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B1 conjunction #450 پرکاربردترین 13 دقیقه مطالعه

此外

cǐwài رتبه 450

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 此外 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 此外 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to connect simple ideas. While '此外' (cǐwài) is usually considered a more advanced word (B1), you can think of it as a fancy way to say 'and' or 'also' when you want to add a second sentence. Imagine you are talking about your hobbies. You might say, 'I like apples. Also, I like bananas.' In Chinese, you could say '我喜欢苹果。此外，我也喜欢香蕉。' Even though you will mostly use '和' (and) or '也' (also) at this stage, knowing '此外' helps you understand more formal books or signs. Just remember: '此外' usually comes at the start of a new sentence, followed by a little pause (a comma). It's like adding a 'plus' sign to your thoughts. Don't worry about using it in every conversation yet; just try to recognize it when you see it in a storybook or a simple news headline.

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At the A2 level, you are beginning to form longer paragraphs and describe things in more detail. '此外' (cǐwài) becomes a useful tool for making your descriptions sound more organized. Instead of just saying 'and... and... and...' (还有... 还有...), you can use '此外' to show that you are moving to a new point. For example, if you are describing your house, you could say, 'My house is big. Furthermore, it is very close to the subway.' (我的家很大。此外，离地铁站也很近。) At this level, you should start pairing '此外' with '还' (hái - also/still) or '也' (yě - also). This is a very common pattern: '此外，...还...'. It makes your Chinese sound much more natural and less like a direct translation from English. You will often see this word in simple emails or when people are listing reasons for something.

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At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex topics and express your opinions clearly. '此外' (cǐwài) is a key word for this level. It is a formal conjunction used to introduce supplementary information or additional arguments. In a B1 essay or speech, you use it to structure your points logically. For instance, if you are discussing the benefits of exercise, you might first mention physical health, and then use '此外' to introduce the benefit of mental health. It shows that you can categorize your thoughts. You should also distinguish '此外' from '而且' (érqiě). While '而且' often adds a point that is even more important than the first one, '此外' is used for points that are simply additional. Mastering '此外' will help you transition from 'Basic' Chinese to 'Intermediate' Chinese, as it is a staple of formal written and spoken discourse.

At the B2 level, your Chinese should sound professional and well-structured. '此外' (cǐwài) is no longer just a word you 'know'; it is a word you should use frequently in formal contexts. You should be able to use it to connect complex clauses and even different paragraphs. At this level, you should also be aware of its register. Using '此外' in a business meeting or a university presentation is perfect, but using it while chatting with friends at a bar might sound a bit too formal. You should also be comfortable using it alongside other transition words like '首先' (firstly) and '其次' (secondly). For example: '首先，我们要考虑成本。其次，我们要考虑时间。此外，我们还要考虑质量。' This level of organization is exactly what HSK 5 examiners look for. You should also understand how '此外' functions in academic texts to introduce secondary evidence or minor points that support a main thesis.

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At the C1 level, you are refining your 'logical flow' (逻辑性). '此外' (cǐwài) is used to create nuanced transitions in high-level discourse. You should understand how it differs from more literary alternatives like '加之' (jiāzhī) or '再者' (zàizhě). At this stage, you use '此外' to manage the 'information density' of your sentences. It allows you to add layers of detail without making the sentence structure too heavy. You will encounter '此外' in legal documents, philosophical essays, and high-level political speeches. You should also be able to use it in 'rebuttal' structures, where you acknowledge one point and then use '此外' to add a counter-consideration. Your use of '此外' should feel effortless, helping to guide the reader through your complex arguments. You should also be sensitive to how '此外' can be used to shift the focus of a discussion slightly while still maintaining the overall theme.

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At the C2 level, you have a native-like grasp of '此外' (cǐwài). You understand its role in the broader rhetorical traditions of Chinese writing. You can use it to mimic the style of classical-influenced modern prose, where transitions are precise and elegant. You might use '此外' to introduce a subtle nuance that changes the entire interpretation of a previous statement. At this level, you are also aware of the rhythmic properties of the word—how the two-syllable 'cǐwài' creates a specific pause that can be used for rhetorical effect in a speech. You can analyze its use in the works of modern Chinese masters like Lu Xun or Ba Jin, seeing how they used such connectives to build complex ideological structures. Your mastery of '此外' is not just about grammar; it is about using the word to achieve a specific stylistic and persuasive impact in the most sophisticated communicative contexts.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

此外 در ۳۰ ثانیه

A formal conjunction meaning 'in addition' or 'furthermore.'
Used to link sentences or clauses to add supplementary information.
Commonly followed by a comma and paired with '还' or '也.'
Essential for formal writing, business, and academic contexts.

