public transit operations is analyzed using statistical data. They can easily comprehend dense, jargon-filled texts regarding the logistical operations of national freight networks or the environmental impact of reducing diesel bus operations. In spoken Korean, C1 students can confidently deliver presentations or participate in high-level meetings discussing transportation logistics. They understand the subtle implications of the word when used metaphorically or in complex legal and administrative documents. The focus at this level is on absolute precision. A C1 learner knows exactly why 운행 is chosen over synonyms like 운송 or 이동 in a given paragraph, demonstrating an intuitive grasp of Sino-Korean roots and semantic boundaries. They can flawlessly integrate the word into highly complex, multi-clause sentences without hesitation.

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The C2 level represents mastery, where the learner's command of the language is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker. At this pinnacle of proficiency, 운행 is utilized with absolute effortlessness across all possible contexts, from the most casual complaints about a late subway to the most rigorous academic discourse on transportation economics. A C2 learner can critically analyze literature or historical texts that discuss the evolution of transit operations in Korea, understanding how the terminology and its usage have shifted over time. They can draft official corporate communications, press releases, or legal contracts involving the operation of commercial fleets, ensuring that the terminology is legally and contextually flawless. At this stage, the word is fully integrated into the learner's subconscious linguistic repertoire. They can play with its structure, invent novel but grammatically sound compound nouns if necessary for a specific technical context, and instantly recognize any slight deviation from standard usage in others' speech. For a C2 speaker, the word is a perfectly polished tool, used with exactitude to convey complex logistical realities in any communicative scenario.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

운행 در ۳۰ ثانیه

Refers to vehicles running on a schedule.
Used for buses, trains, subways, and flights.
Not used for personal driving or machines.
Commonly heard in public transit announcements.

The Korean word 운행 is an absolutely essential vocabulary item for anyone living in or visiting South Korea, primarily because it forms the linguistic backbone of the country's world-class public transportation network. When we talk about the concept of operation or service in English, we might use a variety of words depending on the context, but in Korean, when it comes to vehicles running their designated routes, this specific noun is the undisputed champion. To fully grasp its usage, one must first understand its roots. The word is composed of two Hanja, or Chinese characters. The first character means to carry or to transport, while the second character means to go or to travel. Together, they create a highly specific term that refers exclusively to the scheduled movement of transport vehicles such as buses, subways, trains, taxis, and even ferries or airplanes. You will almost never hear this word used to describe a person driving a personal car for leisure, nor will you hear it used for a microwave operating in a kitchen. It is strictly reserved for the systematic, scheduled, and often public or commercial movement of vehicles. For English speakers, this distinction is crucial. We often say 'The bus is running late' or 'The train is not operating today.' In Korean, both 'running' and 'operating' in these contexts translate perfectly to this word. Let us look at some specific scenarios. Imagine you are standing on the platform of the Seoul Subway. You look up at the digital display board, and you see a message scrolling across the screen. If the trains are running smoothly without any delays, you will see the phrase indicating normal operation. This is a reassuring sight for commuters. However, if there is a heavy snowstorm or a mechanical failure, the board might display a notice of suspended service, utilizing this exact vocabulary word to inform passengers that the vehicles are no longer moving along their routes.

Core Usage: Used primarily for public transit schedules and vehicle operations.
Exclusions: Not used for personal driving or machine operation.
Formality: Highly formal and standard, used in news and official announcements.

Furthermore, the word is not just a static noun; it is highly dynamic. By attaching the standard light verb to do, it becomes an active verb meaning to operate a vehicle along a route. By attaching the passive verb maker, it becomes a passive verb meaning to be operated. This flexibility allows it to be used in a wide array of grammatical structures, from simple declarative sentences to complex official announcements. When you use navigation applications like KakaoMetro or Naver Maps, this word appears constantly in the service details, schedule changes, and real-time updates. It is the language of logistics, commuting, and travel. Understanding it deeply will not only help you pass Korean language proficiency exams but also significantly reduce the stress of navigating one of the most bustling and intricately connected transport grids in the world.

지하철이 정상 운행 중입니다.

버스가 운행을 시작했습니다.

열차 운행이 중단되었습니다.

택시 운행 시간이 아닙니다.

야간 운행 버스를 타세요.

As you study this word, pay attention to the nouns it pairs with. It loves words like route, schedule, suspension, and normal. It thrives in formal announcements but is also used in everyday complaints when the bus isn't arriving on time. In the following sections, we will break down the exact grammatical structures, common mistakes, and real-world examples to ensure you can use this word as naturally as a native speaker.

Now that we understand the fundamental meaning of the word, it is time to explore exactly how to deploy it in a variety of sentence structures. Because this word is a noun describing an action or state of operation, it behaves like many other action nouns in the Korean language. The most common way to use it is by attaching verbs that indicate doing or becoming. When you want to say that a company or an agency operates a vehicle, you use the active verb form by attaching 'hada' (to do). For example, 'The city operates the night bus' translates to the city being the subject, the night bus being the object, and the active verb form completing the sentence. However, in everyday conversation and official announcements, it is far more common to use the passive form. This is because the focus is usually on the vehicle itself and its status, rather than the entity operating it. To create the passive form, you attach 'doeda' (to become/be done). Therefore, 'The train is operating' or 'The train is running' uses the train as the subject with the subject particle, followed by the passive verb form. This passive construction is ubiquitous in Korean public spaces.

