困难地 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- An adverb meaning 'with difficulty' or 'laboriously' in Mandarin.
- Formed by '困难' (difficult) and the adverbial particle '地' (de).
- Used before a verb to describe a struggle or high effort.
- Common in medical, literary, and formal contexts to show perseverance.
The word 困难地 (kùnnán de) is a quintessential adverb in the Chinese language, formed by combining the adjective/noun '困难' (meaning difficulty or difficult) with the adverbial particle '地'. In English, it most directly translates to 'with difficulty' or 'laboriously'. Unlike the simple adjective '难' (nán), which often describes a task's inherent nature, '困难地' focuses on the manner in which an action is performed. It paints a vivid picture of someone struggling against resistance, whether that resistance is physical, mental, or situational. When you use this word, you are emphasizing the effort, the sweat, and the obstacles overcome during the process of an action. It is frequently heard in medical contexts describing bodily functions, in sports describing a hard-fought victory, or in personal narratives describing a breakthrough after a period of stagnation.
- Grammatical Function
- It functions as an adverbial adjunct, typically placed before the verb it modifies. The structure is [Subject] + [困难地] + [Verb].
病人正在困难地呼吸。(The patient is breathing with difficulty.)
In everyday conversation, while '难' is more common for quick judgments, '困难地' adds a layer of descriptive depth. For example, saying 'He spoke' is a simple fact, but 'He spoke with difficulty' (他困难地说话) suggests an emotional or physical barrier, perhaps due to injury, illness, or intense emotion. This adverb is also vital for the HSK and CEFR A2 levels because it introduces learners to the crucial 'de' (地) particle, which is the standard way to turn adjectives into adverbs in Mandarin. Understanding this word helps students transition from basic sentence structures to more descriptive and expressive language.
- Register and Tone
- This word is neutral to slightly formal. It is common in literature, news reporting, and formal speech, but can also be used in casual settings to emphasize struggle.
他困难地做出了决定。(He made the decision with difficulty.)
Culturally, the concept of '困难' is deeply rooted in the Chinese value of perseverance (坚持). Describing an action as being done '困难地' isn't always a negative observation; it often highlights the subject's resilience and determination to succeed despite the odds. It reflects a worldview where effort is acknowledged and the path to success is rarely expected to be easy. Whether it's a student studying late into the night or a worker completing a grueling task, '困难地' captures the essence of the struggle that precedes achievement.
老人在雪地上困难地行走。(The elderly man walked with difficulty on the snow.)
Using 困难地 correctly requires an understanding of the adverbial structure in Chinese. The most common pattern is [Subject] + [困难地] + [Verb] + [Object]. This word specifically modifies the verb that follows it. Unlike English, where 'with difficulty' often comes at the end of the sentence, in Chinese, the adverbial phrase almost always precedes the verb. This creates a focused narrative flow where the struggle is established before the action is even mentioned.
- Physical Actions
- Used to describe movements that are hindered by physical limitations, environment, or weight. Examples include walking, climbing, or carrying.
他困难地提着沉重的行李。(He carried the heavy luggage with difficulty.)
When modifying abstract verbs, such as 'deciding', 'understanding', or 'maintaining', '困难地' shifts the focus to mental or emotional strain. It suggests that the person is under pressure or facing a moral dilemma. For instance, '困难地维持生活' (maintaining a living with difficulty) is a common phrase used to describe financial hardship. Here, the adverb provides the context of the struggle, making the sentence much more evocative than a simple statement of fact.
- Cognitive and Emotional Verbs
- Used with verbs like '选择' (choose), '接受' (accept), or '理解' (understand) to show internal conflict.
她困难地说出了真相。(She told the truth with difficulty.)
Another important aspect is the use of degree modifiers. While you can say '非常困难地' (with great difficulty), it's often more natural in Chinese to use other adverbs like '十分' or '极度' for higher intensity. However, for an A2 learner, sticking to the basic '困难地' is perfectly acceptable and grammatically sound. It’s also worth noting that '困难地' can be used in passive structures, although this is less common. For example, '这个任务被他困难地完成了' (This task was completed by him with difficulty), though '他困难地完成了这个任务' is much more natural.