The Chinese conjunction 此外 (cǐwài) is a vital linguistic bridge used to introduce supplementary information, additional arguments, or secondary facts that support a primary statement. Etymologically, it is composed of two characters: 此 (cǐ), a formal demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this,' and 外 (wài), meaning 'outside' or 'beyond.' When combined, the term literally translates to 'outside of this' or 'beyond what has just been mentioned.' In English, it most closely aligns with transitions like 'furthermore,' 'moreover,' 'in addition,' or 'besides.'

Grammatical Function: It serves as a sentence-level or paragraph-level connective. It usually appears at the beginning of a sentence or immediately following a comma to signal that the speaker is adding a new point to the discourse.
Register and Tone: While it is common in spoken Mandarin, it carries a slightly more formal weight than the colloquial '还有' (háiyǒu). It is the preferred choice in academic writing, business presentations, news reporting, and formal speeches where logical structure is paramount.
Logical Connection: Unlike '而且' (érqiě), which often emphasizes a progression or an increase in intensity, 此外 often introduces a separate but related category of information. It acts as a list-extender rather than just an intensifier.

我们需要更多的投资；此外，我们还需要专业的人才。(Wǒmen xūyào gèng duō de tóuzī; cǐwài, wǒmen hái xūyào zhuānyè de réncái.)
Translation: We need more investment; furthermore, we also need professional talent.

People use 此外 when they want to sound organized and professional. In a business context, if you are listing the benefits of a new product, you might start with the price, then move to the features, and use 此外 to introduce the warranty or customer service aspects. It signals to the listener that the previous point is concluded and a new, distinct point is beginning. This word is essential for HSK 4 and HSK 5 learners as they transition from simple sentences to complex logical reasoning.

这个城市交通方便，此外，空气质量也很好。(Zhège chéngshì jiāotōng fāngbiàn, cǐwài, kōngqì zhìliàng yě hěn hǎo.)
Translation: This city has convenient transportation; besides, the air quality is also very good.

In terms of frequency, 此外 appears extensively in the 'People's Daily' and other official Chinese publications. It is a hallmark of 'Expository Writing' (说明文). If you are writing an essay for the HSK exam, using 此外 instead of always using '还有' will significantly boost your score for vocabulary variety and formal register. It demonstrates a mastery of connective tissue in the Chinese language.

我们要节约用水，此外，还要保护森林。(Wǒmen yào jiéyuē yòngshuǐ, cǐwài, hái yào bǎohù sēnlín.)
Translation: We must save water; in addition, we must protect the forests.

When analyzing the structure of a speech, 此外 often marks the transition from the 'core' argument to 'supporting' or 'secondary' arguments. It is rarely used to introduce the most important point; rather, it rounds out the discussion by adding layers of detail. For example, if discussing why a candidate should be hired, you mention their experience first, then their education, and then use 此外 to mention their soft skills or volunteer work.

他精通三门语言，此外，他还有丰富的管理经验。(Tā jīngtōng sānmén yǔyán, cǐwài, tā hái yǒu fēngfù de guǎnlǐ jīngyàn.)
Translation: He is proficient in three languages; moreover, he has extensive management experience.

这里提供免费午餐，此外，还有班车接送。(Zhèlǐ tígōng miǎnfèi wǔcān, cǐwài, hái yǒu bānchē jiēsòng.)
Translation: Free lunch is provided here; in addition, there is a shuttle bus service.

Mastering the placement of 此外 is relatively straightforward for English speakers because it mirrors the syntax of 'furthermore' or 'in addition.' However, there are specific structural patterns in Chinese that you must follow to sound natural. The most common structure is: [Sentence A]. [此外], [Sentence B].

Pattern 1: Sentence Initial: When starting a new sentence to add a point, 此外 is followed by a comma. Example: '此外，我们还要考虑成本。' (Furthermore, we also need to consider the cost.)
Pattern 2: Mid-Sentence Transition: It can follow a semicolon or a comma within a single long sentence. Example: '他喜欢运动，此外，他也喜欢阅读。' (He likes sports; besides, he also likes reading.)
Pattern 3: Pairing with '还' (hái) or '也' (yě): It is very common to see 此外 used in conjunction with adverbs like '还' or '也' in the following clause to reinforce the additive meaning. This creates a 'Furthermore... also...' structure.

学汉语可以了解中国文化，此外，还能增加就业机会。(Xué Hànyǔ kěyǐ liǎojiě Zhōngguó wénhuà, cǐwài, hái néng zēngjiā jiùyè jīhuì.)
Translation: Learning Chinese allows one to understand Chinese culture; in addition, it can increase job opportunities.