Active Form: 운행하다 (To operate something)
Passive Form: 운행되다 (To be operated / to run)
State Form: 운행 중 (Currently in operation)

Another incredibly useful structure is combining the noun with the word for 'middle' or 'during' to express that something is currently in service. By placing 'jung' immediately after the noun, you create a phrase meaning 'in operation' or 'currently running.' For instance, if someone asks if the cable car is open, you can simply say 'It is currently in operation' using this exact combination. You will also frequently encounter this word as part of a compound noun. Korean is a language that loves to stack nouns together to create specific terminology. You can combine it with the word for 'time' to mean 'operating hours.' You can combine it with the word for 'route' to mean 'operational route.' You can combine it with the word for 'suspension' to mean 'service suspension.' These compound nouns are essential for reading signs and schedules. Let us examine how particles interact with these phrases. When the vehicle is the subject of the sentence, you must use the subject particles 'i' or 'ga' depending on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant or a vowel. Since words like bus and train end in different sounds, mastering particle attachment is key to sounding fluent.

이 버스는 밤에도 운행합니다.

열차가 정상적으로 운행되고 있습니다.

현재 케이블카는 운행 중입니다.

폭설로 인해 열차 운행이 취소되었습니다.

첫차 운행 시간은 새벽 5시입니다.

Furthermore, when asking questions about schedules, this word is your best friend. You can ask 'Until what time does it operate?' by combining the noun, the active verb, and the question marker. The versatility of this vocabulary item means that once you master its basic verb pairings and noun combinations, you unlock the ability to navigate almost any transportation-related conversation in Korea. Practice writing sentences where different vehicles are the subjects, and try alternating between active, passive, and continuous state forms to build your grammatical confidence.

If you spend any amount of time in South Korea, you will quickly realize that this word is an inescapable part of the daily auditory landscape. South Korea boasts one of the most efficient, punctual, and extensive public transportation systems on the planet, and this word is the primary vehicle through which information about that system is communicated to the public. The most frequent place you will encounter this word is inside subway stations and on the trains themselves. As you stand on the platform waiting for your train in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, or any other major city, automated announcements constantly play overhead. These announcements are designed to keep the massive flow of commuters informed and moving safely. You will hear a pleasant chime followed by a voice stating, 'The train currently operating is...' This phrase uses the present participle form of our target word to describe the incoming vehicle. It is a polite, formal, and precise way of announcing arrivals. Beyond the subway, bus stops are another major hub for this vocabulary. Modern Korean bus stops are equipped with digital display boards that show real-time arrival information. Occasionally, a bus route might be altered or suspended due to road construction, a marathon, or a public protest. In these instances, the electronic boards will flash messages containing the word for 'service suspension' or 'detour operation,' heavily relying on our target noun to convey the disruption.

Subway Stations: Automated announcements regarding arriving and departing trains.
Bus Terminals: Digital displays showing schedule changes and route operations.
News Broadcasts: Reports on traffic delays, weather impacts, and transit strikes.

You will also hear this word frequently during news broadcasts, especially during the weather or traffic segments. South Korea experiences distinct seasons, including a monsoon season with heavy rains and winters that can bring significant snowfall. When extreme weather strikes, news anchors will gravely announce which flight routes, ferry services, and high-speed train lines have had their operations delayed or canceled. The word anchors these reports, providing a professional tone to the logistical updates. Furthermore, during national holidays like Chuseok or Seollal, millions of people travel across the country to visit their hometowns. The government often responds by increasing the number of trains and buses on the roads. News reports will use our target word to describe the 'special operation' or 'extended service hours' implemented to handle the holiday rush.

이번 열차는 당역 종착으로 운행하는 열차입니다.

태풍으로 인해 여객선 운행이 전면 통제되었습니다.

명절 기간 동안 고속버스 운행 횟수를 늘립니다.

파업으로 인해 일부 노선의 운행이 지연될 수 있습니다.

안전한 운행을 위해 손잡이를 잡아주세요.

Even inside the vehicles, you are not free from this word. Bus drivers and automated bus systems often play messages asking passengers to hold on tightly for safe operation. In taxis, you might see a small digital meter that indicates whether the taxi is currently empty or in operation. The applications you use to hail these taxis, such as KakaoT, will also use variations of this word to inform you of the driver's status. In short, whether you are reading a sign, listening to an announcement, watching the news, or checking an app, if it involves a vehicle moving from point A to point B on a schedule, this word is the linguistic key that unlocks the information.

When learning a new language, English speakers often try to map a single English word directly onto a single Korean word. This strategy usually leads to significant confusion, especially with vocabulary related to operation, running, and driving. The most common mistake learners make with our target word is confusing it with the word for driving. In English, we might say 'I am operating the vehicle' or 'I am driving the car,' and the meaning is essentially the same. However, in Korean, there is a strict boundary between the human act of steering a vehicle and the systemic, scheduled movement of a public transit vehicle. If you want to say 'I am driving my car,' you must use the word 'unjeon' (운전). If you incorrectly use our target word, 'unhaeng' (운행), to describe yourself driving a personal car, it sounds incredibly unnatural, as if you are claiming to be a public bus following a municipal route schedule.

Mistake 1: Personal Driving: Using this word instead of 운전 (driving) for personal cars.
Mistake 2: Machine Operation: Using this word instead of 작동 (operation) for electronics or machines.
Mistake 3: Business Operation: Using this word instead of 영업 (business) for stores opening.

