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B2 verb #4,000 پرکاربردترین 10 دقیقه مطالعه

断定

duanding رتبه 4,000

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 断定 در ۳۰ ثانیه

توضیح 断定 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '断定' (duàndìng) is a very advanced word that you likely won't need to use yourself, but you might hear it in very clear contexts. Think of it as a very strong way to say 'I am 100% sure' or 'I know this is true because I saw it.' At this stage, you should focus on simpler words like '知道' (zhīdào - to know) or '觉得' (juéde - to feel/think). If you encounter '断定,' just remember it means someone is making a final choice about what is true. For example, if a teacher says 'I can conclude you studied hard,' they are using a word like this. It is about being certain. In English, it is like saying 'I can say for sure.' You won't see this in basic greetings or shopping conversations. It is more for stories where a character finds a secret and says 'I'm sure it was him!' Even though it is a big word, the idea is simple: No more guessing, just the truth.

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For A2 learners, '断定' starts to appear in slightly more complex reading materials or stories. You can think of it as 'deciding on a fact.' While you know '决定' (juédìng) means 'to decide to do something' (like deciding to eat pizza), '断定' is 'deciding that something IS something' (like deciding that the pizza is delicious based on the smell). You might see it in sentences like 'I conclude he is a good person.' It is helpful to recognize the '断' (duàn) part, which you might know from '不断' (constantly/without breaking). Here, '断' means to cut off all other possibilities. At this level, you should try to notice when speakers use it after giving a reason. If someone says 'It is cloudy, so I conclude it will rain,' they are using the logic of '断定.' It is a step up from '觉得' because it sounds more serious and sure.

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At the B1 level, you should begin to distinguish '断定' from its synonyms. This is the stage where your logical reasoning in Chinese becomes more important. You will use '断定' when you are discussing opinions in a more formal way, such as in a classroom presentation or a short essay. It is no longer just 'I think,' but 'Based on my experience, I conclude...' You should practice using it with evidence-based patterns like '根据...我们可以断定...' (Based on..., we can conclude...). This makes your Chinese sound much more mature. You will also encounter it in news summaries or intermediate listening exercises where a speaker is summarizing a situation. It is a key word for expressing certainty without using the same basic words over and over. You should also be careful not to use it for 'deciding to act,' which is still '决定.' '断定' is for your brain's final judgment on a truth.

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At the B2 level, '断定' is a core vocabulary word that you are expected to use accurately. You should understand its nuances in professional and academic settings. At this level, you are moving beyond simple facts into more abstract conclusions. You might use '断定' to discuss social trends, character motivations in literature, or the results of a scientific experiment. You should be comfortable using it in the negative form, '无法断定' (unable to conclude), to express intellectual honesty when evidence is lacking. You should also understand its rhetorical use—how someone might use '断定' to sound more authoritative in a debate. This is the level where you start to feel the 'weight' of the word. It implies a level of responsibility for the statement you are making. If you '断定' something, you are saying 'I have proof.' You should also be able to distinguish it from '判断' (the process) and '判定' (the official ruling).

For C1 learners, '断定' is a tool for precise expression in high-level discourse. You should be able to use it to analyze complex arguments and identify when a conclusion is '断定得太早' (concluded too early/prematurely). At this level, you can appreciate the word's etymological roots—the 'cutting' of uncertainty—and use it in sophisticated writing, such as legal briefs, academic papers, or literary criticism. You should understand how '断定' functions in different registers, from the cold objectivity of a laboratory report to the sharp accusation in a courtroom drama. You will also encounter it in philosophical texts discussing the nature of certainty and judgment. Your usage should reflect an understanding of the subtle power dynamics involved: who has the right to '断定' something? An expert, a judge, or a witness? Mastering '断定' at this level means knowing exactly when to deploy its finality for maximum impact in your speech and writing.

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At the C2 level, '断定' is used with complete native-like fluency and an awareness of its most subtle connotations. You can use it to discuss the epistemological limits of human knowledge—what can we truly '断定' in an uncertain world? You will recognize its use in classical-style modern prose and high-level political analysis. You understand that '断定' is not just a verb but a statement of ontological certainty. You can use it with a wide range of sophisticated adverbs and in complex sentence structures that involve multiple layers of evidence and counter-evidence. At this level, you can also play with the word, perhaps using it ironically to describe someone's baseless arrogance, or using it to provide a definitive summary of a lifelong body of work. You are also fully aware of its synonyms and can choose between '断定,' '判定,' '推断,' and '确信' with surgical precision to convey the exact degree of logic, authority, and personal conviction required for the context.