In academic writing, 此外 is often used to transition between paragraphs. If the first paragraph discusses the economic impact of a policy, the second paragraph might begin with '此外，该政策对社会稳定也有重要影响' (Furthermore, this policy also has a significant impact on social stability). This usage helps maintain a clear logical flow, which is highly valued in Chinese rhetoric.

我们要按时完成任务，此外，质量也必须保证。(Wǒmen yào ànshí wánchéng rènwù, cǐwài, zhìliàng yě bìxū bǎozhèng.)
Translation: We must complete the task on time; moreover, the quality must also be guaranteed.

In formal speeches, 此外 is frequently used in a sequence of points. For example: '首先 (First)... 其次 (Secondly)... 此外 (Furthermore)... 最后 (Finally).' This sequence is the gold standard for structured presentations in Chinese. Using 此外 as the third or fourth point in a list makes the speaker sound highly educated and methodical.

这种药效果很好，此外，副作用也非常小。(Zhè zhǒng yào xiàoguǒ hěn hǎo, cǐwài, fùzuòyòng yě fēicháng xiǎo.)
Translation: This medicine is very effective; besides, the side effects are also very small.

Another advanced usage is combining it with '除此之外' (chú cǐ zhī wài), which means 'apart from this.' While 此外 is a transition, 除此之外 acts more like a prepositional phrase. For example: '除了这些优点，此外，它还很便宜' is redundant. You should choose one or the other. However, 此外 can effectively summarize a list of previous points and move to a new category.

我们要关注环境，此外，还要关注教育。(Wǒmen yào guānzhù huánjìng, cǐwài, hái yào guānzhù jiàoyù.)
Translation: We need to focus on the environment; in addition, we need to focus on education.

他是一个优秀的运动员，此外，他还是一个出色的厨师。(Tā shì yīgè yōuxiù de yùndòngyuán, cǐwài, tā háishì yīgè chūsè de chúshī.)
Translation: He is an excellent athlete; moreover, he is also an outstanding chef.

If you are watching CCTV News (Xinwen Lianbo) or reading a Chinese newspaper like 'The Paper' (Pengpai Xinwen), you will encounter 此外 constantly. It is the 'glue' of informative Chinese. In news reporting, it is used to layer facts. For instance, a report on a new high-speed railway line will describe the route, the speed, and then use 此外 to mention the impact on local tourism.

In the Workplace: During a 'Zhouhui' (weekly meeting), a manager might say: '我们完成了本周的目标。此外，下周我们要准备新产品的发布。' (We finished this week's goals. Furthermore, next week we need to prepare for the new product launch.)
In Academic Lectures: Professors use it to add layers to a theory. '这个实验证明了A。此外，它还暗示了B的可能性。' (This experiment proved A. In addition, it also suggests the possibility of B.)
In Legal and Official Documents: Contracts use 此外 to add clauses. It ensures that the reader understands that the following point is an addition to the previous legal obligations.

会议讨论了预算问题，此外，还确定了年会的时间。(Huìyì tǎolùnle yùsuàn wèntí, cǐwài, hái quèdìngle niánhuì de shíjiān.)
Translation: The meeting discussed budget issues; in addition, it also fixed the date for the annual meeting.

You will also hear it in documentaries. The narrator might be describing the Great Wall, mentioning its length and history, and then use 此外 to talk about the architectural techniques used. It provides a smooth transition that keeps the audience engaged without making the information feel like a random list of facts. It creates a narrative flow.

这本书很有趣，此外，它也非常实用。(Zhè běn shū hěn yǒuqù, cǐwài, tā yě fēicháng shíyòng.)
Translation: This book is very interesting; besides, it is also very practical.

In the context of travel and tourism, tour guides use 此外 to add 'bonus' information about a site. '故宫很大，此外，这里的珍宝馆也非常值得一看。' (The Forbidden City is huge; furthermore, the Treasure Gallery here is also very much worth seeing.) It helps the guide sound authoritative and well-informed.

我们要保护野生动物，此外，还要保护它们的栖息地。(Wǒmen yào bǎohù yěshēng dòngwù, cǐwài, hái yào bǎohù tāmen de qīxīdì.)
Translation: We must protect wild animals; in addition, we must protect their habitats.

In everyday casual conversation, younger people might use '而且' (érqiě) or '还有' (háiyǒu) more frequently, but 此外 is still heard when someone wants to emphasize that they have thought carefully about a topic. It adds a layer of 'logical weight' to one's speech. If you use it in a conversation with a native speaker, they will likely perceive your Chinese level as being quite advanced and sophisticated.

他很聪明，此外，他还非常努力。(Tā hěn cōngmíng, cǐwài, tā hái fēicháng nǔlì.)
Translation: He is very smart; moreover, he is also very hardworking.

