مخارج
مخارج en 30 secondes
- Makharej (مخارج) means 'expenses' or 'expenditures' in Persian.
- It is a plural noun, the broken plural of 'makhraj' (exit).
- It is used for daily life, business, and government spending.
- Commonly paired with 'ziyad' (high), 'sangin' (heavy), or 'kahesh' (reduction).
The Persian word مخارج (makhārij) is a versatile and essential noun in the Persian language, primarily used to denote 'expenses,' 'costs,' or 'expenditures.' Linguistically, it is the broken plural (jam' taksir) of the Arabic root word 'makhraj' (مخرج), which literally means 'a place of exit' or 'an outlet.' In the context of finance and daily life, it refers to the money that 'exits' one's pocket or bank account to cover various needs and wants. While in classical Arabic and specific technical Persian contexts, 'makhraj' can refer to the 'articulation point' of a letter in phonetics or the 'denominator' in mathematics, in everyday modern Persian, makharej almost exclusively refers to financial outgoings. Understanding this word is crucial for anyone navigating the Persian-speaking world, as it appears in everything from casual family discussions about the monthly budget to formal economic reports on national spending.
- Daily Life Usage
- In a household setting, you will often hear parents discussing مخارج خانه (household expenses). This includes everything from groceries and utilities to the children's education costs. It carries a slightly more formal tone than the word 'kharj' (خرج), which is the singular and more colloquial equivalent, but 'makharej' is still very common in standard spoken Persian.
با افزایش تورم، مدیریت مخارج زندگی بسیار دشوار شده است.
- Business and Economy
- In professional environments, 'makharej' is used to describe corporate expenditures. Terms like مخارج عملیاتی (operating expenses) or مخارج سرمایهای (capital expenditures) are standard in accounting and business management. It implies a structured or categorized set of costs rather than a single price tag.
دولت باید مخارج غیرضروری را کاهش دهد.
Furthermore, the word is often paired with verbs like 'ta'min kardan' (to provide/cover), 'pardakht kardan' (to pay), or 'mohasebe kardan' (to calculate). For instance, a student might talk about how they work part-time to ta'min-e makharej-e tahsil (cover the expenses of education). Culturally, Iranians place a high value on hospitality, and you might hear someone say makharej-e mehmāni (the expenses of the party) when discussing the logistics of hosting a large gathering. The word is deeply embedded in the reality of economic life in Iran, where fluctuating currency values make the constant calculation of 'makharej' a daily necessity for many people. It is a B1 level word because it moves beyond simple nouns like 'money' or 'price' into the realm of financial management and abstract plural concepts.
او تمام مخارج سفر را خودش پرداخت کرد.
Using 'makharej' correctly requires understanding its role as a plural noun and its common associations with specific verbs and adjectives. In Persian grammar, although 'makharej' is technically a plural, it is often treated as a collective concept. However, when you want to specify what the expenses are for, you use the 'Ezafe' construction (the short 'e' sound connecting the noun to its modifier).
- The Ezafe Construction
- To say 'the expenses of [something]', you add the Ezafe. Examples: مخارجِ دانشگاه (makhārij-e dāneshgāh - university expenses), مخارجِ درمان (makhārij-e darmān - medical/treatment expenses).
مخارج نگهداری این ماشین بسیار زیاد است.
When talking about managing or controlling these costs, specific verbs are frequently employed. 'Kontrol kardan' (to control), 'modiriyat kardan' (to manage), and 'kahesh dādan' (to reduce) are the most common in professional and semi-formal contexts. In more casual speech, you might hear 'kam kardan' (to lower) or 'jolo-ye makharej-e ezafe ro gereftan' (to stop extra expenses).
ما باید برای مخارج سال آینده برنامهریزی کنیم.