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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

断定 در ۳۰ ثانیه

A formal verb for making a final, evidence-based conclusion about a fact.
Combines 'cutting through doubt' (断) with 'fixing a truth' (定).
Essential for professional contexts like law, science, and detective work.
Distinct from '决定' (deciding to act) and '猜测' (guessing without proof).

The Chinese word 断定 (duàndìng) is a powerful verb that translates most closely to 'to conclude,' 'to judge firmly,' or 'to assert with certainty.' It is not a word used for casual guessing or lighthearted opinions. Instead, it carries the weight of evidence-based reasoning. When you use 断定, you are signaling to your listener that you have looked at the facts, analyzed the situation, and reached a definitive verdict that you are prepared to defend. The character 断 (duàn) originally refers to cutting something apart, like a piece of silk or wood, implying a clean break from doubt. The character 定 (dìng) means to fix, stabilize, or settle. Together, they describe the mental process of 'cutting through' confusion to 'fix' a final conclusion.

The Core Logic: The logic of 断定 is strictly deductive. It implies a transition from 'I think' to 'I know because...' It is frequently used in professional contexts such as law, medicine, forensic science, and academic research. For example, a doctor might 断定 a cause of illness after seeing test results, or a detective might 断定 a suspect's motive after finding a key piece of evidence.
Emotional Resonance: While often objective, the word can also carry a tone of stubbornness or absolute conviction. If someone '断定' something prematurely, it suggests they are being judgmental or closed-minded. However, in most standard usage, it is a mark of intellectual rigor and confidence.

医生根据检查结果，断定病人的病情已经好转。(The doctor, based on the check-up results, concluded that the patient's condition had improved.)

Note how the conclusion is tied to specific results.

To truly master 断定, you must understand that it requires a 'trigger'—usually a reason or evidence. You rarely see 断定 standing alone without a preceding clause explaining *why* the conclusion was reached. It is the bridge between observation and conviction. In literature, it is often used to describe the moment of realization in a mystery novel or the final judgment of a historical figure. It is a word of closure.

我们不能仅凭外表就断定一个人的好坏。(We cannot conclude whether a person is good or bad based solely on their appearance.)

Grammatical Flexibility: Although primarily a verb, 断定 can sometimes function as a noun in formal contexts, referring to the 'conclusion' itself, though '结论' (jiélùn) is more common for the noun form. As a verb, it can take a simple object or a whole clause. For example, '断定他赢了' (conclude that he won).

从这些迹象可以断定，他并没有说实话。(From these signs, it can be concluded that he did not tell the truth.)

Using 断定 correctly requires placing it in a context of logical flow. In Chinese syntax, 断定 usually appears after the evidence has been introduced. The basic structure is often: [Evidence/Basis] + [断定] + [Conclusion]. This structure highlights the causal link between what is seen and what is believed. Because 断定 is a strong word, it is often paired with adverbs that emphasize certainty, such as 可以 (kěyǐ - can), 无法 (wúfǎ - cannot), or 难以 (nányǐ - difficult to).

Pattern 1: Direct Conclusion: In this pattern, the speaker asserts a fact directly. '我敢断定他今天不会来' (I dare to conclude/assert that he won't come today). Here, '敢' (dare) adds a layer of personal conviction to the judgment.
Pattern 2: Based on Evidence: The most common professional usage involves '根据' (according to) or '从...来看' (judging from). '根据现场的脚印，警方断定嫌疑人不止一个' (Based on the footprints at the scene, the police concluded there was more than one suspect).

虽然证据不足，但他凭直觉断定这只是个意外。(Although the evidence was insufficient, he concluded by intuition that it was just an accident.)

Note that while 断定 usually relies on logic, it can also be used with '直觉' (intuition) to show a very strong feeling that feels like a fact to the speaker. However, this is more literary. In daily life, sticking to factual evidence is safer. Another important aspect is negation. When you use '无法断定' (cannot conclude), you are saying that the information available is too messy or incomplete to form a solid judgment. This is a very common phrase in science and law.

目前的资料还不足以让我们断定市场的走向。(The current data is not yet sufficient for us to conclude the market's direction.)

Pattern 3: Rhetorical Questions: In debates, people might say: '你凭什么断定我是错的？' (On what basis do you conclude that I am wrong?). This uses the word to challenge someone else's logic or authority.