这个项目很有潜力，此外，风险也比较低。(Zhège xiàngmù hěn yǒu qiánlì, cǐwài, fēngxiǎn yě bǐjiào dī.)
Translation: This project has great potential; besides, the risk is also relatively low.

While 此外 is a useful tool, learners often stumble over its specific constraints. The most common error is treating it like a simple 'and' (和) or 'with' (跟). Remember, 此外 is a conjunction for clauses, not a coordinator for nouns.

Mistake 1: Noun Linking: Incorrect: '我买了苹果此外香蕉。' Correct: '我买了苹果，此外，还买了香蕉。' You must have a verb or a full clause after 此外.
Mistake 2: Misplacing the Comma: In English, we sometimes omit the comma after 'furthermore,' but in formal Chinese, the comma after 此外 is almost mandatory to signal the logical break. Omitting it makes the sentence feel rushed and unprofessional.
Mistake 3: Confusing with '除此之外': '除此之外' (chú cǐ zhī wài) means 'apart from this' and usually requires a '都' (dōu) or '也' (yě) later in the sentence to balance it. 此外 is a standalone transition. Using '此外' when you mean 'except for this' is a common semantic error.

❌ 我喜欢北京，此外上海。(Incorrect)
✅ 我喜欢北京，此外，我也喜欢上海。(Correct)
Note: 此外 must connect clauses, not just nouns.

Another mistake is using 此外 to introduce the *most* important point. In Chinese logic, the most important point usually comes first, or is introduced with '最重要的是' (zuì zhòngyào de shì). 此外 is for supplementary points. If you use it for your main argument, it will sound like an afterthought, weakening your position.

❌ 此外，他是我的爸爸。(Awkward in casual speech)
✅ 还有，他是我爸爸。(Natural in casual speech)
Note: Match the formality of the word to the situation.

Learners also sometimes forget the 'hái' (还) or 'yě' (也). While not grammatically 'wrong' to omit them, the sentence often feels incomplete to a native ear. The pattern '此外...还...' is so ingrained that leaving out the '还' makes the sentence lose its rhythmic balance (节奏感).

❌ 此外，我们要看电影。(A bit flat)
✅ 此外，我们还要看电影。(Much more natural)
Note: Use '还' or '也' to complete the additive sense.

Finally, avoid overusing 此外 in a single paragraph. If you have five points to make, don't start every sentence with 此外. Vary your transitions with '而且' (érqiě), '另外' (lìngwài), and '同时' (tóngshí). Overuse makes your writing repetitive and shows a lack of vocabulary depth.

❌ 此外... 此外... 此外... (Repetitive)
✅ 首先... 此外... 另外... (Varied and professional)
Note: Variety is the spice of good writing.

Understanding the synonyms of 此外 is key to achieving a high level of fluency. While they all mean 'in addition' in a broad sense, their nuances and registers vary significantly.

另外 (lìngwài): The closest synonym. However, 另外 is more versatile. It can be an adjective ('另外一个人' - the other person) or a pronoun. 此外 is strictly a conjunction. 另外 is also slightly more common in spoken language.
而且 (érqiě): Used to emphasize progression. If point B is more important or intense than point A, use 而且. If point B is just another item on the list, use 此外.
还有 (háiyǒu): The most colloquial version. Use this with friends, family, or in casual emails. It literally means 'still have' or 'and also.'
除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài): A more emphatic version of 此外. It literally means 'apart from this.' It is often used to exclude the previous point and focus on what remains.

此外 vs. 另外:
他买了书，此外，还买了笔。(Formal/Written)
他买了书，另外，还买了笔。(Neutral/Spoken)
Note: 此外 is more common in essays; 另外 is more common in daily life.

In formal writing, you might also see 加之 (jiāzhī), which means 'added to that' or 'coupled with.' This is often used when the two points combined lead to a specific result. For example: '天气不好，加之交通堵塞，我们迟到了。' (The weather was bad, and coupled with the traffic jam, we were late.)

此外 vs. 而且:
他很帅，此外，他很有钱。(Two separate facts)
他很帅，而且，他非常温柔。(Emphasizing he is not just handsome, but also gentle.)
Note: 而且 builds intensity; 此外 adds information.

For academic contexts, 再者 (zàizhě) is another alternative. It is often used in the middle of an argument to introduce a third or fourth point. It is very formal and slightly old-fashioned, making it perfect for high-level literature or formal debates.

此外 vs. 还有:
报告显示利润增加了，此外，成本也降低了。(Professional)
我们要买菜，还有，别忘了买牛奶。(Casual)
Note: Choose your word based on your audience.