机器在困难地运转。(The machine is operating with difficulty/laboriously.)
You will encounter 困难地 in a variety of real-world scenarios, ranging from professional environments to emotional storytelling. In medical settings, doctors and nurses use it to describe a patient's symptoms. If a patient has a respiratory issue, the medical chart might note '呼吸困难地进行' (breathing is proceeding with difficulty). This precise use of language is crucial for accurate diagnosis and communication within the healthcare system. Similarly, in physical therapy, a therapist might encourage a patient who is '困难地移动' (moving with difficulty) to keep trying, acknowledging the effort required for rehabilitation.
- News and Media
- Journalists often use this word to describe economic struggles or political negotiations that are moving slowly and painfully toward a resolution.
由于经济危机，许多家庭在困难地度日。(Due to the economic crisis, many families are living with difficulty.)
In the world of sports and competition, '困难地' is used to describe a 'gritty' win. When a team is missing key players or playing in bad weather but still manages to win, the commentator might say they '困难地赢得了比赛' (won the game with difficulty). This highlights the grit and determination of the athletes. It’s also common in literature and film subtitles. When a character is going through a tough time, the narrative might describe them as '困难地微笑着' (smiling with difficulty), which conveys a wealth of emotion—sadness, bravery, and the attempt to hide one's true feelings.
- Business and Professionalism
- In reports, it can describe a project that is facing significant hurdles but is still progressing.
谈判在困难地推进。(Negotiations are moving forward with difficulty.)
Finally, in education, a teacher might notice a student '困难地阅读' (reading with difficulty) and offer extra help. In this context, the word is used empathetically to identify a need for support. It’s a versatile word that bridges the gap between purely objective description and subjective emotional experience, making it a staple of both formal and informal Chinese communication across the globe.
那个孩子正在困难地学习写字。(That child is learning to write with difficulty.)
One of the most frequent errors learners make is confusing the three different 'de' particles: 的 (de), 地 (de), and 得 (de). For '困难地', the particle must be 地 because it is being used to modify a verb. A common mistake is using '的', which is for adjectives modifying nouns (e.g., 困难的问题 - a difficult problem), or '得', which is used for complements of degree (e.g., 他走得很困难 - He walks in a way that is difficult). While the latter is grammatically correct, it has a slightly different emphasis and structure than '他困难地走'.
- Mistake 1: Wrong Particle
- Incorrect: 他困难的爬山。 (He difficultly climbs mountain.) Correct: 他困难地爬山。
错误：他困难的呼吸。正确：他困难地呼吸。
Another mistake involves word order. English speakers often want to put 'with difficulty' at the end of the sentence. In Chinese, saying '他呼吸困难地' is incorrect. The adverbial phrase must come before the verb. Furthermore, learners sometimes use '困难地' when '难' would be more appropriate. '难' is usually used as an adjective (This task is hard - 这个任务很难), while '困难地' is strictly for describing the action. You wouldn't say '这是困难地任务'.
- Mistake 2: Redundancy
- Using '困难地' with verbs that already imply difficulty, like '挣扎' (struggle), can sometimes be redundant, though it is often used for emphasis.
不自然的表达：他困难地挣扎着站起来。(He struggled with difficulty to stand up - 'Struggled' already implies difficulty.)
Lastly, learners sometimes forget that '困难' can also be a noun meaning 'problems' or 'difficulties'. It’s important not to mix up '遇到困难' (encountering difficulties) with '困难地遇到' (encountering something with difficulty). The former is a noun usage, and the latter is an adverbial usage. Keeping these roles distinct is key to mastering the word. Avoid overusing '困难地' in every sentence where something is hard; sometimes a simple '难' or a more specific verb is more idiomatic.
注意：不要把名词“困难”和副词“困难地”混淆。
While 困难地 is a great all-purpose adverb, Chinese offers several synonyms that provide more specific nuances. Understanding these can help you sound more like a native speaker. The most common alternative is 艰难地 (jiānnán de). While very similar, '艰难地' often implies a much greater degree of hardship, often involving external circumstances like poverty, war, or extreme terrain. It carries a heavier emotional weight than the relatively neutral '困难地'.