Finally, consider the difference between 断定 and 判断 (pànduàn). While 判断 is the general process of judging, 断定 is the final, unshakeable result of that process. Think of 判断 as the trial and 断定 as the final verdict. When you are writing an essay or a report, use 断定 when you want to sound definitive and authoritative. It shows that you have finished your analysis and are standing by your results.

专家通过化验，最终断定这件古董是真品。(Through laboratory tests, the experts finally concluded that this antique is genuine.)

In the modern Chinese-speaking world, 断定 is a staple of news broadcasts, crime dramas, and professional discussions. If you watch a police procedural like 'Criminal Minds' or 'Sherlock' dubbed in Chinese, you will hear the word 断定 in almost every episode. Detectives use it to narrow down suspects. '根据伤口的位置，我们可以断定凶手是左撇子' (Based on the position of the wound, we can conclude the killer is left-handed). This usage reinforces the word's association with logic and deduction.

In News and Media: Journalists use 断定 when reporting on scientific breakthroughs or economic trends. For instance, '分析人士断定，未来五年的房价将保持稳定' (Analysts conclude that housing prices will remain stable for the next five years). It adds a layer of professional credibility to the report.
In Academic Writing: University students and researchers use 断定 in their theses to state their findings. It is much stronger than '认为' (think/believe). Using 断定 shows that the researcher believes their data is conclusive and their methodology is sound.

现在的形势很难让人断定谁才是最后的赢家。(The current situation makes it hard for anyone to conclude who the final winner will be.)

In business meetings, 断定 is used during strategic planning. A CEO might say, '我们断定这个项目具有极高的投资价值' (We have concluded that this project has extremely high investment value). Here, it conveys a sense of corporate confidence and decisive leadership. Conversely, in everyday gossip, using 断定 can make someone sound a bit overly dramatic or judgmental, as if they are playing detective in their friends' lives.

你凭什么就断定他一定会失败？(On what basis do you conclude that he will definitely fail?)

In Literature and History: Historians use the word when discussing historical enigmas. '历史学家根据新发现的文献断定，这位将军并非死于战场' (Historians, based on newly discovered documents, concluded that this general did not die on the battlefield).

In summary, 断定 is the language of the expert, the investigator, and the confident decision-maker. It is a word that moves a conversation from 'maybe' to 'definitely.' When you hear it, you should pay attention, because someone is making a definitive claim about reality.

Learning 断定 can be tricky because it overlaps with several other Chinese words for 'judging' or 'deciding.' The most common mistake is using 断定 when you actually mean 决定 (juédìng - to decide). While 'decide' in English can sometimes mean 'conclude' (e.g., 'I decided he was right'), in Chinese, 决定 is almost always about a choice of action. If you say '我断定去北京' (I conclude to go to Beijing), it sounds very strange. You should say '我决定去北京' (I decided to go to Beijing).

Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Decision to Act': Remember: 断定 is for facts; 决定 is for actions. You 断定 that a person is a thief, but you 决定 to call the police.
Mistake 2: Using without Evidence: Another mistake is using 断定 for a pure guess. If you say '我断定明天会下雨' (I conclude it will rain tomorrow) without having checked the weather report or seen dark clouds, it sounds arrogant. For a guess, use '猜' (cāi) or '估计' (gūjì).

错误：我断定明天去公园玩。(Incorrect: I conclude to go to the park tomorrow.)
正确：我决定明天去公园玩。(Correct: I decided to go to the park tomorrow.)

Mistake 3: Overuse in Casual Settings. Because 断定 is a formal, high-level word (CEFR B2+), using it in every sentence can make you sound like a robot or an overly serious professor. In a casual chat with friends, if you want to say you're sure about something, '我觉得肯定是...' or '我敢说...' is much more natural.

虽然他一直否认，但我断定他在撒谎。(Even though he kept denying it, I concluded that he was lying.)

Mistake 4: Subject-Verb Mismatch: The subject of 断定 is almost always a person or a group of people (like a committee or experts). Inanimate objects cannot '断定' things. For example, you wouldn't say 'The evidence concludes...' (证据断定...), you would say 'Based on the evidence, we conclude...' (根据证据，我们断定...).

To avoid these mistakes, always ask yourself: 1. Am I talking about a fact or an action? 2. Do I have evidence? 3. Is the setting formal or professional? If the answer to all three is 'yes,' then 断定 is your best choice.