When you are taking the HSK exam, pay close attention to the context. If the sentence is about a serious topic like environmental protection or economic policy, 此外 is almost always the intended answer. If the sentence is about a daily activity like shopping or eating, 另外 or 还有 might be more appropriate.

此外 vs. 除此之外:
他喜欢游泳，此外，他也喜欢跑步。(Adding information)
除此之外，他没有别的爱好。(Excluding other possibilities)
Note: 除此之外 often implies 'nothing else' or 'only this.'

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

In ancient texts, '此' was often used to refer to the speaker's current location or topic, and '外' was used to distinguish the 'inner' (court/family) from the 'outer' (world/others).

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /tsʰɨ˨˩ waɪ̯˥˩/

US /tsʰɨ˨˩ waɪ̯˥˩/

The stress is slightly more prominent on the second syllable 'wài' due to the fourth (falling) tone.

هم‌قافیه با

买 (mǎi) 卖 (mài) 开 (kāi) 白 (bái) 快 (kuài) 外 (wài) 在 (zài) 带 (dài)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'ci' like 'si' (missing the 't' sound).
Pronouncing 'wai' with a flat tone instead of a falling tone.
Confusing 'ci' with 'chi' (adding an 'sh' sound).
Failing to pause after the word in a sentence.
Mispronouncing the 'i' in 'ci' as 'ee' (it should be a buzzed 'i').

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Easy to recognize once the characters are learned.

نوشتن 4/5

Requires understanding of formal sentence structure.

صحبت کردن 4/5

Needs practice to sound natural in flow.

گوش دادن 3/5

Usually clearly enunciated in formal speech.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

此 (cǐ) 外 (wài) 和 (hé) 也 (yě) 还 (hái)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

而且 (érqiě) 另外 (lìngwài) 除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài) 况且 (kuàngqiě) 然而 (rán'ér)

پیشرفته

加之 (jiāzhī) 再者 (zàizhě) 继而 (jì'ér) 进而 (jìn'ér) 由此 (yóucǐ)

گرامر لازم

The 'Furthermore... Also' Pattern

此外，他还喜欢唱歌。

Sentence-Initial Conjunctions

此外，我们要保护环境。

Using Commas with Transitions

他很忙，此外，他也很累。

Avoid mixing '此外' with very slangy words.

Demonstrative 'Ci' in Formal Chinese

此人 (this person), 此时 (this time).

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

我喜欢猫，此外，我也喜欢狗。

I like cats; besides, I also like dogs.

Simple additive use connecting two basic preferences.

这里有苹果，此外，还有香蕉。

There are apples here; in addition, there are bananas.

Using '此外' to list items in a physical space.

他会说中文，此外，他也会说英文。

He can speak Chinese; furthermore, he can also speak English.

Connecting two language skills.

今天天气很好，此外，也很暖和。

The weather is good today; besides, it is also very warm.

Adding a second descriptive adjective to a subject.

我们要买米，此外，还要买油。

We need to buy rice; in addition, we also need to buy oil.

Using '此外' in a shopping context.

这个菜很好吃，此外，也很便宜。

This dish is delicious; furthermore, it is also very cheap.

Adding a positive attribute to a meal.

他很高，此外，他也很帅。

He is very tall; besides, he is also very handsome.

Describing physical traits.

书店很大，此外，书很多。

The bookstore is big; in addition, there are many books.

Describing a location.

我每天跑步，此外，我还去游泳。

I run every day; furthermore, I also go swimming.

Connecting two regular activities using '此外...还...'.

这家饭馆菜很好，此外，服务也不错。

The food at this restaurant is good; besides, the service is also not bad.

Adding a secondary positive aspect of a business.

他学习很努力，此外，他很聪明。

He studies very hard; in addition, he is very smart.

Listing reasons for academic success.

我们要带雨伞，此外，还要带一件外套。

We need to bring an umbrella; furthermore, we also need to bring a coat.

Giving instructions for preparation.

北京有很多名胜，此外，有很多美食。

Beijing has many famous sites; besides, it has a lot of delicious food.

Describing a city's attractions.

他会弹钢琴，此外，他还会拉小提琴。

He can play the piano; in addition, he can also play the violin.

Listing musical talents.

这个手机很漂亮，此外，功能也很全。

This phone is very beautiful; furthermore, its functions are very complete.

Describing a product's features.

我们要节约电，此外，还要节约水。

We must save electricity; besides, we must also save water.

Listing environmental responsibilities.

此外，我们还必须考虑环境的影响。

Furthermore, we must also consider the environmental impact.

Sentence-initial use in a formal discussion.

他不仅工作出色，此外，他还热心公益。

Not only does he do excellent work, but furthermore, he is also enthusiastic about public welfare.

Adding a moral quality to a professional one.