- 艰难地 vs 困难地
- '艰难地' is more intense and often used for life struggles. '困难地' is more general and can apply to small tasks.
他们在战争中艰难地生存。(They survived with great hardship during the war.)
Another frequent synonym is 吃力地 (chīlì de). This specifically focuses on the physical or mental exertion required. If you are lifting something heavy and your muscles are shaking, '吃力地' is the perfect word. It literally means 'using up strength'. Similarly, 费劲地 (fèijìn de) is a more colloquial way to say 'with a lot of effort'. You might use '费劲地' when talking to friends about a difficult homework assignment or a stubborn jar lid.
- 勉强地 (miǎnqiǎng de)
- This means 'reluctantly' or 'barely'. It is used when someone is doing something they don't want to do, or when they are only just managing to succeed.
他勉强地答应了我的请求。(He reluctantly/barely agreed to my request.)
Finally, for a more poetic or formal touch, one might use 辛辛苦苦地 (xīnxīn-kǔkǔ de). This emphasizes the long-term hard work and toil involved in an action. It is often used to describe parents raising children or workers building a career. While '困难地' describes the difficulty of the moment, '辛辛苦苦地' describes the endurance of the journey. Choosing the right synonym depends on whether you want to emphasize the physical strain, the situational hardship, the reluctance, or the long-term effort.
父母辛辛苦苦地供我上学。(My parents worked toilfully to support my schooling.)
نکته جالب
The character '困' (trapped) is one of the most visual characters in Chinese; you can literally see the 'tree' (木) stuck inside the 'walls' (囗). Adding '地' is a relatively modern grammatical development to standardize adverbs.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'de' as 'dì' (like in 'land'). In this adverbial context, it is always a neutral 'de'.
- Failing to drop the tone sufficiently on 'kùn'.
- Mixing up the tones of 'nán' (2nd) and 'nàn' (4th).
مثالها بر اساس سطح
他困难地走。
He walks with difficulty.
Basic Subject + Adverb + Verb structure.
我困难地看书。
I read the book with difficulty.
Using '困难地' to describe a learning struggle.
她困难地写字。
She writes with difficulty.
Focus on the '地' particle.
猫困难地跳。
The cat jumps with difficulty.
Simple animal subject.
他困难地说话。
He speaks with difficulty.
Describing a basic human action.
我们困难地爬山。
We climb the mountain with difficulty.
Plural subject.
老师困难地解释。
The teacher explains with difficulty.
Adverb modifying a complex verb '解释'.
他困难地打开门。
He opens the door with difficulty.
Verb + Object after the adverb.
老人困难地走上楼梯。
The old man walked up the stairs with difficulty.
Directional complement '上' used with the verb.
她困难地搬动这张桌子。
She moved this table with difficulty.
Describing physical effort with an object.
那个孩子困难地完成了作业。
That child completed the homework with difficulty.
Completed action using '了'.
我困难地听懂了他的话。
I understood his words with difficulty.
Potential result complement '懂'.
他在雪地上困难地行走。
He walked on the snow with difficulty.
Prepositional phrase '在雪地上' before the adverb.
由于感冒，他困难地呼吸。
Due to a cold, he breathed with difficulty.
Clause showing cause '由于...'.
小狗困难地爬出了洞口。
The puppy crawled out of the hole with difficulty.
Complex directional complement '出了'.
他困难地做出了一个决定。
He made a decision with difficulty.
Abstract object '决定'.
在压力下，他困难地维持着微笑。
Under pressure, he maintained a smile with difficulty.
Continuous aspect '着' with the verb.
虽然受伤了，他还是困难地站了起来。
Although injured, he still stood up with difficulty.
Conjunction '虽然...还是...'.
他困难地适应了这里的生活。
He adapted to life here with difficulty.
Abstract verb '适应'.
由于视力不好，他困难地辨认着路标。
Due to poor eyesight, he identified the road signs with difficulty.
