Cette page dans ta langue

English

فارسی

العربية

Deutsch

Español

日本語

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

B1 verb #1,800 le plus courant 10 min de lecture

向ける

mukeu Top 1,800

When beginning your journey into the Japanese language at the A1 level, you might not immediately encounter the transitive verb 'mukeru' (向ける), as introductory textbooks often focus on basic daily routines, simple greetings, and fundamental intransitive movements like going, coming, and returning. However, understanding the foundational concept of directionality is absolutely crucial for your long-term success and mastery of Japanese spatial awareness. The word 'mukeru' essentially means to turn something towards a specific direction or to point an object at a target. Imagine you are holding a flashlight in a dark room; the action of taking that flashlight and pointing its beam of light toward a dark corner is the physical embodiment of 'mukeru'. At this early stage of your language acquisition, it is highly beneficial to conceptualize verbs in pairs, specifically transitive and intransitive pairs. The intransitive counterpart is 'muku' (向く), which simply means to face a direction yourself, without an object. For instance, if you turn your own body to face the window, that is 'muku'. But if you take your camera, your hand, or your face and deliberately direct it toward the window, you are actively performing the action described by 'mukeru'. This distinction is a fundamental pillar of Japanese grammar that will appear repeatedly as you progress through the CEFR levels. Even though you might primarily use simpler verbs right now, familiarizing yourself with the sound and basic physical meaning of 'mukeru' prepares your brain for more complex sentence structures. You can start by observing how native speakers use their gaze and body language, often accompanied by verbs of direction. When a teacher asks students to look at the blackboard, the underlying concept is directing one's attention, which is a core usage of this verb. As you build your vocabulary, try to associate 'mukeru' with the particle 'wo' (を), which marks the direct object being turned, and the particle 'ni' (に), which marks the target or direction. For example, 'kao wo mae ni mukeru' means to turn one's face forward. By visualizing these physical actions—turning a face, pointing a finger, aiming a camera—you establish a strong, memorable mental image. This cognitive framework will not only help you remember this specific word but will also make learning other directional verbs significantly easier. Therefore, while A1 learners should prioritize immediate communicative needs, a gentle introduction to the mechanics of 'mukeru' provides an invaluable stepping stone toward intermediate fluency, enriching your comprehension of how Japanese speakers interact with the physical space around them and how they articulate the direction of their actions and intentions.

At the A2 level, your ability to describe the world around you expands significantly, and the verb 'mukeru' (向ける) becomes a highly practical tool for everyday communication. You are no longer just stating facts; you are describing actions, interactions, and physical orientations in space. At this stage, you should focus heavily on the physical, literal applications of 'mukeru'. This means using it to describe pointing objects, turning body parts, or aiming tools. A classic and extremely common example you will encounter is in the context of photography: 'Kamera wo mukeru' (カメラを向ける), which means to point a camera at someone or something. If you want to ask a friend to look at you for a picture, you might say, 'Kocchi ni kao wo mukete' (こっちに顔を向けて - Turn your face this way). Notice the use of the te-form 'mukete', which is essential at the A2 level for making gentle requests or linking actions. Another common physical use is directing a tool, such as a remote control: 'Rimokon wo terebi ni mukeru' (リモコンをテレビに向ける - Point the remote at the TV). To use 'mukeru' correctly, you must solidify your understanding of the particles 'wo' (を) and 'ni' (に). The object you are physically moving takes 'wo', and the destination or target takes 'ni' (or sometimes 'e' へ). This structure is rigid and reliable. You should also begin practicing the distinction between 'mukeru' and its intransitive partner 'muku' (向く). If a dog turns its head toward a sound, the dog 'muita' (向いた). If you turn the dog's head toward you, you 'muketa' (向けた). Grasping this transitive/intransitive dynamic is a major milestone in A2 grammar. Furthermore, you can start using 'mukeru' in simple compound actions. For example, 'Ue wo mukete oku' (上に向けておく) means to leave something facing upwards. This combination of 'mukeru' with the auxiliary verb 'oku' (to do something in advance or leave it in a state) is very natural Japanese. By mastering these physical, tangible uses of 'mukeru', you build a robust foundation. You learn how to articulate not just what things are, but how they are positioned and directed by human intention, which is a critical step toward the more abstract expressions you will encounter at the B1 level and beyond.