这种产品价格便宜，此外，质量也非常可靠。

This product is cheap; in addition, the quality is also very reliable.

Formal product description.

我们要加强管理，此外，还要提高效率。

We need to strengthen management; besides, we also need to improve efficiency.

Business strategy context.

此外，他还是一个非常有经验的医生。

Furthermore, he is also a very experienced doctor.

Adding a credential to a person's profile.

学习一门外语可以开阔眼界，此外，还能增强记忆力。

Learning a foreign language can broaden one's horizons; in addition, it can also enhance memory.

Discussing the benefits of an activity.

此外，该地区还拥有丰富的矿产资源。

Furthermore, the region also possesses rich mineral resources.

Geographical/Economic reporting.

他喜欢旅游，此外，他还喜欢摄影。

He likes traveling; besides, he also likes photography.

Connecting two related hobbies.

此外，政府还出台了一系列优惠政策。

Furthermore, the government has also introduced a series of preferential policies.

Formal political/economic context.

该项目不仅能带动经济，此外，还能创造就业。

This project can not only boost the economy, but furthermore, it can also create jobs.

Discussing social and economic benefits.

此外，我们还要注意保护知识产权。

In addition, we must also pay attention to protecting intellectual property rights.

Legal/Business advice.

他精通法律，此外，对经济学也颇有研究。

He is proficient in law; moreover, he has also done considerable research in economics.

Describing academic or professional depth.

此外，这种技术还可以应用于医疗领域。

Furthermore, this technology can also be applied to the medical field.

Scientific/Technological discussion.

我们要提高服务质量，此外，还要完善投诉机制。

We need to improve service quality; besides, we also need to perfect the complaint mechanism.

Corporate management strategy.

此外，他还提到了关于城市规划的建议。

In addition, he also mentioned suggestions regarding urban planning.

Reporting on a speech or meeting.

该地区气候宜人，此外，交通也十分便利。

The region has a pleasant climate; furthermore, transportation is also very convenient.

Describing a location's advantages.

此外，该理论还忽略了社会心理因素的影响。

Furthermore, the theory also overlooks the influence of socio-psychological factors.

Academic critique.

此外，作者在文中还运用了大量的象征手法。

In addition, the author also employs a large number of symbolic techniques in the text.

Literary analysis.

此外，我们必须警惕全球化带来的负面效应。

Furthermore, we must be vigilant against the negative effects brought by globalization.

High-level socio-political commentary.

此外，该项研究还为未来的探索奠定了基础。

In addition, this research has also laid the foundation for future exploration.

Scientific significance statement.

此外，他还对现行的教育制度提出了质疑。

Furthermore, he also raised questions about the current educational system.

Reporting on critical discourse.

此外，文化差异也是导致误解的重要原因。

In addition, cultural differences are also an important cause of misunderstandings.

Analyzing complex social interactions.

此外，该政策的实施还需要大量的资金支持。

Furthermore, the implementation of this policy also requires substantial financial support.

Economic feasibility analysis.

此外，他强调了人与自然和谐相处的重要性。

In addition, he emphasized the importance of harmony between man and nature.

Summarizing a philosophical or ethical stance.

此外，这种审美倾向在宋代诗歌中亦有体现。

Furthermore, this aesthetic tendency is also reflected in Song Dynasty poetry.

Highly formal historical/literary discourse.

此外，该现象折射出当代社会深刻的伦理危机。

In addition, this phenomenon reflects a profound ethical crisis in contemporary society.

Philosophical/Sociological critique.

此外，法律的生命力在于其在实践中的落实。

Furthermore, the vitality of the law lies in its implementation in practice.

Legal philosophy.

此外，这种叙事策略增强了小说的张力。

In addition, this narrative strategy enhances the tension of the novel.

Advanced literary criticism.

此外，该发现彻底颠覆了学术界以往的认知。

Furthermore, this discovery has completely overturned previous perceptions in the academic community.

Reporting on a paradigm shift.

此外，我们应当审慎对待人工智能的发展。

In addition, we should treat the development of artificial intelligence with caution.

Ethical commentary on technology.

此外，该作品蕴含着深厚的人文关怀。

Furthermore, this work contains a profound sense of humanistic care.

Artistic/Literary appreciation.

此外，这种体制性的弊端并非一朝一夕能解决。

In addition, these systemic shortcomings cannot be resolved overnight.

Political/Organizational analysis.

مترادف‌ها

而且另外况且再说

متضادها

但是然而

ترکیب‌های رایج

此外，还...

此外，也...

此外，尚有...

此外，值得注意的是...

此外，更重要的是...

此外，据报道...

此外，另有...

此外，还包括...

此外，从...来看

此外，针对...