Formal verb '辨认'.
那个贫困家庭困难地度过了冬天。
That poor family got through the winter with difficulty.
Describing a period of time.
她困难地控制住自己的情绪。
She controlled her emotions with difficulty.
Result complement '住'.
在嘈杂的环境中，我们困难地交流着。
In the noisy environment, we communicated with difficulty.
Setting the scene with '在...中'.
他困难地从人群中挤了出来。
He squeezed out of the crowd with difficulty.
Preposition '从' for origin.
政府在困难地平衡各方利益。
The government is balancing the interests of all parties with difficulty.
Progressive aspect '在'.
这家公司在经济危机中困难地生存了下来。
This company survived the economic crisis with difficulty.
Complex result complement '了下来'.
他困难地克服了心理障碍，重返赛场。
He overcame psychological barriers with difficulty and returned to the field.
Abstract psychological context.
在证据不足的情况下，律师困难地进行辩护。
With insufficient evidence, the lawyer conducted the defense with difficulty.
Formal legal context.
她困难地在理想与现实之间寻找平衡。
She is searching for a balance between ideal and reality with difficulty.
Philosophical/Abstract usage.
由于语言不通，他困难地在异国他乡生活。
Due to the language barrier, he lived in a foreign land with difficulty.
Idiom '异国他乡' used.
科学家们困难地推进着这项复杂的研究。
Scientists are advancing this complex research with difficulty.
Academic/Professional context.
他困难地从那段阴影中走了出来。
He walked out of that shadow (trauma) with difficulty.
Metaphorical usage of '走出来'.
在层层封锁之下，信息困难地传播着。
Under layers of blockades, information is spreading with difficulty.
Political/Societal context.
他困难地在各种政治势力之间周旋。
He navigated between various political forces with difficulty.
Formal verb '周旋' (to maneuver).
这部作品困难地表达了作者深邃的哲学思考。
This work expressed the author's profound philosophical thoughts with difficulty.
Literary criticism context.
经济体正困难地从长期的衰退中苏醒。
The economy is waking up from a long recession with difficulty.
Economic metaphor.
他在病榻上困难地交代了最后的遗愿。
On his deathbed, he conveyed his final wishes with difficulty.
Highly emotional/Formal context.
这种古老的艺术形式在现代社会困难地维持着生命力。
This ancient art form is maintaining its vitality in modern society with difficulty.
Cultural preservation context.
在极度的寒冷中，探险队困难地向前挪动。
In extreme cold, the expedition team moved forward with difficulty.
Specific verb '挪动' (to budge/inch).
他困难地剥离了表象，触及了问题的本质。
He stripped away the appearances with difficulty and reached the essence of the problem.
Abstract analytical context.
人类文明在历史的洪流中困难地摸索着前进的方向。
Human civilization is groping for a direction forward in the torrent of history with difficulty.
Grand historical narrative.
这种微妙的情感联结在岁月的侵蚀下困难地维系着。
This subtle emotional connection is being maintained with difficulty under the erosion of time.
Poetic/Philosophical usage.
他在巨大的伦理困境中困难地寻求着自我救赎。
He is seeking self-redemption with difficulty within a massive ethical dilemma.
Psychological/Ethical depth.
在全球化逆流中，多边主义正在困难地寻找生存空间。
Amid the countercurrents of globalization, multilateralism is finding space for survival with difficulty.
High-level political discourse.
意识在麻醉剂的作用下困难地挣脱着黑暗的束缚。
Consciousness is breaking free from the shackles of darkness with difficulty under the influence of anesthesia.
Scientific/Literary blend.
他在繁复的辞藻中困难地捕捉着那转瞬即逝的灵感。
He is capturing that fleeting inspiration with difficulty amidst complex rhetoric.
Meta-literary context.
社会契约在利益冲突的撕裂下困难地保持着完整。
The social contract is remaining intact with difficulty under the tearing of conflicting interests.
Sociological/Legal theory.
真理往往在偏见的重压下困难地发声。
Truth often finds its voice with difficulty under the heavy pressure of prejudice.