Adjectives often follow 'makharej' to describe the nature of the spending. Common adjectives include sangin (heavy/expensive), ezafe (extra/unnecessary), ma'ghul (reasonable), and nā-khwasteh (unexpected). For example, makharej-e sangin-e darmān refers to heavy medical costs that can be a burden on a family. In a business report, you might see makharej-e jari (current/recurring expenses) versus makharej-e sarmayeh-i (capital expenditures). Using these pairings correctly will make your Persian sound much more natural and advanced.
- Compound Verbs
- The most common verb phrase is از عهده مخارج برآمدن (az ohdeh-ye makhārij bar-āmadan), which means 'to afford' or 'to be able to handle the expenses'.
بسیاری از خانوادهها نمیتوانند از عهده مخارج سنگین مسکن برآیند.
The word 'makharej' is ubiquitous in Persian-speaking societies, especially in Iran, where economic fluctuations are a frequent topic of conversation. You will hear it in various settings, ranging from the dinner table to the national news. Understanding the context helps in choosing between 'makharej' and its synonyms. In a household setting, it's the standard word for the 'bills' and 'costs' that a family faces. When a father says, 'Makharej-e in mah balast' (This month's expenses are high), he is likely referring to the accumulation of rent, food, and utility costs.
- In the News and Media
- Newspapers and news broadcasts use 'makharej' when discussing government budgets or the cost of living index. Headlines like کاهش مخارج دولت در لایحه بودجه (Reduction of government expenditures in the budget bill) are very common. Here, it takes on a more formal, macroeconomic tone.
گزارشها نشان میدهند که مخارج سفر در ایام نوروز افزایش یافته است.
In the workplace, particularly in accounting or project management, 'makharej' is the go-to term for project costs. If you are working in an Iranian office, your manager might ask you for a list of makharej-e projeh (project expenses). It implies a detailed breakdown of where the money went. It's also heard in legal contexts, such as divorce or inheritance cases, where makharej-e zendegi (living expenses/alimony) or makharej-e kafn o dafn (funeral expenses) are discussed.
او به دنبال راهی برای کاهش مخارج شرکت است.
Another interesting place you hear this word is in educational settings. Students often talk about makharej-e tahsil (education expenses), which includes tuition, books, and living costs if they are studying away from home. In the bazaar, while the price of a single item is 'gheymat', the total cost of a bulk purchase or the overhead of running a shop is often referred to as 'makharej'. This distinction is key: 'gheymat' is for a specific item, while 'makharej' is for the broader financial burden.
- Social Media and Vlogs
- You'll often see titles like مخارج زندگی در کانادا (Expenses of living in Canada) on YouTube or Instagram vlogs where expats share their financial experiences. This has made the word even more common among the younger generation.
قبل از مهاجرت، حتماً درباره مخارج آن کشور تحقیق کنید.
While 'makharej' is a straightforward word, learners often make a few predictable errors. The most common mistake is confusing 'makharej' with its singular form 'makhraj' in contexts where they don't overlap. As mentioned, 'makhraj' in modern Persian mostly means 'denominator' or 'articulation point'. If you want to say 'an expense' (singular), you should use 'hazineh' or the more colloquial 'kharj', rather than 'makhraj'.
- Pluralization Error
- Avoid adding the Persian plural suffix '-hā' to 'makharej'. Since 'makharej' is already a plural form (broken plural), saying مخارجها (makhārij-hā) is grammatically redundant and sounds uneducated to native speakers.
Incorrect: مخارجهای من زیاد است.
Correct: مخارج من زیاد است.
Another mistake is using 'makharej' when you actually mean 'price' (gheymat). If you are at a store and want to know how much a shirt costs, you ask for the 'gheymat'. If you ask for the 'makharej' of the shirt, the shopkeeper might be confused, as 'makharej' implies a set of costs (like production costs) rather than the retail price. 'Makharej' is about the *spender's* total outgoings, not the *item's* price tag.