To expand your vocabulary beyond 断定, it is helpful to look at its 'siblings'—words that share the same DNA but have different nuances. Understanding these differences will make your Chinese much more precise and sophisticated. The most important comparisons are with 判断 (pànduàn), 判定 (pàndìng), and 确定 (quèdìng).

1. 判断 (pànduàn) vs. 断定 (duàndìng): 判断 is the general term for 'to judge' or 'to assess.' It covers the whole process of thinking. 断定 is the final result. You might '判断' for a long time before you finally '断定.' 判断 is also used for 'judgment' in a general sense, like 'judgment call.'
2. 判定 (pàndìng) vs. 断定 (duàndìng): 判定 is very similar to 断定, but it is even more formal and often legal or technical. A referee in a sports game '判定' a foul. A court '判定' a verdict. 断定 is slightly more common in general intellectual or personal contexts.

裁判判定进球无效。(The referee ruled/concluded the goal was invalid.)

Another useful alternative is 推断 (tuīduàn), which means 'to infer' or 'to deduce.' This word emphasizes the 'logical steps' taken to reach a conclusion. While 断定 focuses on the finality of the conclusion, 推断 focuses on the reasoning process itself. If you are describing a logical proof, 推断 is often the better choice. There is also 确信 (quèxìn), which means 'to be firmly convinced.' This is more about an internal state of belief rather than an external judgment of fact.

根据现有的数据，我们可以推断出未来的趋势。(Based on existing data, we can infer future trends.)

3. 肯定 (kěndìng) vs. 断定 (duàndìng): 肯定 is often used as an adjective ('sure') or adverb ('definitely'). '我很肯定' (I am very sure). 断定 is the action of making that judgment. You '断定' something, and as a result, you are '肯定' of it.

In summary, choose 断定 when you want to sound like you have solved a puzzle and are announcing the answer. Use its synonyms when you want to focus on different parts of that journey—whether it is the process, the logic, the official nature of the ruling, or your personal level of certainty.

چقدر رسمی است؟

نکته جالب

The character '断' is the same 'duàn' used in 'duànshělí' (断舍离), the Japanese-inspired concept of minimalism (Dan-sha-ri), where it means 'refusing' or 'cutting off' unnecessary things.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /dwæn dɪŋ/

US /dwɑn dɪŋ/

Both syllables are falling tones (4th tone), meaning they are pronounced with sharp, descending emphasis.

هم‌قافیه با

判断 (pànduàn) 决定 (juédìng) 稳定 (wěndìng) 设定 (shèdìng) 预定 (yùdìng) 中断 (zhōngduàn) 果断 (guǒduàn) 肯定 (kěndìng)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'duàn' as 'dūn' (rhyming with 'sun').
Using the wrong tones, making it sound like 'duāndīng' (1st-1st), which sounds like 'broken nail'.
Failing to emphasize the 'n' in both syllables.
Confusing the initial 'd' with a 't' sound.
Blending the two syllables too quickly without the sharp tone break.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 4/5

Requires understanding of formal character structures and logical flow.

نوشتن 4/5

Easy to confuse with '决定' or '判断' if not careful.

صحبت کردن 3/5

Common in professional speech, but slightly formal for casual talk.

گوش دادن 3/5

Clear pronunciation, but usually followed by long, complex clauses.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

知道觉得决定判断证据

بعداً یاد بگیرید

推断判定逻辑假设证实

پیشرفته

盖棺定论断章取义未雨绸缪真伪难辨铁证如山

گرامر لازم

The 'Resultative' nature of 断定

他已经断定（了）结果。 (He has already concluded the result.)

Using '可以' (can) to show logical possibility

由此可以断定... (From this, it can be concluded...)

Negation with '无法' (unable) or '不能' (cannot)

我们无法断定真相。 (We are unable to conclude the truth.)

The object is often a 'Subject + Predicate' clause

我断定 [他会赢]。 (I conclude [he will win].)

Adverbial placement before the verb

他【武断地】断定了一切。 (He [arbitrarily] concluded everything.)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

我断定他是好人。

I conclude he is a good person.

Subject + 断定 + Clause (he is a good person).

他断定今天会下雨。

He concluded it will rain today.

Simple future conclusion.

老师断定你努力了。

The teacher concluded you worked hard.

Conclusion based on a result.