Another major source of confusion arises from the English word 'operate.' In English, a surgeon operates on a patient, a business owner operates a store, a technician operates a machine, and a transit authority operates a train. In Korean, every single one of these contexts requires a completely different vocabulary word. For medical surgery, you use 'suseul' (수술). For running a business or a store, you use 'yeongeop' (영업). For turning on and running a machine, appliance, or electronic device like a computer or an elevator, you use 'jakdong' (작동). Our target word is exclusively reserved for the transportation of passengers or goods via vehicles on a route. If you say the elevator is in 'unhaeng,' people will understand you, but it sounds slightly awkward compared to saying it is in 'jakdong,' though some buildings do use it for large elevators. However, saying a microwave is in 'unhaeng' is entirely incorrect and will cause confusion.

Incorrect: 제가 자동차를 운행해요. (Use 운전해요 instead)

Incorrect: 컴퓨터가 운행 중입니다. (Use 작동 중입니다 instead)

Incorrect: 식당이 오늘 운행 안 해요. (Use 영업 안 해요 instead)

Correct: 지하철이 정상적으로 운행 중입니다.

Correct: 버스 운행이 종료되었습니다.

Furthermore, learners sometimes confuse the pronunciation or spelling with similar-sounding words like 'yeohaeng' (여행), which means travel. While travel and transportation are related concepts, saying 'The bus is traveling' using 'yeohaeng' sounds poetic rather than factual. Always remember that 'unhaeng' is the dry, factual, logistical term for a vehicle doing its job on a route. By compartmentalizing your vocabulary into 'human driving,' 'machine working,' 'business opening,' and 'vehicle route running,' you will eliminate these common errors and speak with much greater precision and native-like accuracy.

To build a truly robust Korean vocabulary, it is necessary to examine words that are similar to our target word, understand their nuances, and know when to use them as alternatives. The Korean language is rich with Sino-Korean vocabulary, meaning many words share Chinese character roots that give them overlapping meanings. As we have discussed, the most critical distinction to make is between our target word and the word for driving, 'unjeon' (운전). While our target word focuses on the scheduled service of a vehicle, 'unjeon' focuses on the physical, manual act of controlling the steering wheel, pedals, and gears. A bus driver performs 'unjeon' so that the bus can maintain its 'unhaeng.' Understanding this symbiotic relationship between the two words clarifies their distinct roles in a sentence.

운전 (Driving): The manual act of controlling a vehicle. Focuses on the driver's action.
작동 (Operation of machines): Used for electronics, appliances, and machinery turning on and functioning.
영업 (Business Operation): Used for stores, restaurants, and companies being open for business.

Another related term is 'unsong' (운송), which translates more closely to transportation, shipping, or freight. While our target word is about the vehicle running its route, 'unsong' places the emphasis on the cargo or the passengers being moved from one place to another. You will see 'unsong' used in the context of logistics companies, shipping industries, and freight trains. If a train is carrying coal, the train itself is engaged in 'unhaeng,' but the purpose of the train is 'unsong.' Then we have 'idong' (이동), which simply means movement or migration. This is a much broader term. A person can 'idong' by walking, a bird can 'idong' by flying, and a desk can be 'idong' by being pushed across a room. It lacks the scheduled, vehicular specificity of our target word.

기사님이 버스를 운전합니다. (The driver drives the bus.)

버스가 정해진 노선을 운행합니다. (The bus runs its designated route.)

화물차가 물건을 운송합니다. (The truck transports goods.)

기계가 정상적으로 작동합니다. (The machine operates normally.)

식당이 밤 10시까지 영업합니다. (The restaurant operates until 10 PM.)

For English speakers, the challenge is that the English word 'run' can be used for almost all of these situations. A person runs, a business runs, a machine runs, and a train runs. Korean forces you to be specific. By learning these alternatives alongside our target word, you create a mental map of Korean vocabulary that is highly organized by context. When you want to talk about vehicles on a schedule, you reach for 'unhaeng.' When you want to talk about human control, you reach for 'unjeon.' When you talk about machines, you reach for 'jakdong.' This structured approach to vocabulary acquisition will dramatically improve your reading comprehension and your ability to express yourself clearly in complex situations.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

Because the character 運 (운) also means 'luck' or 'fortune' (as in 운수), some older generations used to make puns about a bus's 'unhaeng' being dependent on good 'un' (luck) during the rough road conditions of the mid-20th century. Today, it is a purely technical term.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /un.hɛŋ/

US /un.hɛŋ/

There is no strong stress in Korean, but the pitch may rise slightly on the second syllable in standard Seoul dialect.

هم‌قافیه با

비행 (bihaeng - flight) 동행 (donghaeng - accompanying) 유행 (yuhaeng - trend) 실행 (silhaeng - execution) 진행 (jinhaeng - progress) 병행 (byeonghaeng - parallel execution) 강행 (ganghaeng - forced execution) 보행 (bohaeng - walking)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing it as 'un-heng' with a short 'e' instead of the open 'ae' sound.
Confusing the pronunciation with 'yeohaeng' (travel) due to the similar ending.
Failing to pronounce the final 'ng' consonant clearly, making it sound like 'unhae'.
Over-aspirating the 'h' sound, making it sound like a cough.
Adding a pause between the syllables instead of letting them flow together smoothly.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 2/5

The Hanja roots make it conceptually easy to grasp. It appears frequently on clear, digital signs.