Reaching the B1 level marks a significant transition in your Japanese proficiency, and your usage of 'mukeru' (向ける) must evolve accordingly. While you are already comfortable with its physical applications—like pointing a camera or turning a face—B1 is where you unlock the verb's powerful abstract capabilities. At this intermediate stage, 'mukeru' becomes essential for expressing the direction of intangible concepts: attention, effort, emotion, and target audiences. One of the most critical phrases you will learn is 'chui wo mukeru' (注意を向ける), meaning to direct one's attention to something. This is indispensable in academic, professional, and serious conversational contexts. For example, 'Kankyou mondai ni chui wo mukeru beki da' (We should direct our attention to environmental issues). Similarly, you will use it to describe the channeling of emotions. 'Ikari wo mukeru' (怒りを向ける) means to direct anger at someone, a phrase frequently found in news, literature, and daily drama. A major grammatical milestone at B1 is mastering the te-form 'mukete' (向けて) as a compound postposition meaning 'towards' a goal or event. You will frequently say things like 'Shiken ni mukete benkyou shite iru' (I am studying towards/for the exam) or 'Olimpikku ni mukete junbi suru' (Preparing towards the Olympics). This usage transforms 'mukeru' from a simple action verb into a vital structural component for discussing future plans and aspirations. Additionally, B1 is where you must become comfortable with the noun modifier suffix '-muke' (向け) and the past tense modifier 'muketa' (向けた). These are ubiquitous in Japanese society for describing target demographics. You will see and use phrases like 'Kodomo-muke no bangumi' (Programs aimed at children) or 'Gaikokujin ni muketa sabisu' (Services directed at foreigners). Understanding how to attach '-muke' directly to nouns is a massive boost to your reading comprehension and practical communication skills, especially if you work in or study business, marketing, or media. Finally, you should begin recognizing the passive form 'mukerareru' (向けられる), often used when one is the target of suspicion (utagai no me wo mukerareru) or criticism. By fully integrating these abstract, structural, and demographic uses of 'mukeru' into your active vocabulary, you demonstrate a solid intermediate grasp of Japanese nuance, allowing you to discuss not just physical space, but the complex directionality of human thought, society, and intention.

At the B2 level, your command of 'mukeru' (向ける) should be fluid, nuanced, and highly adaptable to complex professional, academic, and social contexts. You are no longer just learning the definitions; you are utilizing the verb to articulate sophisticated concepts regarding societal trends, psychological states, and strategic business planning. The abstract uses introduced at B1 must now be deployed with precision. In professional environments, 'mukeru' is indispensable for discussing strategy and resource allocation. You will frequently use or encounter expressions like 'Shikin wo shin-jigyou ni furimukeru' (振り向ける - to allocate/direct funds to a new business) or 'Risosu wo kaigai shijou ni mukeru' (Direct resources to overseas markets). The suffix '-muke' (向け) becomes a tool for precise market segmentation: 'Fuyusou-muke no shouhin' (Products aimed at the wealthy demographic). Furthermore, your grasp of the passive voice 'mukerareru' (向けられる) must be absolute. In B2-level reading, such as newspaper editorials or analytical essays, you will constantly see this form used to describe public scrutiny or societal pressure. For instance, 'Kigyou no sekinin ni kibishii me ga mukerarete iru' (Harsh eyes are being directed at corporate responsibility). This demonstrates an understanding that 'mukeru' is not just about an individual's action, but can represent the collective focus of society. Emotionally, you should be able to express complex psychological dynamics, such as 'Hoko-saki wo mukeru' (矛先を向ける - to direct the brunt/aim of an attack or criticism at someone). This idiom is crucial for discussing conflicts or debates. You also need to master the subtle differences between 'mukeru' and its synonyms in high-level discourse. Knowing exactly when to use 'chui wo mukeru' (direct attention) versus 'shuchu suru' (concentrate) or 'mezasu' (aim for a goal) shows a refined vocabulary. The phrase '...ni mukete' (towards...) should now be used effortlessly to structure complex sentences about long-term endeavors, such as 'Kikou hendou no kaiketsu ni mukete, kokusai shakai ga kyoucho suru' (The international community cooperates towards the resolution of climate change). At B2, 'mukeru' is a structural pillar of your advanced Japanese, enabling you to participate in deep, analytical conversations and comprehend high-level texts with ease.