我不能断定那是谁。

I cannot conclude who that is.

Negative form: 不能 + 断定.

医生断定他病了。

The doctor concluded he is sick.

Professional conclusion.

妈妈断定我没吃饭。

Mom concluded I didn't eat.

Everyday observation leading to a conclusion.

我们断定这是真的。

We conclude this is true.

Collective conclusion.

他断定这就是他的家。

He concluded this is his home.

Recognition as a conclusion.

看他的表情，我可以断定他不开心。

Looking at his expression, I can conclude he is unhappy.

Using '看...' as evidence.

警方断定这只是一次意外。

The police concluded this was just an accident.

Formal authority subject.

根据天气预报，我们可以断定明天很热。

According to the weather forecast, we can conclude tomorrow will be hot.

According to (根据) + evidence.

他断定这个手机是坏的。

He concluded this phone is broken.

Fact-based judgment.

由于没带钥匙，他断定自己进不去了。

Since he didn't bring keys, he concluded he couldn't get in.

Reason (由于) + conclusion.

我无法断定哪本书更好。

I cannot conclude which book is better.

Expressing inability to judge.

大家断定他就是我们要找的人。

Everyone concluded he is the person we are looking for.

Consensus conclusion.

从声音断定，那是一只猫。

Judging from the sound, that is a cat.

Judging from (从...断定).

根据现有的证据，我们无法断定谁是凶手。

Based on existing evidence, we cannot conclude who the killer is.

Standard forensic usage.

他凭直觉断定，这个计划行不通。

He concluded by intuition that this plan won't work.

Intuition as a basis for conclusion.

通过实验，科学家断定这种药物有效。

Through experiments, scientists concluded this medicine is effective.

Scientific conclusion.

你不能只看外表就断定一个人的性格。

You cannot conclude a person's character just by looking at their appearance.

Prohibitive advice.

从他的话语中，我断定他隐瞒了真相。

From his words, I concluded that he was hiding the truth.

Extracting truth from speech.

专家断定这幅画是真迹。

Experts concluded that this painting is an original.

Expert opinion.

虽然还没看到结果，但我敢断定他赢了。

Although I haven't seen the result, I dare to conclude he won.

Using '敢' for emphasis.

我们很难断定这次危机会持续多久。

It is hard for us to conclude how long this crisis will last.

Difficult conclusion (很难断定).

从这些迹象可以断定，经济正在缓慢复苏。

From these signs, it can be concluded that the economy is slowly recovering.

Abstract socio-economic conclusion.

他断定，如果现在不采取行动，后果将不堪设想。

He concluded that if action is not taken now, the consequences will be unimaginable.

Conditional conclusion (如果...将...).

目前的数据还不足以让我们断定该理论的正确性。

Current data is not yet sufficient for us to conclude the correctness of this theory.

Academic skepticism.

法官根据证词断定被告有罪。

The judge, based on the testimony, concluded the defendant was guilty.

Legal verdict.

分析师断定，该公司的股价被低估了。

Analysts concluded that the company's stock price is undervalued.

Financial judgment.

我们不能轻率地断定这就是唯一的解决方案。

We cannot rashly conclude that this is the only solution.

Adverbial modifier (轻率地 - rashly).

历史学家通过研究古籍，断定这座城市建于三千年前。

Historians, by studying ancient texts, concluded this city was built 3,000 years ago.

Historical deduction.

从他犹豫的态度来看，我可以断定他并不知情。

Judging from his hesitant attitude, I can conclude he was not informed.

Judging from attitude (从...来看).

在这个阶段，任何关于市场走向的断定都显得为时过早。

At this stage, any conclusion regarding market trends seems premature.

Using '断定' as a noun-like object of '关于'.

他那不容置疑的语气仿佛是在断定一个永恒的真理。

His unquestionable tone seemed as if he were asserting an eternal truth.

Literary simile using '仿佛'.

我们决不能仅凭片面之词就断定事实的真相。

We must never conclude the truth of the facts based solely on one-sided words.

Using four-character idioms (片面之词).

经过深思熟虑，他断定自己的一生应当奉献给科学。

After careful consideration, he concluded that his life should be dedicated to science.

Life-altering personal conclusion.

这种逻辑推演使他能够断定，系统内部存在严重的漏洞。

This logical deduction enabled him to conclude that serious vulnerabilities exist within the system.

Technical/Systemic conclusion.