نوشتن 4/5

Requires understanding when to use the active (하다) versus passive (되다) verb forms correctly.

صحبت کردن 3/5

Pronunciation is straightforward, but remembering to use it instead of 'driving' (운전) takes practice.

گوش دادن 2/5

Highly recognizable due to its frequent repetition in subway and bus announcements.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

버스 (bus) 기차 (train) 시간 (time) 시작하다 (to start) 끝나다 (to finish)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

정상 (normal) 중단 (suspension) 지연 (delay) 노선 (route) 취소 (cancellation)

پیشرفته

파행 (crippled/irregular) 탄력적 (flexible) 운휴 (suspension of service) 대체 (substitution) 재개 (resumption)

گرامر لازم

Noun + 중이다 (Currently doing)

기차가 운행 중입니다. (The train is currently operating.)

Passive Verb Maker 되다

버스가 운행됩니다. (The bus is operated.)

Cause and Effect (으)로 인해

폭설로 인해 운행이 중단되었습니다. (Operation is suspended due to heavy snow.)

Future Plan ㄹ 예정이다

내일부터 정상 운행할 예정입니다. (It is scheduled to operate normally from tomorrow.)

Negative Marker 안 / 지 않다

오늘은 택시가 운행하지 않습니다. (Taxis are not operating today.)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

버스가 운행을 시작합니다.

The bus starts operating.

Subject + Object + Active Verb

기차가 운행 중입니다.

The train is in operation.

Noun + 중이다 (in the middle of)

지하철 운행 시간입니다.

It is subway operation time.

Compound noun: 운행 + 시간

택시가 운행을 안 해요.

The taxi is not operating.

Negative marker 안 + Verb

오늘 배가 운행합니까?

Is the boat operating today?

Formal question ending 습니까

비행기 운행이 끝났습니다.

Airplane operation has ended.

Past tense formal ending

정상 운행합니다.

It operates normally.

Adverbial noun + Verb

운행을 멈춥니다.

It stops operating.

Object particle 을 + Verb

이 버스는 밤 11시까지 운행합니다.

This bus operates until 11 PM.

Time particle 까지 (until)

주말에는 기차가 더 많이 운행됩니다.

On weekends, more trains are operated.

Passive verb 운행되다

케이블카 운행 시간이 어떻게 되나요?

What are the operating hours of the cable car?

Polite question form 어떻게 되나요

눈이 와서 버스 운행이 취소되었어요.

Because it snowed, bus operation was canceled.

Causative grammar 아/어서

다음 열차는 5분 후에 운행할 예정입니다.

The next train is scheduled to operate in 5 minutes.

Future plan grammar ㄹ 예정이다

야간 운행 택시를 타야 합니다.

I have to take a night operation taxi.

Obligation grammar 아/어야 하다

지하철이 정상적으로 운행되고 있어요.

The subway is operating normally.

Present continuous passive 고 있다

오늘 놀이공원 셔틀버스는 운행하지 않습니다.

The amusement park shuttle bus is not operating today.

Long negative form 지 않다

태풍의 영향으로 모든 여객선의 운행이 전면 중단되었습니다.

Due to the impact of the typhoon, the operation of all passenger ships has been completely suspended.

Formal passive past tense with cause particle (으)로

명절 연휴 기간 동안 고속버스 운행 횟수를 대폭 늘리기로 했습니다.

During the holiday period, it was decided to significantly increase the number of express bus operations.

Decision grammar 기로 하다

출근 시간대에는 열차를 3분 간격으로 운행하고 있습니다.

During rush hour, trains are being operated at 3-minute intervals.

Interval expression 간격으로

안전 점검을 위해 내일 오전에는 케이블카 운행을 일시적으로 멈출 예정입니다.

For safety inspections, the cable car operation will be temporarily stopped tomorrow morning.

Purpose grammar 기 위해

파업이 끝나서 내일부터는 모든 노선이 정상 운행될 것입니다.

Because the strike ended, all routes will be operated normally starting tomorrow.

Future passive ㄹ 것이다

이번 역에서 종착하는 열차이므로, 다음 운행 열차를 이용해 주시기 바랍니다.

Since this train terminates at this station, please use the next operating train.

Formal request grammar (으)시기 바랍니다

야간 자율주행 버스가 서울 도심에서 처음으로 운행을 시작했습니다.

A night autonomous driving bus has started operation for the first time in downtown Seoul.

Noun modifier 처음으로

도로 공사로 인해 우회 운행 중이오니 양해 부탁드립니다.

Due to road construction, it is operating on a detour, so we ask for your understanding.

Formal causal ending 오니

철도 노조의 총파업 예고에 따라 물류 운송 열차의 운행 차질이 우려되고 있습니다.

Following the railway union's notice of a general strike, there are concerns about disruptions in the operation of freight transport trains.

Passive continuous 우려되고 있다 with formal cause 에 따라

정부는 적자 누적을 이유로 일부 지방 공항의 국내선 운행을 축소하는 방안을 검토 중입니다.

The government is reviewing a plan to reduce domestic flight operations at some regional airports due to accumulated deficits.

Noun modifying phrase 하는 방안

폭설 경보가 발령됨에 따라 산간 지역을 지나는 시외버스의 운행이 전면 통제되었습니다.