Achieving C1 proficiency means your use of 'mukeru' (向ける) is nearly indistinguishable from an educated native speaker. At this advanced stage, the focus shifts from understanding grammar and basic abstraction to mastering idiomatic expressions, literary nuances, and the subtle psychological implications of the verb in complex discourse. You are expected to seamlessly integrate 'mukeru' into high-level debates, academic writing, and professional negotiations. In C1 contexts, 'mukeru' is often part of sophisticated idioms and compound verbs. Expressions like 'Senjin wo kiru' might be accompanied by 'Hoko-saki wo mukeru' (矛先を向ける - to turn the point of the spear towards; to direct the brunt of criticism). You will encounter phrases like 'Ishi wo mukeru' (意思を向ける - to direct one's intent) or 'Shisen wo mukeru' (視線を向ける - to direct one's gaze), which, while simple in structure, are used in literature to convey deep psychological tension or unspoken communication between characters. Your understanding of the passive form 'mukerareru' must extend to complex societal critiques. For example, 'Shakai no teihen ni iru hitobito ni mukerareru reishou' (The sneers directed at those at the bottom of society). Here, 'mukeru' acts as a conduit for discussing systemic issues and societal attitudes. Furthermore, in business and economic contexts, the precision of your language is paramount. You will use 'furimukeru' (振り向ける) not just for simple allocation, but in complex financial discussions: 'Yojou rieki wo setsubi toushi ni furimukeru' (Allocating surplus profits to capital investment). The suffix '-muke' (向け) will be used in highly specific, jargon-heavy contexts, such as 'Kikan toushika-muke no kin'yu shouhin' (Financial products aimed at institutional investors). At the C1 level, you also possess the metalinguistic awareness to play with the verb's transitivity for rhetorical effect. You understand how shifting from 'muku' to 'mukeru' changes the narrative focus from a natural occurrence to a deliberate, sometimes forceful, human intervention. Your mastery of 'mukeru' at this level allows you to articulate the finest shades of intention, direction, and societal focus, making your Japanese highly persuasive, analytical, and eloquently expressive.

At the C2 level, your mastery of 'mukeru' (向ける) transcends mere grammatical correctness and vocabulary breadth; it enters the realm of profound linguistic intuition, literary elegance, and masterful rhetorical manipulation. You wield the verb with the effortless precision of a seasoned native author, academic, or orator. At this pinnacle of language acquisition, 'mukeru' is not just a word you use; it is a conceptual tool you employ to shape narratives, dissect complex philosophical arguments, and articulate the most subtle nuances of human psychology and societal dynamics. In advanced literature and poetry, you will appreciate and utilize 'mukeru' to convey unspoken emotional undercurrents. A phrase like 'Mugon no kyozetsu wo mukeru' (無言の拒絶を向ける - to direct a silent rejection) demonstrates how the verb can physicalize an abstract, invisible emotional state. You understand how authors use the directionality of 'mukeru' to establish power dynamics between characters—who is directing the gaze, who is directing the anger, and who is the passive recipient (mukerareru). In high-level academic or philosophical discourse, 'mukeru' is crucial for epistemological discussions. 'Manazashi wo mukeru' (眼差しを向ける - to direct one's gaze/perspective) is frequently used in sociology and philosophy to describe how society or an observer frames a subject. For example, 'Tasha ni mukerareru shokuminchi-shugi-teki na manazashi' (The colonial gaze directed at the 'other'). Here, 'mukeru' is integral to deconstructing complex power structures. Furthermore, your command of compound verbs and archaic or highly formal variations is absolute. You effortlessly navigate terms like 'Nuke-gake wo mukeru' or utilize the verb in complex classical Japanese structures if reading historical texts. In supreme professional or diplomatic contexts, you use 'mukeru' to craft statements of exquisite diplomacy and strategic ambiguity, knowing exactly how to direct attention or deflect criticism without causing offense. You can manipulate the passive voice 'mukerareru' to subtly shift blame or highlight systemic injustices in a highly persuasive manner. At the C2 level, 'mukeru' is fully integrated into your cognitive linguistic framework, allowing you to express the absolute depths of human intention, the complexities of societal focus, and the elegant subtleties of the Japanese literary tradition with unparalleled sophistication.

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

向ける en 30 secondes

Physical pointing (camera, face)
Directing attention/emotions
Targeting an audience (-muke)
Aiming towards a goal (mukete)

The Japanese verb 'mukeru' (向ける) is a highly versatile, fundamental, and incredibly expressive transitive verb that primarily means 'to turn towards,' 'to direct,' or 'to point.' Understanding the multifaceted nature of this word is absolutely essential for any learner aiming to achieve intermediate to advanced fluency, as it bridges the gap between simple physical actions and complex, abstract psychological concepts. At its most basic, physical level, 'mukeru' describes the deliberate action of taking an object, a body part, or a tool and changing its orientation so that it faces a specific target or direction. This physical manifestation is often the first way learners encounter the word. For instance, when a photographer aims a camera at a subject, or when a person turns their face to look at someone calling their name, the verb 'mukeru' perfectly captures this intentional shift in direction.