评论家们断定，这部作品将成为当代文学的里程碑。

Critics concluded that this work will become a milestone in contemporary literature.

Cultural/Critical judgment.

尽管环境恶劣，他依然断定目标是可以实现的。

Despite the harsh environment, he still concluded that the goal was achievable.

Resilient conclusion despite adversity.

这种现象足以让我们断定，原有的理论框架需要修正。

This phenomenon is sufficient for us to conclude that the original theoretical framework needs revision.

Scientific paradigm shift.

若无确凿之凭据，断不可轻下断定，以免造成冤假错案。

Without solid evidence, one must not lightly reach a conclusion, lest it lead to a miscarriage of justice.

Classical-style formal legal warning.

作者在文中隐晦地暗示，我们无法对人性的善恶做出最终的断定。

The author obscurely suggests in the text that we cannot make a final judgment on the good or evil of human nature.

Philosophical/Literary ambiguity.

从宏观历史的角度断定，这种文明的衰落是不可避免的。

Concluding from a macro-historical perspective, the decline of this civilization was inevitable.

Macro-historical analysis.

他那种近乎偏执的断定，往往源于对细节的过度解读。

His near-obsessive conclusions often stem from an over-interpretation of details.

Psychological characterization.

在信息爆炸的时代，如何断定信息的真伪成了一项必备的技能。

In the era of information explosion, how to conclude the authenticity of information has become an essential skill.

Contemporary social commentary.

科学家们通过数十年的观测，最终断定了该行星的大气成分。

Through decades of observation, scientists finally concluded the atmospheric composition of the planet.

Long-term empirical conclusion.

这种极端的断定忽略了事物发展的多样性和复杂性。

This extreme conclusion ignores the diversity and complexity of the development of things.

Critique of oversimplification.

我们可以断定，这场辩论的核心在于对‘自由’的不同定义。

We can conclude that the core of this debate lies in the different definitions of 'freedom'.

Identifying the crux of an argument.

مترادف‌ها

肯定判定下结论认定

متضادها

怀疑推测猜测

ترکیب‌های رایج

无法断定

敢于断定

武断断定

根据证据断定

初步断定

最终断定

凭直觉断定

难以断定

错误断定

明确断定

عبارات رایج

早下断定

— To jump to conclusions prematurely.

别急着早下断定。

断定无疑

— To conclude without any doubt.

这件事已经断定无疑了。

据此断定

— To conclude based on this.

我们据此断定他离开了。

由此断定

— To conclude from this/thereby.

由此断定，该计划是可行的。

凭空断定

— To conclude out of thin air/without basis.

你不能凭空断定我偷了钱。

妄下断定

— To make a rash or irresponsible conclusion.

不可对他人妄下断定。

足以断定

— Sufficient to conclude.

这些迹象足以断定他的身份。

断定为

— To conclude something to be [something].

该疾病被断定为罕见病例。

一致断定

— To conclude unanimously.

评委们一致断定他获胜。

试图断定

— To try to conclude/determine.

科学家试图断定黑洞的起源。

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

断定 vs 决定 (juédìng)

决定 is for actions/choices (I decided to go). 断定 is for facts/truths (I concluded he is right).

断定 vs 判断 (pànduàn)

判断 is the general process of judging. 断定 is the final, firm conclusion.

断定 vs 肯定 (kěndìng)

肯定 is often an adverb for 'definitely'. 断定 is the verb for the act of concluding.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"断章取义"

— To take words out of context to reach a biased conclusion.

你这是断章取义，我不是那个意思。

Literary/Critical

"盖棺定论"

— To make a final judgment on a person only after they are dead.

对他的一生，现在还不能盖棺定论。

Formal/Literary

"斩钉截铁"

— To speak or act in a firm and decisive way (like cutting iron).

他斩钉截铁地断定这件事没得谈。

Idiomatic

"铁证如山"

— Irrefutable evidence like a mountain (often leads to a '断定').

面对铁证如山，他只能承认犯罪。

Formal

"真伪难辨"

— Hard to distinguish true from false (making it hard to '断定').

古玩市场上真伪难辨，需要专家断定。

Neutral

"一语道破"

— To reveal the truth in a single word (a quick '断定').

他一语道破了问题的实质。

Literary

"先入为主"

— First impressions rule (leading to a biased '断定').

不要先入为主地断定他是个坏人。

Common

"证据确凿"

— Evidence is conclusive.