As a heavy snow warning was issued, the operation of intercity buses passing through mountainous areas has been completely restricted.

Formal resultant state 됨에 따라

해당 노선은 승객 감소로 인해 부득이하게 주말 운행을 잠정 중단하게 되었습니다.

Due to a decrease in passengers, this route has unavoidably come to temporarily suspend weekend operations.

Passive resultative 하게 되다

친환경 정책의 일환으로 시내버스의 전기차 전환 및 운행 비율을 점진적으로 높일 계획입니다.

As part of eco-friendly policies, the plan is to gradually increase the conversion and operation ratio of electric city buses.

Future plan expression ㄹ 계획이다

시스템 오류로 인해 지하철 2호선 전 구간의 운행이 약 30분간 지연되는 사태가 발생했습니다.

Due to a system error, a situation occurred where the operation of the entire Subway Line 2 was delayed for about 30 minutes.

Noun apposition 지연되는 사태

심야 시간대 시민들의 이동 편의를 증진하기 위해 심야버스 운행 노선을 대폭 확대하였습니다.

To improve the mobility convenience of citizens during late-night hours, the operation routes of late-night buses have been significantly expanded.

Formal past tense 확대하였습니다

자율주행 택시의 시범 운행이 성공적으로 마무리되면서 상용화에 대한 기대감이 커지고 있습니다.

As the test operation of autonomous taxis successfully concluded, expectations for commercialization are growing.

Simultaneous action/result 면서

대중교통 인프라 확충 사업이 지연됨에 따라, 신도시 주민들은 당분간 임시 셔틀버스 운행에 의존할 수밖에 없는 실정입니다.

As the public transportation infrastructure expansion project is delayed, residents of the new city have no choice but to rely on the operation of temporary shuttle buses for the time being.

No choice but to grammar ㄹ 수밖에 없다

운송업체 측은 유가 상승과 인건비 부담을 이유로 심야 노선의 운행 감축이 불가피하다는 입장을 표명했습니다.

The transport companies expressed their position that the reduction of late-night route operations is inevitable due to rising oil prices and labor cost burdens.

Indirect quotation reporting 다는 입장

국토교통부는 명절 특별교통대책의 일환으로 KTX 및 SRT의 임시 운행 편수를 최대한 확보하여 귀성객의 편의를 도모할 방침입니다.

The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport plans to secure the maximum number of temporary KTX and SRT operation flights as part of the special holiday traffic measures to promote the convenience of travelers returning home.

Policy/plan intention expression ㄹ 방침이다

해당 항공사는 기체 결함으로 인한 잦은 운행 지연 사태에 대해 공식 사과문을 발표하고 재발 방지 대책을 약속했습니다.

The airline issued an official apology for the frequent operation delay situations caused by aircraft defects and promised measures to prevent recurrence.

Noun phrase modification 으로 인한

수도권 광역급행철도의 본격적인 운행이 개시되면 서울 도심으로의 접근성이 획기적으로 개선될 것으로 전망됩니다.

Once the full-scale operation of the Seoul Metropolitan Area Express Railway begins, accessibility to downtown Seoul is expected to be drastically improved.

Passive expectation prediction ㄹ 것으로 전망되다

기상 악화 시 여객선의 안전 운행 기준을 대폭 강화하는 내용의 해운법 개정안이 국회 본회의를 통과했습니다.

An amendment to the Shipping Act, which significantly strengthens the safety operation standards for passenger ships during severe weather, passed the plenary session of the National Assembly.

Complex noun phrase modifying 개정안

적자 운행을 면치 못하고 있는 지방 경전철 사업에 대한 지자체의 재정 지원 축소 논란이 가열되고 있습니다.

The controversy over the reduction of financial support by local governments for regional light rail projects, which are unable to avoid deficit operations, is heating up.

Negative state continuation 면치 못하고 있다

도심 항공 모빌리티(UAM)의 상용 운행을 위해서는 관련 법령 정비와 버티포트 등 인프라 구축이 선행되어야 합니다.

For the commercial operation of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), the maintenance of related laws and the construction of infrastructure such as vertiports must be preceded.

Prerequisite necessity 어야 하다

초연결 사회로의 진입에 발맞춰, 빅데이터와 인공지능을 활용한 대중교통 운행 알고리즘의 최적화는 도시 행정의 핵심 과제로 부상하였습니다.

Keeping pace with the entry into a hyper-connected society, the optimization of public transit operation algorithms utilizing big data and artificial intelligence has emerged as a core task of urban administration.

Academic phrasing 에 발맞춰 and 로 부상하다

해당 논문은 민간 자본이 투입된 인프라 사업에서 최소운영수입보장(MRG) 제도가 실제 열차 운행 효율성에 미치는 부정적 편향성을 실증적으로 분석하고 있습니다.

This paper empirically analyzes the negative bias that the Minimum Revenue Guarantee (MRG) system exerts on actual train operation efficiency in infrastructure projects funded by private capital.

Highly academic empirical analysis structure 에 미치는 부정적 편향성

노사 간의 첨예한 대립 속에서 강행된 직장폐쇄 조치는 결국 물류망의 마비를 초래하였고, 이는 국가 기간산업의 정상적인 운행을 위협하는 지경에 이르렀습니다.

The lockout measure enforced amidst sharp confrontation between labor and management ultimately caused the paralysis of the logistics network, reaching the point of threatening the normal operation of national key industries.