彼はカメラを私に向けた。

However, the true power and complexity of 'mukeru' lie in its extensive abstract applications, which are ubiquitous in daily conversation, literature, and business Japanese. Beyond physical objects, you can direct intangible things such as your attention, your feelings, your efforts, or your anger toward a specific person, issue, or goal.

Physical Direction: Turning a tangible object like a face, a camera, or a weapon toward a target.

When you focus your mind on a problem, you are 'directing your attention' (注意を向ける) to it. This usage is critical in academic and professional settings where focus and targeted action are discussed. Furthermore, 'mukeru' is heavily utilized in marketing and product development to describe the act of targeting a specific demographic.

若者に向けた商品。

In this context, a product 'directed at' or 'aimed at' young people uses the past/perfective form 'muketa' as a modifier.

Abstract Direction: Channeling emotions, attention, or resources toward a specific issue or individual.

Emotionally, the verb is used to express the channeling of strong feelings, such as directing one's anger (怒りを向ける) or suspicion (疑いの目を向ける) at someone.

彼は私に怒りを向けた。

This emotional directionality is a deeply ingrained concept in Japanese psychology and communication, reflecting how feelings are not just experienced internally but are actively projected outward. To fully grasp 'mukeru', one must also appreciate its role in compound verbs and idiomatic expressions. For example, 'furimukeru' (振り向ける) combines the act of turning with directing, often used for allocating funds or resources.

Target Audience: Creating or adapting something specifically for a particular group of people.

海外市場に向けて準備する。

The continuous or te-form 'mukete' (向けて) is frequently used to mean 'towards' a goal or an event, such as preparing 'towards' the Olympics.

明日の試験に向けて勉強する。

In summary, mastering 'mukeru' unlocks a vast array of expressive capabilities, allowing learners to articulate not just physical movements, but the complex targeting of thoughts, emotions, products, and future aspirations with native-like precision and nuance.

Using the verb 'mukeru' (向ける) correctly requires a solid understanding of Japanese particle mechanics, specifically the interplay between the direct object marker 'wo' (を) and the direction/target marker 'ni' (に). Because 'mukeru' is a transitive verb (他動詞), it inherently demands an object that is being acted upon. The fundamental sentence structure follows the pattern: [Subject] wa/ga + [Object] wo + [Target] ni + mukeru. For example, in the sentence 'Watashi wa kamera wo kare ni muketa' (I pointed the camera at him), 'kamera' is the direct object taking 'wo', and 'kare' is the target taking 'ni'.

顔を上に向ける。

This grammatical framework remains remarkably consistent whether the object is physical or abstract.

Basic Grammar: [Object] を [Target] に向ける

When discussing abstract concepts like attention or suspicion, the structure is identical: 'Chui wo mondai ni mukeru' (Direct attention to the problem).

注意を交通安全に向ける。

Another highly common and crucial grammatical pattern involves using the te-form 'mukete' (向けて) as a compound postposition meaning 'towards' or 'aimed at' a specific event, goal, or demographic.

Using 'Mukete': Functions similarly to 'towards' in English, indicating a goal or target date.

For instance, 'Raishu no shiken ni mukete benkyou shite iru' translates to 'I am studying towards (for) next week's exam.' In this usage, 'mukete' acts almost like a conjunction linking the goal with the action taken to achieve it.

ゴールに向けて走る。

Furthermore, when modifying a noun to describe who a product or service is intended for, the past tense form 'muketa' (向けた) or the noun form 'muke' (向け) is used. For example, 'Josei ni muketa keshoushin' means 'Cosmetics aimed at women.' Alternatively, you can say 'Josei-muke no keshoushin,' which is slightly more concise and highly prevalent in commercial contexts.

これは初心者向けの本です。

Passive Voice: Mukerareru (向けられる) means to have something directed at you, often used with suspicion or criticism.

It is also important to understand the passive form, 'mukerareru' (向けられる). This is frequently used when the speaker is the recipient of directed emotions or actions, often negative ones. For example, 'Kare kara utagai no me wo mukerareta' means 'I had eyes of suspicion directed at me by him' (He looked at me suspiciously).

厳しい批判が向けられた。

Mastering these various conjugations and particle pairings will allow you to use 'mukeru' dynamically and accurately in almost any context.

The verb 'mukeru' (向ける) is omnipresent in Japanese society, permeating various facets of daily life, professional environments, media, and literature. Its widespread usage is a testament to its versatility and the cultural importance placed on directionality, intention, and target audiences. In everyday conversation, you will frequently hear 'mukeru' in its physical sense. Parents might tell their children to 'turn their face this way' (Kocchi ni kao wo mukete) when taking a photograph or wiping their face.