证据确凿，足以断定他的罪行。

Legal

"洞若观火"

— To see things as clearly as looking at a fire (clear conclusion).

他对形势的断定洞若观火。

Literary

"无可置疑"

— Beyond doubt.

他的功劳是无可置疑的，我们可以断定他会被提拔。

Formal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

断定 vs 判定 (pàndìng)

Both mean 'to judge/conclude'.

判定 is more official, used by referees, judges, or technical systems. 断定 is more general intellectual conclusion.

裁判判定犯规 (Referee ruled a foul) vs. 我断定他在骗我 (I concluded he's lying).

断定 vs 推断 (tuīduàn)

Both involve logical thinking.

推断 emphasizes the 'inferring' process and logical steps. 断定 emphasizes the finality and certainty.

我们可以推断出结果 (We can infer the result).

断定 vs 认定 (rèndìng)

Both imply a firm belief.

认定 often implies identifying someone's status or officially recognizing something. 断定 is about the truth of a situation.

认定为驰名商标 (Recognized as a famous brand).

断定 vs 估计 (gūjì)

Both are about predicting or judging.

估计 is a rough estimate or guess. 断定 is a firm conclusion based on evidence.

我估计他快到了 (I estimate he's almost here).

断定 vs 确定 (quèdìng)

Both mean being sure.

确定 can mean 'to confirm' or 'to make sure'. 断定 is the mental act of 'concluding'.

请确定时间 (Please confirm the time).

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

我断定 + [Clause]

我断定他是好人。

根据 + [Evidence] + 断定 + [Clause]

根据天气，我断定明天会下雨。

无法 + 断定 + [Object]

我们无法断定他的身份。

从...来看，可以断定...

从他的表现来看，可以断定他很努力。

足以 + 断定

这些事实足以断定他的罪行。

与其说...不如断定...

与其说这是巧合，不如断定这是人为的。

任何...的断定都...

任何关于未来的断定都具有风险。

断不可 + 轻下断定

在没有证据前，断不可轻下断定。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

断定 (conclusion/judgment in some contexts)

结论 (jiélùn - standard noun for conclusion)

فعل‌ها

断 (duàn - to break/cut)

定 (dìng - to fix/set)

判断 (pànduàn - to judge)

判定 (pàndìng - to rule/judge)

صفت‌ها

果断 (guǒduàn - decisive)

武断 (wǔduàn - arbitrary/rash in judgment)

确定 (quèdìng - certain/definite)

مرتبط

诊断 (zhěnduàn - diagnosis)

裁定 (cáidìng - ruling)

定论 (dìnglùn - final conclusion)

断案 (duàn'àn - to judge a case)

推断 (tuīduàn - inference)

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نحوه استفاده

frequency

Common in academic, professional, and investigative contexts.

اشتباهات رایج

Using '断定' for personal decisions. → 使用 '决定' (juédìng).
'断定' is for facts/conclusions. '决定' is for actions.
Saying '我断定他' (I conclude him). → 我断定他 [做了某事] (I conclude he [did something]).
'断定' needs a clause or a specific fact as its object.
Confusing '断定' with '估计' (estimate). → Use '估计' for guesses, '断定' for certainties.
'断定' implies you have evidence. '估计' is for when you're just guessing.
Using '断定' as a simple adjective like 'sure'. → Use '肯定' (kěndìng) as an adjective.
You can say '我很肯定', but you can't say '我很断定'.
Using '断定' for a referee's call in sports. → Use '判定' (pàndìng).
'判定' is the specific technical term for official rulings in games.

نکات

Pair with Evidence

Always try to put a '根据' (according to) or '从...来看' (judging from) before '断定' to make your logic clear.

Use for Authority

Use this word when you want to sound like an expert or someone who has done their homework.

Clause Object

Remember that '断定' is usually followed by a whole sentence that describes the fact you are sure about.

Negative Form

Learn '无法断定' as a set phrase. It's very useful for being honest about not knowing something for sure.

Legal Contexts

In very official or legal documents, look for '判定' instead of '断定'.

The Axe and the Roof

Visualize the axe (断) cutting through the mess and the roof (定) providing a stable house for the truth.

Essay Hook

Start a conclusion paragraph with '综上所述，我们可以断定...' (In summary, we can conclude...).

Confidence

When you use '断定', speak it clearly and firmly to match the word's meaning.

No Plans!

Never say '我断定去吃饭'. That's a '决定' (decision to act).