Extreme consequence expression 는 지경에 이르다

기후 변화에 대응하기 위한 탄소 중립 시나리오 하에서, 내연기관 상용차의 도심 내 운행 제한 구역(LEZ) 설정은 불가역적인 정책적 흐름으로 평가받고 있습니다.

Under the carbon-neutral scenario to respond to climate change, the establishment of Low Emission Zones (LEZ) restricting the operation of internal combustion engine commercial vehicles in downtown areas is evaluated as an irreversible policy trend.

Policy evaluation structure 로 평가받고 있다

비수익 노선의 공익적 운행을 담보하기 위해 도입된 준공영제는 지자체의 재정 건전성을 심각하게 훼손하는 양날의 검으로 작용하고 있다는 비판을 면하기 어렵습니다.

The semi-public operating system, introduced to guarantee the public-interest operation of non-profitable routes, is hard to avoid the criticism that it acts as a double-edged sword severely damaging the financial soundness of local governments.

Critical analysis structure 기 어렵다 with 양날의 검

팬데믹 상황에서 감염병 확산 억제를 명분으로 단행된 심야 대중교통 운행 축소는 취약계층의 이동권을 심각하게 제약하는 결과를 낳았다는 사회학적 반성이 제기되고 있습니다.

Sociological reflections are being raised that the reduction of late-night public transit operations, executed under the pretext of suppressing the spread of infectious diseases during the pandemic, resulted in severely restricting the mobility rights of vulnerable groups.

Sociological reflection passive 제기되고 있다

모빌리티 서비스(MaaS)의 고도화는 개별 운송 수단의 단절된 운행을 하나의 매끄러운 플랫폼 내로 통합함으로써 사용자 경험의 패러다임을 근본적으로 혁신할 것입니다.

The advancement of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) will fundamentally innovate the paradigm of user experience by integrating the disconnected operations of individual transport means into a single seamless platform.

Instrumental/methodological grammar 읆으로써

자율주행 선박의 원양 운행 상용화는 해운업계의 고질적인 인력난을 해소할 수 있는 획기적인 대안임과 동시에 해상교통법 체계의 전면적인 개편을 요구하는 중대한 도전 과제입니다.

The commercialization of the ocean-going operation of autonomous ships is a groundbreaking alternative that can resolve the chronic manpower shortage in the shipping industry, and at the same time, a significant challenge requiring a comprehensive reorganization of the maritime traffic law system.

Simultaneous dual nature expression 임과 동시에

ترکیب‌های رایج

정상 운행

운행 시간

운행 중단

운행 노선

운행 재개

야간 운행

운행 간격

시범 운행

단축 운행

연장 운행

عبارات رایج

운행 중입니다

— It is currently in operation. Used to indicate active service.

현재 케이블카는 정상적으로 운행 중입니다.

운행을 시작하다

— To start operation. Used for the first vehicle of the day or a new route.

첫차가 새벽 5시 반에 운행을 시작합니다.

운행을 마치다

— To finish operation. Used when service ends for the day.

막차가 밤 12시에 운행을 마칩니다.

운행이 지연되다

— Operation is delayed. Very common in subway announcements.

앞선 열차의 문제로 운행이 지연되고 있습니다.

운행이 취소되다

— Operation is canceled. Used during bad weather.

태풍으로 인해 모든 비행기 운행이 취소되었습니다.

운행 구간

— Operating section. The specific part of a route being serviced.

이 버스의 운행 구간은 서울역부터 강남역까지입니다.

운행 횟수

— Number of operations. How many times a vehicle runs a route.

주말에는 운행 횟수가 줄어듭니다.

안전 운행

— Safe operation. Often used as a farewell or instruction to drivers.

기사님, 오늘도 안전 운행 부탁드립니다.

대체 운행

— Alternative operation. When a substitute vehicle is used during a breakdown.

열차 고장으로 셔틀버스가 대체 운행 중입니다.

운행 기록

— Operation record. A log of a vehicle's driving history.

택시의 운행 기록을 조사하고 있습니다.

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

운행 vs 운전 (unjeon)

운전 is the physical act of steering a car. 운행 is the scheduled service of a vehicle on a route.

운행 vs 작동 (jakdong)

작동 is used for machines, gadgets, and electronics turning on. 운행 is for vehicles moving.

운행 vs 영업 (yeongeop)

영업 is used for businesses and stores opening for customers. 운행 is for transit services running.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"파행 운행"

— Crippled or irregular operation. Used when a service is running poorly due to strikes or major issues.

철도 노조 파업으로 인해 열차가 파행 운행되고 있습니다.

Journalistic

"거북이 운행"

— Turtle operation. Used to describe vehicles moving extremely slowly due to heavy traffic or snow.

폭설로 인해 고속도로의 차들이 거북이 운행을 하고 있습니다.

Informal/Journalistic

"땜질식 운행"

— Patchwork operation. A temporary, inadequate fix to keep a service running.

근본적인 수리 없이 땜질식 운행을 계속하면 위험합니다.

Critical

"마구잡이 운행"

— Reckless or haphazard operation. Operating without a proper schedule or care.

일부 불법 택시들의 마구잡이 운행이 문제가 되고 있습니다.

Negative

"숨 가쁜 운행"

— Breathless operation. A very tight, non-stop schedule of transit.

명절 기간 동안 버스 기사들은 숨 가쁜 운행을 이어갔습니다.