اشتباه: مخارج این نان چقدر است؟
درست: قیمت این نان چقدر است؟
Finally, learners sometimes struggle with the 'Ezafe' when 'makharej' is followed by a word starting with a vowel. Although 'makharej' ends in a consonant (j), the flow of the sentence is important. Ensure you don't drop the 'e' sound (makhārij-e). Also, don't confuse 'makharej' with 'makharaj' (which isn't a word) or 'makharij' (a common misspelling of the pronunciation). The spelling is strictly مخارج.
- Register Confusion
- Using 'makharej' in extremely informal slang might sound a bit 'stiff'. In very casual street talk, people often just say خرج (kharj). For example, 'Kharjam bala rafteh' (My spending has gone up) instead of 'Makharejam bala rafteh'.
او همیشه درباره مخارج زندگی شکایت میکند.
Persian has several words for money-related outgoings, each with a specific nuance. Knowing when to use 'makharej' versus 'hazineh', 'kharj', or 'mablagh' will greatly improve your fluency. 'Makharej' is best for collective, plural expenses. 'Hazineh' is more general and can be singular or plural. 'Kharj' is the most colloquial, and 'Mablagh' refers to a specific 'amount' or 'sum' of money.
- Makharej vs. Hazineh
- Hazineh (هزینه) is often used for the 'cost' of a specific service or action (e.g., hazineh-ye post - shipping cost). Makharej is better suited for a list of various costs over a period of time.
مخارج سفر شامل هزینه هتل، بلیط و غذا میشود.
Another common alternative is مصارف (masārif), which is the plural of 'masraf' (consumption). While 'makharej' focuses on the money spent, 'masarif' focuses on the *usage* of resources. For example, 'masarif-e bargh' refers to electricity consumption, while 'makharej-e bargh' would refer to the bills paid for that electricity. In a business context, بودجه (budjeh - budget) is the planned amount, while 'makharej' is the actual amount spent.
ما باید تعادلی بین درآمد و مخارج خود ایجاد کنیم.
For very specific types of spending, Persian uses specialized terms. شهریه (shahriyeh) is specifically for tuition fees. کرایه (kerayeh) is for rent or fare. عوارض (avārez) is for duties or tolls. While all of these contribute to one's 'makharej', using the specific term when appropriate shows a higher level of mastery. Lastly, انفاق (enfāgh) refers to charitable spending, which is a 'makhraj' (exit of money) but with a spiritual or social purpose.
- Summary Table
-
- مخارج (Makharej): General plural expenses/outgoings.
- هزینه (Hazineh): Specific cost or general expense (singular/plural).
- خرج (Kharj): Informal/Colloquial spending.
- قیمت (Gheymat): Price of a specific item.
او لیستی از تمام مخارج روزانه خود تهیه میکند.
Exemples par niveau
من مخارج زیادی دارم.
I have many expenses.
Basic Subject + Object + Verb structure.
مخارج خانه زیاد است.
House expenses are a lot.
Using 'ziyad ast' (is a lot) as a predicate.
این مخارج برای چیست؟
What are these expenses for?
Question form using 'baraye chist'.
مخارج من کم است.
My expenses are low.
Opposite of 'ziyad' is 'kam'.
او پول برای مخارج ندارد.
He has no money for expenses.
Negative verb 'nadarad'.
مخارج غذا گران است.
Food expenses are expensive.
Ezafe construction 'makharej-e ghaza'.
مخارج سفر چقدر است؟
How much are the travel expenses?
Question 'cheghadr ast' (how much is it).
من مخارج را مینویسم.
I write down the expenses.
Present continuous/habitual action.
مخارج زندگی در تهران بالا است.
Living expenses in Tehran are high.
Adjective 'bala' (high) used for costs.
او باید مخارج خود را کنترل کند.
He must control his expenses.
Modal 'bayad' + subjunctive 'kontrol konad'.
مخارج دانشگاه خیلی سنگین است.
University expenses are very heavy.