Abstract personification.
مترادفها
متضادها
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— To live day by day with great difficulty, usually financially.
失业后，他只能困难地度日。
— To barely hold something up or keep something going.
他用颤抖的手困难地支撑着身体。
— To move a project or plan forward despite many obstacles.
改革正在困难地推进中。
— To climb up something with significant physical effort.
他困难地爬上了陡峭的山坡。
— To struggle to see or recognize something clearly.
在浓雾中，他困难地辨认着前方的路。
— To find it hard to start speaking, usually due to emotion.
他犹豫了很久，才困难地开口说话。
— To turn around with physical strain.
穿着厚重的宇航服，他困难地转身。
— To force something out (like a smile or a word) with effort.
他脸上困难地挤出了一丝苦笑。
— To pass through a physical space or a test with difficulty.
车子困难地通过了狭窄的小巷。
— To struggle to remain standing.
由于头晕，他只能困难地站立着。
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— Difficult to take a step. Used metaphorically for a situation that is hard to progress.
由于缺乏资金，这个项目举步维艰。
Literary— To walk with difficulty, tottering or staggering.
老人步履蹒跚地走在回家的路上。
Descriptive— Hard to move even an inch. Used for extreme difficulty.
没有护照，你在国外将寸步难行。
Idiomatic— A thousand hardships and ten thousand bitters. Describes extreme toil.
他历经千辛万苦，终于找到了家人。
Common— Bumpy or stuttering. Used for actions that aren't smooth.
他磕磕绊绊地读完了整篇课文。
Colloquial— To do something with difficulty or against one's will.
既然没人愿意去，我就勉为其难吧。
Formal— To struggle bitterly.
那家公司在破产边缘苦苦挣扎。
Emotional— Extremely hard and bitter, showing great endurance.
这是一场艰苦卓绝的战斗。
Very Formal— To tax both mind and body.
这份工作让他劳心劳力，非常疲惫。
Neutral— To endure hardships (often used for parents raising children).
母亲含辛茹苦地把我们养大。
Respectfulخانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a person trapped (困) inside a box, trying to carry a heavy bird (难) across a field (地). They are doing it '困难地'—with difficulty!
ریشه کلمه
The word is composed of '困' (kùn), which originally depicted a tree inside a square enclosure—symbolizing being trapped or restricted—and '难' (nán), which originally referred to a type of bird and later came to mean difficult or hardship. Together, '困难' signifies a state of being trapped by hardship.
معنای اصلی: Being in a restricted or trapped state of hardship.
Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin Chinese).Summary
The word '困难地' (kùnnán de) is essential for describing actions performed under stress or hardship. For example, '他困难地呼吸' (He breathes with difficulty). It highlights the struggle behind the action.
- An adverb meaning 'with difficulty' or 'laboriously' in Mandarin.
- Formed by '困难' (difficult) and the adverbial particle '地' (de).
- Used before a verb to describe a struggle or high effort.
- Common in medical, literary, and formal contexts to show perseverance.
محتوای مرتبط
این کلمه در زبانهای دیگر
واژههای بیشتر business
本事
A2Skill; ability; capability.
相应地
B1به همان نسبت / بر این اساس. برای نشان دادن اینکه اقدامی متناسب با تغییر قبلی انجام میشود استفاده میشود.
账号
A2شماره حساب یا شناسه کاربری که برای دسترسی به خدمات بانکی یا آنلاین استفاده میشود.
客户经理
A2مدیر حساب که مسئول مدیریت روابط با مشتریان است.
账户
B1A record of financial transactions for an individual or business, usually at a bank; or a user profile for a digital service.
会计
A2حسابدار فردی است که سوابق مالی را مدیریت میکند.
收购
B1خریدن یا تصاحب یک شرکت.
商业活动
A2Business activity.
广告费
A2هزینه تبلیغات. پولی که برای ترویج یک محصول یا خدمات پرداخت میشود.
调整
B1ما باید استراتژی بازاریابی خود را برای سه ماهه آینده تنظیم کنیم.