Descriptive

"탄력 운행"

— Flexible operation. Adjusting schedules based on real-time demand rather than a fixed timetable.

출퇴근 시간에 맞춰 전철을 탄력 운행하기로 했습니다.

Administrative

"지그재그 운행"

— Zigzag operation. Describing a route that is inefficiently winding, or a driver driving erratically.

음주 운전 의심 차량이 지그재그 운행을 하고 있습니다.

Descriptive

"적자 운행"

— Deficit operation. Running a transit service at a financial loss.

승객이 적어 버스 회사가 매일 적자 운행을 하고 있습니다.

Economic

"공기 운행"

— Air operation (carrying only air). Slang for a bus or train running completely empty.

이 노선은 새벽에 승객이 없어서 공기 운행을 하는 수준입니다.

Slang/Internet

"강행 운행"

— Forced operation. Operating a vehicle despite dangerous conditions.

태풍 경보에도 불구하고 강행 운행을 한 여객선이 적발되었습니다.

Formal/Legal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

운행 vs 여행 (yeohaeng)

The pronunciation is very similar to English speakers (un-haeng vs yeo-haeng).

여행 means travel or a trip. 운행 means the scheduled operation of a vehicle.

기차 여행을 갑니다. (I am going on a train trip.) vs 기차가 운행합니다. (The train is operating.)

운행 vs 이동 (idong)

Both involve movement.

이동 is a general term for moving from point A to B. 운행 specifically implies a systemic, vehicular route.

자리로 이동하세요. (Please move to your seat.)

운행 vs 가동 (gadong)

Both end in 'dong/haeng' and mean operation.

가동 is for factories, power plants, and heavy machinery systems. 운행 is for transport vehicles.

공장 가동이 중단되었습니다. (Factory operation is suspended.)

운행 vs 진행 (jinhaeng)

Shares the 'haeng' character and implies forward momentum.

진행 means progress, hosting an event, or moving a process forward. 운행 is strictly vehicular.

회의를 진행하겠습니다. (I will proceed with the meeting.)

운행 vs 통행 (tonghaeng)

Shares the 'haeng' character and relates to roads.

통행 means passing through or traffic flow (cars or people). 운행 is the provision of a transit service.

우측 통행을 해주세요. (Please keep to the right / pass on the right.)

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Vehicle]이/가 운행 중입니다.

지하철이 운행 중입니다. (The subway is operating.)

[Vehicle] 운행 시간이 어떻게 되나요?

버스 운행 시간이 어떻게 되나요? (What are the bus operating hours?)

[Reason]로 인해 운행이 중단되었습니다.

사고로 인해 운행이 중단되었습니다. (Operation is suspended due to an accident.)

[Time]부터 정상 운행될 예정입니다.

오후 3시부터 정상 운행될 예정입니다. (It is scheduled to operate normally from 3 PM.)

운행 [Noun]을 대폭 [Verb]하기로 했습니다.

운행 횟수를 대폭 늘리기로 했습니다. (It was decided to significantly increase the number of operations.)

[Condition] 하에서 운행 효율성을 제고하다.

악천후 하에서 운행 효율성을 제고하다. (To improve operational efficiency under severe weather conditions.)

[Vehicle]은/는 언제 운행을 시작하나요?

첫차는 언제 운행을 시작하나요? (When does the first train start operating?)

안전한 운행을 위해 [Action] 바랍니다.

안전한 운행을 위해 손잡이를 잡아주시기 바랍니다. (For safe operation, please hold the handles.)

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

운행자 (operator)

운행일지 (operation log)

운행표 (timetable)

فعل‌ها

운행하다 (to operate)

운행되다 (to be operated)

운행시키다 (to make operate)

مرتبط

운송 (transportation)

교통 (traffic/transit)

노선 (route)

승객 (passenger)

기사 (driver)

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

نحوه استفاده

frequency

Very High in daily life, especially in urban areas with public transit.

اشتباهات رایج

제가 차를 운행합니다. → 제가 차를 운전합니다.
You cannot use this word for personal driving. You must use 운전 (unjeon) for driving a personal car.
컴퓨터가 운행을 멈췄어요. → 컴퓨터가 작동을 멈췄어요.
Computers and machines do not operate on a travel route. They use the word 작동 (jakdong) for operation.
식당이 일요일에는 운행 안 해요. → 식당이 일요일에는 영업 안 해요.
Businesses and restaurants do not use this word. They use 영업 (yeongeop) to indicate they are open for business.
버스가 여행 중입니다. → 버스가 운행 중입니다.
Confusing the pronunciation of 여행 (travel) with 운행 (operation). A bus operates, it does not 'travel' in a logistical sense.
열차가 운행을 고장났어요. → 열차가 고장 나서 운행이 중단됐어요.
Grammar mistake. Operation cannot 'break down' (고장나다). The train breaks down, causing the operation to be suspended (중단되다).

نکات

Passive Preference

When writing formal text, prefer the passive form 운행되다 over the active form when the vehicle is the subject. It sounds much more professional.

Compound Master

Memorize '운행 시간' (operating hours) as a single chunk. You will use this phrase constantly when traveling in Korea.

Announcement Focus

Next time you are in a Korean subway, take out your earphones and listen for '운행'. You will hear it within 5 minutes.

App Navigation

Change your KakaoMetro or Naver Maps app language to Korean. You will see this word everywhere in the route details.