こっちに顔を向けてください。

Daily Life: Used for physical directions, like pointing a remote control or turning one's gaze.

In the realm of business and marketing, 'mukeru' and its derivative suffix '-muke' (向け) are absolutely inescapable. Walk into any Japanese bookstore, electronics shop, or supermarket, and you will see signs advertising products 'aimed at' specific demographics: 'Kore wa shoshisha-muke desu' (This is for beginners) or 'Josei ni muketa shin-seihin' (A new product aimed at women).

シニア層に向けたサービス。

Business Context: Essential for discussing target markets, audience demographics, and project goals.

Corporate presentations constantly use 'mukete' to discuss future goals: 'Raiki no mokuhyou tassei ni mukete ganbarimashou' (Let's do our best towards achieving next quarter's goals).

プロジェクト成功に向けて努力する。

In news media and journalism, 'mukeru' is frequently employed to describe the direction of public attention, criticism, or diplomatic efforts. News anchors might report that 'Sekai no me ga sono kuni ni mukerarete iru' (The eyes of the world are directed at that country).

News & Media: Describes the focus of societal attention, political pressure, or international scrutiny.

疑惑の目が彼に向けられた。

In literature and storytelling, the verb takes on a more emotional and psychological depth. Characters direct their anger, love, or despair toward others, adding profound emotional resonance to the narrative.

熱い視線を向ける。

Whether you are watching an anime where a hero directs their ultimate attack at a villain, reading a business report about targeting a new consumer base, or simply asking someone to look your way, 'mukeru' is an indispensable part of the Japanese linguistic landscape.

While 'mukeru' (向ける) is a highly useful verb, learners frequently encounter several pitfalls when trying to master its usage, primarily due to confusion with related verbs and incorrect particle application. The single most common mistake is confusing the transitive verb 'mukeru' (向ける) with its intransitive counterpart 'muku' (向く). Because English often uses the same verb for both transitive and intransitive actions (e.g., 'I turn the car' vs. 'The car turns'), learners often say 'Watashi wa muku' when they mean 'I turn my face' or 'Watashi wa mukeru' without an object.

❌ 私はあっちを向ける。 (Incorrect)

Transitive vs Intransitive: Mukeru requires an object (を). Muku does not.

The correct way to say 'I turn that way' is 'Watashi wa acchi wo muku'. If you want to use 'mukeru', you must specify what you are turning: 'Watashi wa kao wo acchi ni mukeru' (I turn my face that way).

⭕ 顔をあっちに向ける。 (Correct)

Another frequent error involves the verb 'mukau' (向かう), which means 'to head towards' a destination. Learners might incorrectly say 'Eki ni mukeru' when they mean 'I am heading to the station.'

Mukeru vs Mukau: Mukeru is directing an object. Mukau is physically traveling toward a destination.

❌ 駅に向ける。 (Incorrect for heading to the station)

The correct phrase is 'Eki ni mukau'. You would only use 'mukeru' if you were pointing something at the station, like 'Kamera wo eki ni mukeru' (Point the camera at the station). Particle mistakes are also prevalent. Because 'mukeru' indicates direction, learners sometimes use 'de' (で) instead of 'ni' (に) or 'e' (へ).

❌ 彼でカメラを向ける。 (Incorrect particle)

The particle 'de' indicates the location of an action, not the target of a direction. Therefore, 'Kare ni kamera wo mukeru' is the correct formulation.

Particle Choice: Always use に (ni) or へ (e) for the target of mukeru.

Finally, learners often struggle with the noun modifier '-muke' (向け). They might try to use 'mukeru' as an adjective directly, saying 'Kodomo mukeru hon' instead of the correct 'Kodomo-muke no hon' (A book for children).

⭕ 子供向けの本。 (Correct)

By carefully distinguishing 'mukeru' from its related verbs and mastering the associated particles, learners can easily avoid these common stumbling blocks.

The Japanese language is rich with vocabulary related to direction, targeting, and focusing, making it essential to distinguish 'mukeru' (向ける) from its synonyms and related terms to achieve precise communication. While 'mukeru' is the most general term for directing or pointing an object or abstract concept, several other words offer more specific nuances.

向く (Muku): The intransitive pair. Means to face a direction yourself, or to be suited for something.

彼は南を向いた。

As previously discussed, 'muku' is the intransitive counterpart. Another closely related word is 'mukau' (向かう), which means 'to head towards' or 'to face off against.' While 'mukeru' involves directing an object, 'mukau' involves the subject physically moving toward a destination or confronting a situation.