عبارات رایج

除此之外

— Apart from this; besides this. Used to exclude the mentioned item.

除此之外，我别无选择。

此外无他

— Nothing else besides this. A very formal way to say 'that's all.'

我的要求只有这些，此外无他。

此外，还有一点

— Furthermore, there is one more point. Used to signal a final addition.

此外，还有一点需要强调。

此外，不得不提的是

— In addition, it must be mentioned that... Used for emphasis.

此外，不得不提的是他的勇气。

此外，如前所述

— In addition, as mentioned before. Used to link back to previous points.

此外，如前所述，成本是一个关键因素。

此外，综上所述

— In addition, in summary. (Rarely used together, but possible in complex transitions).

此外，综上所述，我们应当采取行动。

此外，另一方面

— In addition, on the other hand. Used to add a different perspective.

此外，另一方面，市场竞争也很激烈。

此外，就...而言

— In addition, as far as ... is concerned.

此外，就技术而言，我们已经领先了。

此外，正如...

— In addition, just as... Used to draw a parallel.

此外，正如你所见，工程已经开始了。

此外，不仅如此

— In addition, not only that. Used to reinforce a previous point.

此外，不仅如此，他还捐了很多钱。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

此外 vs 另外

另外 is more colloquial and can be used as an adjective, while 此外 is strictly a formal conjunction.

此外 vs 而且

而且 emphasizes a step up in importance or intensity, whereas 此外 simply adds a separate point.

此外 vs 除此之外

除此之外 means 'apart from this' and often implies exclusion, while 此外 is purely additive.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"除此以外"

— Apart from this. Similar to 除此之外, used to set aside the current topic.

除此以外，他什么都没说。

Neutral

"别无他法"

— No other way besides this. Often used after listing options.

此外，我们别无他法。

Formal

"不言而喻"

— It goes without saying. Sometimes follows 此外 to add an obvious point.

此外，不言而喻，安全是第一位的。

Literary

"由此可见"

— From this it can be seen. Often used in the sentence following a 此外 point.

此外，他多次迟到。由此可见，他不负责任。

Formal

"总而言之"

— In short; in a word. Used to wrap up after several 此外 points.

此外，他很专业。总而言之，他是最佳人选。

Neutral

"众所周知"

— As everyone knows. Used with 此外 to add a well-known fact.

此外，众所周知，吸烟有害健康。

Formal

"举足轻重"

— To play a decisive role. Used to describe an additional important factor.

此外，他的意见举足轻重。

Formal

"事半功倍"

— Half the effort, twice the result. Used to describe an additional benefit.

此外，使用新工具可以事半功倍。

Idiomatic

"不可或缺"

— Indispensable. Used to add an essential item to a list.

此外，团队合作也是不可或缺的。

Formal

"名副其实"

— To be worthy of the name. Used to add a descriptive compliment.

此外，他是一个名副其实的天才。

Idiomatic

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

此外 vs 此外

Meaning overlap

Strictly a conjunction for clauses.

此外，他很努力。

此外 vs 另外

Meaning overlap

Can be an adjective (e.g., 另外的书).

请给我另外一本书。

此外 vs 而且

Both add info

Used for 'not only... but also' structures.

他不仅帅，而且聪明。

此外 vs 并且

Both add info

Used to connect two verbs or actions happening together.

他同意并且支持我。

此外 vs 还有

Both add info

Much more casual and used in lists of nouns.

桌子上有书，还有笔。

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

A，此外，B也...

他喜欢看书，此外，他也喜欢运动。

A。此外，还...

我们要节约水。此外，还要节约电。

不仅...，此外还...

他不仅会说法语，此外还会说德语。

首先...，其次...，此外...。

首先是价格，其次是质量，此外是服务。

此外，值得注意的是...

此外，值得注意的是环境因素。

此外，正如...所言...

此外，正如专家所言，风险依然存在。

此外，...亦...

此外，这种现象在历史上亦有发生。

此外，...不失为...

此外，这个方案不失为一个好的选择。

خانواده کلمه

مرتبط

此 (cǐ) - this

外 (wài) - outside

另外 (lìngwài) - besides

之外 (zhīwài) - outside of

以此 (yǐcǐ) - with this

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

High in written and formal spoken Chinese.

اشتباهات رایج

Using 此外 to connect two nouns. → 我喜欢苹果和香蕉。
此外 is for clauses, not nouns.
Omitting the comma after 此外. → 此外，我们要考虑成本。
The comma is necessary for formal punctuation.
Using 此外 in very casual chat. → 还有，别忘了买牛奶。
此外 is too formal for a quick text to a friend.
Confusing 此外 with 而且 for intensity. → 他不仅聪明，而且很努力。
Use 而且 when the second point is stronger.
Putting 此外 at the end of a sentence. → 此外，我也要去。
It must precede the information it adds.