Ask Like a Native

Instead of asking '언제 버스 와요?' (When does the bus come?), try asking '버스 운행 간격이 어떻게 돼요?' (What is the operation interval of the bus?).

The Driving Trap

Write '운전 = Me, 운행 = Bus' on a sticky note. Never mix them up!

Weather Warnings

During heavy rain or snow, check the news. If you see '운행 중단' in red letters, stay home!

Smooth Flow

Don't pause between 'un' and 'haeng'. Say it smoothly as one fluid sound to sound more native.

Formal Complaints

If you need to write a complaint to a transit authority, using this word correctly will make your message highly professional.

Punctuality

Koreans expect '정상 운행' (normal operation) to be exact to the minute. Delays are taken very seriously.

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روش یادسپاری

Imagine a vehicle going UNder the bridge and HANGing a right on its scheduled route. UN-HANG -> 운행 (unhaeng). It is operating smoothly.

تداعی تصویری

Picture a digital subway sign with a glowing green checkmark next to a train icon. The sign flashes the word 운행. Visualize the train doors closing and the train moving forward exactly on time.

شبکه واژگان

운행 (Operation) -> 버스 (Bus) -> 지하철 (Subway) -> 시간 (Time) -> 정상 (Normal) -> 중단 (Suspension) -> 노선 (Route) -> 기차 (Train)

چالش

Next time you use a navigation app like Google Maps or Naver Maps to check a transit route, look for the Korean word for 'operation'. Try to spot if it says '정상 운행' (normal operation) or '운행 종료' (operation ended).

ریشه کلمه

The word comes from Sino-Korean roots. It is derived from the Chinese characters 運行. The first character 運 (운 - un) means 'to move', 'to carry', or 'to transport'. The second character 行 (행 - haeng) means 'to go', 'to walk', or 'to travel'.

معنای اصلی: Literally 'carrying and going' or 'moving and traveling'. Historically, it referred to the movement of celestial bodies like the sun and moon, but in modern times it strictly refers to the movement of vehicles.

Sino-Korean (Hanja)

بافت فرهنگی

There are no specific cultural sensitivities or offensive connotations associated with this word. It is a completely neutral, technical term.

In English-speaking countries, we might casually say 'The bus isn't running.' In Korea, the concept is formalized into this specific noun, reflecting a more systemic view of public transit.

Seoul Metro automated announcements: '이번 열차는... 운행하는 열차입니다.' (This train is a train operating to...) News tickers during typhoons: 'KTX 일부 구간 운행 중단' (KTX partial section operation suspended). Korail (Korea Railroad Corporation) official schedule notices.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Subway Stations

정상 운행
운행 중단
운행 지연
운행 구간

Bus Terminals

운행 시간표
첫차 운행
막차 운행
대체 운행

Weather News

운행 통제
결항 및 운행 취소
안전 운행
거북이 운행

Transit Apps

운행 종료
현재 운행 중
운행 정보
노선 운행

Taxis

영업 운행
심야 운행
운행 기록
운행 거부

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"이 버스 막차 운행 시간이 언제인가요? (When is the operation time for the last bus of this route?)"

"오늘 눈이 많이 오는데 지하철은 정상 운행하나요? (It's snowing a lot today, is the subway operating normally?)"

"파업 때문에 기차 운행이 취소됐대요. 어떻게 하죠? (They say train operations are canceled due to the strike. What should we do?)"

"밤늦게까지 운행하는 버스가 있어서 다행이에요. (It's a relief there is a bus that operates late into the night.)"

"앱을 보니까 지금 열차가 운행 지연 중이네요. (Looking at the app, the train operation is currently delayed.)"

موضوعات نگارش

Write about a time when a transportation service you needed stopped its operation (운행 중단). How did you handle it?

Describe the operating hours (운행 시간) of the public transit in your hometown compared to Seoul.

Write a short news announcement stating that buses will extend their operation (연장 운행) for a festival.

Explain the difference between driving (운전) and operating a route (운행) using examples.

Imagine you are a train conductor. Write a brief log about your safe operation (안전 운행) today.

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, it sounds very unnatural. For driving your own car, you must use the word 운전 (unjeon). 운행 implies a scheduled, public, or commercial route service.

You can ask '버스 막차 운행 시간이 언제예요?' which translates to 'When is the operation time for the last bus?' This is the most natural way to inquire about transit schedules.

If the vehicle is the subject (e.g., The bus operates), it is grammatically safer and more formal to use the passive 운행되다. However, in casual speech, native speakers often use 운행하다 even with the vehicle as the subject.

It means 'Normal Operation'. It indicates that the trains or buses are running exactly on schedule without any delays or suspensions.

Yes, it is used for all forms of scheduled transport, including airplanes, ferries, trains, subways, and buses.

It means 'Currently in operation'. You will see this on signs or apps to indicate that a service is active right now.

작동 is used for machines and electronics (like a microwave or an elevator). 운행 is specifically for vehicles traveling along a route.

Listen for the phrase '운행하는 열차' (operating train) to know which train is arriving, or '운행 지연' (operation delay) if there is a problem.

Yes, as it is a standard Sino-Korean word, it is used in both North and South Korea to describe transportation operations.

Technically yes, in very formal building management contexts, large elevators are sometimes said to be in '운행' because they travel a vertical route, but '작동' is much more common for everyday speech.

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