Adjective 'sangin' means 'heavy' or 'very expensive'.
ما مخارج ماهانه را حساب کردیم.
We calculated the monthly expenses.
Past tense of 'hesab kardan'.
مخارج ماشین شامل بنزین و بیمه است.
Car expenses include gas and insurance.
Verb 'shamel shodan' (to include).
آیا مخارج سفر را پرداخت کردی؟
Did you pay the travel expenses?
Question in simple past.
او به دنبال کاهش مخارج است.
He is looking to reduce expenses.
Compound noun 'kahesh-e makharej'.
مخارج این ماه بیشتر از ماه قبل بود.
This month's expenses were more than last month.
Comparative 'bishtar az'.
من نمیتوانم از عهده مخارج تحصیل برآیم.
I cannot afford the expenses of my education.
The idiom 'az ohdeh-ye... bar-āmadan'.
دولت برای مخارج عمرانی بودجه کمی دارد.
The government has a small budget for development expenditures.
Formal adjective 'omrani' (developmental).
مخارج غیرضروری را از لیست حذف کنید.
Remove unnecessary expenses from the list.
Imperative 'hazf konid'.
او تمام مخارج درمان پدرش را داد.
He paid all the medical expenses for his father.
Ezafe construction 'makharej-e darman'.
مدیریت مخارج در زمان بحران سخت است.
Managing expenses during a crisis is hard.
Gerund 'modiriyat' (managing).
مخارج جانبی سفر را هم در نظر بگیرید.
Also consider the incidental expenses of the trip.
Adjective 'janebi' (incidental/side).
شرکت باید مخارج خود را شفافسازی کند.
The company must clarify its expenses.
Formal verb 'shaffaf-sazi kardan'.
مخارج نگهداری این بنای تاریخی زیاد است.
The maintenance expenses of this historical building are high.
Noun phrase 'makharej-e negahdari'.
مخارج جاری دولت از درآمدهای نفتی تأمین میشود.
The government's current expenditures are funded by oil revenues.
Passive construction 'ta'min mishavad'.
او لیستی از مخارج سرمایهای شرکت تهیه کرد.
He prepared a list of the company's capital expenditures.
Technical term 'makharej-e sarmayeh-i'.
برنامهریزی دقیق میتواند مخارج را بهینه کند.
Precise planning can optimize expenses.
Verb 'behineh kardan' (to optimize).
مخارج ناشی از تورم غیرقابل پیشبینی است.
Expenses resulting from inflation are unpredictable.
Phrase 'nashi az' (resulting from).
آنها برای تأمین مخارج ازدواج وام گرفتند.
They took out a loan to cover wedding expenses.
Infinitive 'baraye ta'min-e'.
مخارج دفاعی کشور در سال گذشته افزایش یافت.
The country's defense expenditures increased last year.
Formal adjective 'defa'i'.
او از مخارج بیهوده و تجملی پرهیز میکند.
He avoids useless and luxurious expenses.
Verb 'parhiz kardan' (to avoid).
مخارج بالای مسکن باعث مهاجرت به حاشیه شهر شده است.
High housing costs have caused migration to the city outskirts.
Cause and effect structure.
تراز مالی نشاندهنده فزونی مخارج بر درآمدهاست.
The financial balance shows an excess of expenditures over income.
Academic term 'fozuni' (excess).
مخارج عمومی باید در جهت رفاه جامعه صرف شود.
Public expenditures should be spent on social welfare.
Passive 'sarf shavad'.
تحلیل مخارج خانوار نشاندهنده تغییر الگوی مصرف است.
Analysis of household expenses shows a change in consumption patterns.
Formal noun 'khanovar' (household).
مخارج سنگین نظامی بر اقتصاد کشور فشار میآورد.
Heavy military expenditures are putting pressure on the country's economy.
Verb 'feshar avardan'.
او مسئولیت نظارت بر مخارج ارزی را بر عهده دارد.