向かう (Mukau): To head towards a destination or to confront a problem/person.

東京へ向かう。

When discussing the direction of attention or focus, 'shuchu suru' (集中する) is a common synonym. However, 'shuchu suru' specifically means 'to concentrate' or 'to focus intensely,' whereas 'chui wo mukeru' (directing attention) is slightly broader and implies shifting one's awareness rather than deep concentration.

仕事に集中する。

Another related verb is 'ateru' (当てる), which means 'to hit,' 'to apply,' or 'to expose.' In some contexts, like shining a light, 'ateru' and 'mukeru' can overlap. 'Raito wo ateru' (shine a light on) and 'Raito wo mukeru' (point a light at) are very similar, but 'ateru' emphasizes the light making contact with the surface, while 'mukeru' emphasizes the direction of the light source.

当てる (Ateru): To hit, apply, or shine upon. Emphasizes contact rather than just direction.

光を顔に当てる。

For targeting goals or destinations, 'mezasu' (目指す) is frequently used. 'Mezasu' means 'to aim for' or 'to have as a goal.' While you might study 'ni mukete' (towards) an exam, you 'mezasu' (aim for) a specific university.

優勝を目指す。

Understanding these subtle distinctions allows learners to choose the most appropriate verb, elevating their Japanese from simply correct to highly natural and expressive.

How Formal Is It?

Formel

Niveau de difficulté

Grammaire à connaître

Exemples par niveau

カメラを向ける。

Point the camera.

Object + を + 向ける

顔を向ける。

Turn one's face.

Basic physical direction.

右に向ける。

Turn (it) to the right.

Direction + に + 向ける

前を向ける。

Turn (it) forward.

Using 前 (front).

手を向ける。

Point one's hand.

Physical body part.

こっちに向けて。

Turn it this way.

Te-form for a simple request.

上に向ける。

Turn (it) upward.

Direction word 上 (up).

下に向ける。

Turn (it) downward.

Direction word 下 (down).

彼はカメラを私に向けた。

He pointed the camera at me.

Target + に + Object + を + 向ける

顔をこっちに向けてください。

Please turn your face this way.

Te-form + ください for polite request.

リモコンをテレビに向ける。

Point the remote at the TV.

Everyday tool usage.

扇風機を私に向けないで。

Don't point the fan at me.

Negative te-form (向けないで).

背中を向ける。

To turn one's back.

Common physical idiom.

マイクを口に向ける。

Point the microphone to the mouth.

Specific target (口).

ライトを壁に向けた。

I pointed the light at the wall.

Past tense (向けた).

車を左に向ける。

Turn the car to the left.

Directing a vehicle.

注意を問題に向ける。

Direct attention to the problem.

Abstract usage: 注意 (attention).

明日の試験に向けて勉強する。

Study towards tomorrow's exam.

Noun + に向けて (towards a goal).

これは子供向けの本です。

This is a book aimed at children.

Noun + 向け (aimed at).

彼は私に怒りを向けた。

He directed his anger at me.

Abstract usage: 怒り (anger).

海外市場に向けた商品。

A product aimed at the overseas market.

Noun + に向けた + Noun.

新しい目標に向けて出発する。

Depart towards a new goal.

Figurative direction.

疑問の目を向けられる。

To have eyes of doubt directed at oneself.

Passive form (向けられる).

関心を政治に向ける。

Direct interest toward politics.

Abstract usage: 関心 (interest).

資金を新しいプロジェクトに振り向ける。

Allocate funds to the new project.

Compound verb: 振り向ける (allocate).

若者向けにデザインを改良した。

Improved the design for young people.

Noun + 向けに (adverbial usage).

厳しい批判が政府に向けられた。

Harsh criticism was directed at the government.

Passive voice in a formal context.

解決に向けて全力を尽くす。

Do one's best towards a resolution.

Abstract goal + に向けて.

矛先を相手に向ける。

Direct the brunt of the attack at the opponent.

Idiom: 矛先を向ける.

社会の関心が環境問題に向けられている。

Society's interest is being directed at environmental issues.

Continuous passive (向けられている).

富裕層に向けたマーケティング戦略。

A marketing strategy aimed at the wealthy class.

Business terminology.

意識を内面に向ける。

Direct one's consciousness inward.

Psychological usage.

疑惑の目が彼の一挙手一投足に向けられた。

Eyes of suspicion were directed at his every move.

Advanced vocabulary (一挙手一投足).