Be Careful with People

Don't '断定' people's motives too quickly in social settings; it might seem rude.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of an axe (断) cutting a rope to let a heavy weight drop and stay fixed (定) on the ground. Once it's on the ground, the position is 'concluded'.

تداعی تصویری

A judge hitting a gavel (定) after cutting through a pile of messy paperwork (断).

شبکه واژگان

Logic Evidence Judge Verdict Truth Deduction Certainty Forensics

چالش

Try to write a sentence using '根据' (based on) and '断定' (conclude) about a mystery you solved today, like who ate the last cookie.

ریشه کلمه

The word '断定' is composed of two ancient Chinese characters. '断' (duàn) originally depicted an axe cutting through silk threads, symbolizing the act of separating or deciding. '定' (dìng) consists of a 'roof' radical and a 'foot' (now a line) indicating stability or stopping at a place. Together, they emerged in Middle Chinese to describe the act of resolving a doubt and fixing a conclusion.

معنای اصلی: To cut through uncertainty and fix a decision or truth.

Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic)

بافت فرهنگی

Avoid using it to '断定' someone's character to their face, as it can sound judgmental or arrogant.

Translates well to 'conclude' or 'assert,' but '断定' feels slightly more 'physical' due to the 'cut' character.

Sherlock Holmes (Chinese translation often uses '断定' for his deductions). Legal dramas like 'Line Walker' (使徒行者). Scientific documentaries on CCTV-10.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Crime Investigation

断定凶手
断定动机
证据不足，无法断定
根据现场迹象断定

Scientific Research

断定实验结果
断定因果关系
足以断定该理论成立
初步断定

Medical Diagnosis

断定病因
断定病情好转
无法断定是否需要手术
医生断定

Business Analysis

断定市场趋势
断定投资风险
专家断定
由此断定竞争对手的意图

Daily Debates

你凭什么断定？
我敢断定
不要早下断定
断定他在撒谎

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"你根据什么断定这个项目会成功？ (On what basis do you conclude this project will succeed?)"

"如果证据不足，你还会断定他是错的吗？ (If evidence is insufficient, would you still conclude he is wrong?)"

"你觉得我们现在可以断定比赛的结果了吗？ (Do you think we can conclude the result of the match now?)"

"医生是如何断定这种病的原因的？ (How did the doctor conclude the cause of this illness?)"

"你为什么这么断定他是在骗你？ (Why are you so sure/concluding that he is lying to you?)"

موضوعات نگارش

写一次你错误地断定了一件事的经历。 (Write about a time you wrongly concluded something.)

描述一个侦探如何通过细节断定真相。 (Describe how a detective concludes the truth through details.)

在生活中，你通常根据什么来断定一个人的性格？ (In life, what do you usually base your conclusions about a person's character on?)

讨论为什么在没有证据的情况下不应该轻易下断定。 (Discuss why one shouldn't lightly reach a conclusion without evidence.)

如果你是法官，你会如何断定一个复杂的案件？ (If you were a judge, how would you conclude a complex case?)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, '断定' is for concluding facts, not for planning actions. Use '决定' (juédìng) for plans. For example, say '我决定明天去' (I decided to go tomorrow), not '我断定明天去'.

It can be. In a casual chat, '我敢说' (I dare say) or '我觉得肯定是' (I feel it must be) is more natural. Use '断定' when you want to sound like you've really thought about it or are playing detective.

Think of '判断' as the whole process of judging (like a trial), and '断定' as the final verdict at the end. '判断' is more common as a general verb.

In very formal writing, it can act as a noun (meaning 'judgment' or 'conclusion'), but '结论' (jiélùn) is the much more common noun form.

Strictly speaking, yes. Using it without evidence makes you sound '武断' (wǔduàn - arbitrary). In literature, it can be used with intuition, but evidence is its best friend.

Use '无法断定' (wúfǎ duàndìng). This is a very common and professional phrase used when there isn't enough information.

Yes, but it's often used with '被' (bèi). For example, '这件事被断定为意外' (This matter was concluded/ruled to be an accident).

Yes, you can '断定' someone will succeed or that a painting is a masterpiece. It is neutral in terms of 'good' or 'bad' news.

'武断' (wǔduàn) is the negative adjective form. It describes a person who makes '断定' too quickly or without evidence. It means 'arbitrary' or 'judgmental'.

Yes, it is very common in science, forensics, and academic papers to describe findings that are considered proven.

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