نکات

Comma Usage

Always put a comma after 此外 to separate the transition from the main point.

Pairing

Pair with '还' or '也' for a smoother, more native-sounding flow.

Formal Situations

Use 此外 in essays and business emails to sound professional.

Avoid Repetition

Don't use 此外 in every sentence; mix it up with 另外 or 而且.

Secondary Points

Use 此外 for supplementary information, not your main argument.

Essay Structure

Use it to transition between points in the body of your essay.

Signal Word

Treat it as a signal that more related information is coming.

Pacing

Use the pause after 此外 to think of your next point.

HSK Strategy

Look for 此外 in 'Fill in the Blank' questions involving formal transitions.

Politeness

Using formal connectives shows you are taking the conversation seriously.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'Ci' as 'This' and 'Wai' as 'Outside.' So, 此外 is 'Outside of This' (In addition to this).

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a box representing your first sentence. 此外 is a little arrow pointing to a second box sitting just outside the first one.

شبکه واژگان

此 (This) 外 (Outside) 另外 (Besides) 外面 (Outside) 外语 (Foreign Language) 此时 (This time) 此处 (This place) 除此之外 (Apart from this)

چالش

Try to write a three-sentence paragraph about your favorite city using '此外' to connect the second and third sentences.

ریشه کلمه

The word '此外' originates from Classical Chinese. '此' (cǐ) has been used as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' since the Zhou Dynasty. '外' (wài) originally depicted the moon (夕) and a divining bolt (卜), suggesting something outside the normal realm or occurring at night outside.

معنای اصلی: Literally 'outside of this' or 'beyond this point.'

Sino-Tibetan

بافت فرهنگی

No specific sensitivities; it is a neutral, formal transition word.

English speakers often use 'And' or 'Also' too much. '此外' is the equivalent of 'Furthermore' which sounds much more sophisticated.

Commonly used in the 'Analects' of Confucius (in its classical forms). A staple word in modern Chinese legal codes. Frequently used by news anchors on CCTV.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Academic Writing

此外，该研究发现...
此外，理论表明...
此外，数据还显示...
此外，综上所述...

Business Meetings

此外，我们要讨论预算...
此外，关于新项目...
此外，下周的安排...
此外，客户的要求...

News Reporting

此外，据记者了解...
此外，官方表示...
此外，事故原因正在调查...
此外，天气预报显示...

Giving Directions/Instructions

此外，你还需要带护照...
此外，别忘了关灯...
此外，请按时到达...
此外，注意安全...

Describing People/Places

此外，他非常友好...
此外，这个地方很安静...
此外，风景很美...
此外，交通很方便...

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"此外，你对这个计划还有什么建议吗？"

"此外，你觉得我们还需要准备什么？"

"此外，你最近还在忙别的项目吗？"

"此外，你对那个新餐馆怎么看？"

"此外，关于明天的会议，你有什么想法？"

موضوعات نگارش

写一写你喜欢的城市。先写风景，此外，再写写那里的食物。

写一写你的一个好朋友。先写性格，此外，再写写你们一起做过的事。

讨论一下学习汉语的好处。首先是文化，此外，还有就业机会。

描述你理想的工作。首先是薪水，此外，还有工作环境。

写一写你对未来的计划。首先是学业，此外，还有旅行计划。

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, '此外' is a conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. To connect nouns, use '和' (hé) or '以及' (yǐjí). For example, say '我喜欢苹果和香蕉,' not '我喜欢苹果此外香蕉.'

Yes, '此外' is generally considered more formal and is more common in written essays, news reports, and formal speeches. '另外' is neutral and very common in daily conversation.

In formal writing, yes. A comma (，) should follow '此外' when it starts a sentence or a major clause to signal the transition clearly.

'此外' is a simple transition like 'furthermore.' '除此之外' literally means 'apart from this' and is often used to exclude the previous point or to set it aside before moving to a new category.

No, '此外' must be followed by the information it is adding. It cannot stand alone at the end of a sentence like 'also' sometimes does in English.

Yes, it is a key vocabulary item for HSK 4 and HSK 5. It frequently appears in the reading and writing sections.

It is possible but often redundant. It is better to choose one based on whether you want to simply add information (此外) or emphasize progression (而且).

While not strictly required by grammar, using '还' (hái) or '也' (yě) in the following clause is highly recommended as it sounds much more natural to native speakers.

Yes, it is an excellent way to start a new paragraph that adds a secondary argument to a previous one.

It is common in formal spoken Chinese (like presentations or news), but in casual daily talk, people usually prefer '还有' or '另外'.

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