He is responsible for supervising foreign currency expenditures.
Technical term 'makharej-e arzi'.
مخارج ناشی از تغییرات اقلیمی در حال افزایش است.
Expenses resulting from climate change are increasing.
Complex subject phrase.
دولت در پی شفافسازی مخارج نهادهای دولتی است.
The government is seeking to clarify the expenditures of state institutions.
Phrase 'dar pey-ye' (seeking/following).
کاهش مخارج آموزشی پیامدهای جبرانناپذیری دارد.
Reducing educational expenditures has irreparable consequences.
Adjective 'jobran-napazir' (irreparable).
ساختار بودجهریزی باید بر اساس اولویتبندی مخارج بازنگری شود.
The budgeting structure must be revised based on the prioritization of expenditures.
Advanced term 'olaviyat-bandi' (prioritization).
مخارج فرامرزی شرکت با چالشهای حقوقی مواجه است.
The company's cross-border expenditures face legal challenges.
Formal term 'fara-marzi' (cross-border).
تخصیص بهینه منابع مستلزم کنترل دقیق مخارج است.
Optimal allocation of resources requires precise control of expenditures.
Academic verb 'mostalzem budan' (to require).
مخارج هنگفت تبلیغاتی لزوماً به فروش بیشتر منجر نمیشود.
Huge advertising expenditures do not necessarily lead to more sales.
Adjective 'hongoft' (huge/enormous).
او در رساله خود به بررسی مخارج دربار در دوره قاجار پرداخت.
In his thesis, he examined the court expenditures during the Qajar period.
Historical/Academic context.
مخارج پنهان در قراردادهای دولتی یکی از عوامل فساد است.
Hidden expenditures in government contracts are one of the factors of corruption.
Phrase 'makharej-e penhan' (hidden expenses).
تداوم مخارج فراتر از توان مالی منجر به ورشکستگی میشود.
Continuing expenditures beyond financial capacity leads to bankruptcy.
Advanced logic structure.
مخارج تحقیق و توسعه موتور محرک نوآوری در صنعت است.
R&D expenditures are the driving engine of innovation in industry.
Metaphorical usage in business.
Collocations courantes
Phrases Courantes
— To be able to afford the expenses.
من نمیتوانم از عهده مخارج این خانه برآیم.
— To cause someone to incur expenses.
این ماشین قدیمی مخارج زیادی روی دستم گذاشت.
Expressions idiomatiques
— To have one's hands tied (be unable to spend) due to lack of money.
این ماه دست و بالم در مخارج بسته است.
Informal— To be spent like small change (spending money very quickly).
پولهایم مثل پول خرد مخارج شد.
Informal— To create or invent unnecessary expenses.
بچهها مدام برای ما مخارج میتراشند.
Informal— To cut back on essentials (even bread) to pay for other expenses.
او از نان شبش زد تا مخارج دانشگاه پسرش را بدهد.
Informal— Expenses on top of expenses (piling up).
مخارج روی مخارج آمده و گیج شدهام.
Informal— To spend money without looking/recklessly.
نباید چشمبسته مخارج کرد.
Informal— To inflate or steal the expense money (slang).
حسابدار مخارج را بالا کشید.
Slang— Elephant-felling (colossal) expenses.
این پروژه مخارج فیلافکن دارد.
Literary/HyperbolicSummary
Makharej is your go-to word for 'expenses' in Persian. Use it when talking about the total costs of living, traveling, or running a business. Remember: it's already plural, so don't add '-hā'! Example: 'Makharej-e zendegi' means 'living expenses'.
- Makharej (مخارج) means 'expenses' or 'expenditures' in Persian.
- It is a plural noun, the broken plural of 'makhraj' (exit).
- It is used for daily life, business, and government spending.
- Commonly paired with 'ziyad' (high), 'sangin' (heavy), or 'kahesh' (reduction).
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