余剰人員を成長部門へ振り向ける方針だ。

The policy is to allocate surplus personnel to the growth sector.

Advanced business context (振り向ける).

マイノリティに向けられる無意識の偏見。

Unconscious bias directed at minorities.

Sociological context, passive modifier.

事態の収拾に向けて、各国の思惑が交錯する。

Various countries' motives intertwine towards settling the situation.

High-level political discourse.

彼は冷ややかな視線を私に向けた。

He directed a cold gaze at me.

Literary description of emotion.

特定の顧客層にターゲットを絞り、リソースを向ける。

Narrow down the target to a specific customer base and direct resources.

Strategic business phrasing.

自己の弱さに目を向ける勇気が必要だ。

The courage to direct one's eyes to one's own weaknesses is necessary.

Philosophical/Introspective usage.

批判の矛先が経営陣に向けられるのは避けられない。

It is inevitable that the brunt of the criticism will be directed at the management.

Advanced idiomatic usage.

他者に向けられる植民地主義的な眼差しを解体する。

Deconstruct the colonial gaze directed at the 'other'.

Highly academic/philosophical (眼差しを向ける).

沈黙という最大の非難を彼に向けた。

Directed the greatest condemnation—silence—at him.

Literary/Rhetorical usage.

莫大な国家予算が軍拡へと振り向けられている現状を危惧する。

I fear the current situation where a vast national budget is being allocated towards military expansion.

Complex political analysis.

自己の深淵へと意識を向けることで、根源的な問いに直面する。

By directing one's consciousness into one's own abyss, one faces fundamental questions.

Existential/Literary context.

社会の底辺に蠢く者たちに向けられる冷酷な視線。

The ruthless gaze directed at those writhing at the bottom of society.

Advanced literary description.

次世代に向けた持続可能な社会システムの構築が急務である。

The construction of a sustainable social system aimed at the next generation is an urgent task.

Formal academic/policy proposal.

あらゆる憎悪の矛先が、そのスケープゴートに向けられた。

The brunt of all hatred was directed at that scapegoat.

Intense emotional/societal description.

言葉の刃を己に向けることで、彼は贖罪を果たそうとした。

By directing the blade of words at himself, he tried to achieve atonement.

Poetic/Metaphorical usage.

Collocations courantes

顔を向ける

目を向ける

カメラを向ける

注意を向ける

怒りを向ける

関心を向ける

矛先を向ける

背中を向ける

意識を向ける

視線を向ける

Phrases Courantes

〜に向けて

〜向けの

目を向ける

背を向ける

矛先を向ける

注意を向ける

関心を向ける

顔を向ける

カメラを向ける

疑いの目を向ける

Souvent confondu avec

向ける vs 向く (muku)

向ける vs 向かう (mukau)

向ける vs 当てる (ateru)

Expressions idiomatiques

Facile à confondre

向ける vs

Structures de phrases

Comment l'utiliser

nuance

'Mukeru' implies intentionality. You are deliberately choosing to direct an object or concept. It is not an accidental movement.

Erreurs courantes

Confusing the transitive 向ける (to point something) with the intransitive 向く (to face).
Using 向ける instead of 向かう (to head towards) when talking about traveling to a destination.
Using the particle で (de) instead of に (ni) or へ (e) for the target of the direction.
Using 向ける directly as an adjective (e.g., 子供向ける本) instead of the correct noun modifier form 向け (子供向けの本).
Forgetting the object particle を when directing abstract concepts like attention or anger.

Astuces

Transitive Rule

Always remember that 'mukeru' is transitive. It must have a direct object marked by 'を' (wo). If you can't find the 'wo', you probably should be using 'muku'.

Business Essential

Master the suffix '-muke' (向け). It is absolutely essential for reading Japanese business materials, marketing reports, and product descriptions.

Te-form for Goals

Use '〜に向けて' (ni mukete) when talking about your preparations for future events like exams, trips, or projects. It sounds very natural and proactive.

The Spear's Point

Learn the idiom '矛先を向ける' (hokosaki wo mukeru). It is a fantastic, high-level phrase to use in essays or debates when discussing criticism or conflict.

News Passive

When reading the news, look out for '向けられる' (mukerareru). It almost always indicates who society or the media is currently scrutinizing or criticizing.

Photo Time

If you are taking a picture of Japanese friends, use 'Kocchi mukete' (こっち向けて) to ask them to look at the camera. It's casual and perfect for the situation.

Directing Attention

In academic writing, use '〜に注意を向ける' (ni chui wo mukeru) to transition topics or highlight an important issue to the reader.

Emotional Direction

Remember that in Japanese, emotions are often treated as objects that can be directed. You don't just 'get angry at' someone; you 'direct anger' (怒りを向ける) at them.

Not for Travel

Never use 'mukeru' to say you are going somewhere. 'Eki ni mukeru' means pointing something at the station. Use 'mukau' for heading to a destination.

Catching the Target

When listening to conversations, pay close attention to the noun right before 'ni' or 'e' when 'mukeru' is used. That noun is the target of the action.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Imagine you are a director making a MOVIE (mu). you CARE (ke) about the RULES (ru), so you DIRECT the camera perfectly. Mu-ke-ru = to direct/point.

Origine du mot

From Old Japanese. The kanji 向 depicts a window in a house, representing the concept of 'facing' or 'direction'. The verb 'mukeru' is the transitive derivation of the root 'muku'.

Contexte culturel

The suffix '-muke' is ubiquitous in Japanese marketing, reflecting a culture that highly values customized products for specific life stages or groups (e.g., women, seniors, beginners).

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Amorces de conversation

"最近、何に注意を向けていますか？ (What have you been directing your attention to lately?)"

"この商品は誰向けだと思いますか？ (Who do you think this product is aimed at?)"

"将来に向けて何か準備していますか？ (Are you preparing anything towards the future?)"

"カメラを向けられるのは好きですか？ (Do you like having a camera pointed at you?)"

"最近、怒りを向けられたことはありますか？ (Have you had anger directed at you recently?)"

Sujets d'écriture

Write about a goal you are working 'towards' (〜に向けて).

Describe a product you use and who it is 'aimed at' (〜向け).

Write about a time you had to 'direct your attention' (注意を向ける) to a difficult problem.

Discuss a situation where someone 'directed their anger' (怒りを向ける) at you or someone else.

Describe a photograph you took and what you 'pointed the camera' (カメラを向ける) at.

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

'Mukeru' is a transitive verb, meaning it requires a direct object. You use it when you are turning or pointing something else, like a camera, your face, or your attention (e.g., カメラを向ける). 'Muku' is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object. You use it when the subject itself is turning to face a direction (e.g., 彼は右を向いた - He faced right).

No. If you want to say 'I am heading to the station,' you must use the verb 'mukau' (向かう), as in 'Eki ni mukau'. 'Mukeru' means to point or direct an object. If you say 'Eki ni mukeru', it sounds like you are pointing an object (like a camera or a weapon) at the station.

The suffix '-muke' is attached directly to nouns to mean 'intended for' or 'aimed at' a specific demographic. For example, 'Kodomo-muke' means 'for children'. You can use it to modify another noun by adding 'no', like 'Kodomo-muke no hon' (a book for children), or as an adverb with 'ni', like 'Kodomo-muke ni tsukuru' (make it for children).

'Ni mukete' is a compound particle phrase that translates to 'towards' or 'aimed at' a specific goal, event, or date. It is used to show the purpose or target of an ongoing action. For example, 'Shiken ni mukete benkyou suru' means 'I am studying towards (for) the exam.'

You should use either 'ni' (に) or 'e' (へ) to mark the target or direction. For example, 'Kare ni kamera wo mukeru' (Point the camera at him) or 'Ue e kao wo mukeru' (Turn the face upwards). Do not use 'de' (で) or 'wo' (を) for the target.

Yes, very frequently. While it physically means to point an object, it is commonly used to direct abstract concepts like attention (注意を向ける), anger (怒りを向ける), interest (関心を向ける), or suspicion (疑いの目を向ける). This is a crucial usage for intermediate and advanced learners.

This is a common idiom that literally means 'to point the tip of the spear/halberd'. Figuratively, it means to direct the brunt of an attack, criticism, or anger at someone. For example, 'Hihan no hokosaki wo seifu ni mukeru' means 'to direct the brunt of criticism at the government.'

The passive form 'mukerareru' is used when someone or something is the recipient of directed action, often attention, suspicion, or criticism. For example, 'Kare ni utagai no me ga mukerareta' means 'Eyes of suspicion were directed at him' (He was looked at suspiciously). It is common in news and formal writing.

Yes. It is very common to use 'mukeru' with body parts that can be directed, such as the face (顔を向ける), eyes (目を向ける), or back (背中を向ける). 'Se wo mukeru' (to turn one's back) is also an idiom meaning to ignore or abandon someone.

'Chui wo mukeru' means to direct your attention or awareness toward something. It implies a shift in focus. 'Shuchu suru' means to concentrate deeply on something. You might first 'chui wo mukeru' to a problem, and then 'shuchu suru' to solve it.