Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the Present Perfect to connect past actions to the present moment using specific time markers like 'for', 'since', and 'yet'.
- Use 'for' for a duration of time, like 'for three hours'.
- Use 'since' for a specific starting point, like 'since 2010'.
- Use 'yet' in negatives and questions for expected actions, like 'not yet'.
Overview
How This Grammar Works
for、since、already、yet のような時間表現を加えることで、そのリンクに具体的な文脈を与えることができる。君の人生が長いNetflixのシリーズだと想像してみて。Past Simple（過去形）はシーズン1のエピソードのようなもの——終わって、完結して、過去のものだ。Present Perfect は、現在のエピソードがなぜ起きているのかを説明する「これまでのあらすじ（Previously on...）」のパートなんだ。行動の「時間」よりも、行動の「結果」が重要な時にこれを使う。もし上司に "I've finished the report"（レポート終わりました）と伝えたら、上司は君がそれを午後2時に終えたか4時に終えたかなんて気にしない。彼らが気にするのは、今まさに受信トレイにそれが届いているという事実だけだ。この時制は、君が「これまでに一度もやったことがない」ことを話す時の親友でもある。テイラー・スウィフトのコンサートに行ったことがない？ピザにパイナップルを載せて食べたことがない？そんな時は Present Perfect を使おう。それは今この瞬間までの君の人生すべてをカバーしている。基本的には、君の存在の累積スコアみたいなものだね。ただ、3日前の朝食を説明するのには使わないで——まだお腹がいっぱいなら別だけど（それはそれですごいけどね）。
Formation Pattern
have または has を加える。has は VIPたち（he, she, it）にだけ使うこと。
already seen that movie. | 私はその映画をもう見ました。
yet. | 彼女はまだコーヒーを飲み終えていません。
ever used this app? | 今までにこのアプリを使ったことはありますか？
have を接着剤だと思おう。それは過去（分詞）を現在（主語）にくっつけるんだ。接着剤がないと、文がバラバラになっちゃうよ！
When To Use It
for: 期間や時間の長さを話す時に使う。例: "I've had this iPhoneforthree years."（このiPhoneを3年使ってるんだ。（どうにかまだ動いてるけど…））since: 特定の開始時点を指す時に使う。例: "I've been a fansince2015."（2015年からずっとファンです。）just: 数秒前に起きたことに使う。例: "I'vejustposted a new photo."（たった今、新しい写真を投稿したところ。）already: 予想より早く起きたことに使う。例: "I'vealreadyfinished my homework!"（もう宿題終わったよ！（お母さんは信じないだろうけど、文法的には正しい）。）yet: 起きると予想していることに使う（主に否定文と疑問文で）。例:Has the pizza arrived
（ピザはもう届いた？）yet?everとnever: 人生経験に使う。例:Have you
（日本に行ったことはある？）everbeen to Japan?recentlyまたはlately: ここ数日や数週間の間に起こり始めたことに使う。例: "I haven't slept muchlately."（最近あまり眠れてないんだ。（たぶん深夜3時のWikipediaの沼のせいだな）。）
Common Mistakes
I have seen him yesterday.とは言えない。Yesterday（昨日）はもう終わって消え去った時間だ。それは Past Simple の領分なんだ。正しくは
I saw him yesterdayか "I've seen him today" だね。
for と since の混同だ。覚えておいて：for は時間/日/年の数（長さ）。since は日付や特定の出来事（点）。みんなを混乱させたいのでなければ、"I've been here since five hours" とは言わないこと。has も忘れないで。小さな単語だけど、とても重要だ。He have gone と言うと、英語の授業をサボりすぎたように聞こえちゃうよ。yet の位置に気をつけて。これはほぼ常に文の最後にくる。真ん中に置くと、19世紀の詩人みたいに聞こえちゃう。そういうスタイルが好きならいいけど、WhatsAppのグループチャットではちょっと浮いちゃうかもね。Contrast With Similar Patterns
- Past Simple:
I went to Paris in 2019.
（2019年は終わっている。旅行も終わっている。これは歴史的な事実だ）。 - Present Perfect: "I've been to Paris."（私の人生経験について話している。いつ行ったかは重要じゃなくて、今その経験を持っているということが重要なんだ）。
- Present Continuous:
I am living in London.
（「今」に焦点がある。一時的かもしれない）。 - Present Perfect: "I've lived in London for ten years."（過去から今までの期間に焦点がある）。
Quick FAQ
already を疑問文で使ってもいい？
もちろん！驚いた時に使うよ。
Have you finished already?（えっ、もう終わったの！？君、早いね！）。
been to と gone to の違いは何？
Been to は行って帰ってきた（行ったことがある）という意味。Gone to は行ってしまってまだそこにいるという意味。もし
My brother has gone to Mexico, と言ったら、今日の夕食に彼が来るとは思わないでね。
lately は recently と同じ？
大体同じだね。でも lately は習慣や繰り返される行動によく使われ（"I've been tired lately
：最近ずっと疲れてる）、recently は単発の出来事によく合うよ（I've recently bought a car"：最近車を買った）。
"I've lived here since I was born"（生まれた時からここに住んでいる）と言える？
全然OK。「生まれた時」は特定の時点だから、ここでは since が完璧だね。
なぜイギリス人が Present Perfect を使うところで、アメリカ人は Past Simple を使うの？
いいところに気づいたね！アメリカ人はよく I already ate と言うけど、イギリス人は "I've already eaten" を好む。どちらも大丈夫だけど、IELTSやTOEFLのような試験では Present Perfect の方が「標準的」とされるよ。
いつも have は必要なの？
正式な書き言葉では必要だね。カジュアルなテキストメッセージでは、たまに省略されることもあるよ。I seen it みたいに（でもこれは厳密には間違いだし、先生を泣かせちゃうかもしれない）。
Past Participle（過去分詞）がわからない時は？
ググろう！あるいは不規則動詞リストの3列目をチェックして。多くは -en や -ed で終わるけど、変なやつもあるからね（buy が bought になるとか）。
Present Perfect Construction
| Subject | Auxiliary | Past Participle | Time Expression |
|---|---|---|---|
|
I / You / We / They
|
have
|
worked
|
for 2 years
|
|
He / She / It
|
has
|
worked
|
since 2021
|
|
I / You / We / They
|
haven't
|
finished
|
yet
|
|
He / She / It
|
hasn't
|
finished
|
yet
|
|
Have
|
you
|
eaten
|
yet?
|
|
Has
|
she
|
arrived
|
yet?
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Negative Contraction |
|---|---|---|
|
I have
|
I've
|
I haven't
|
|
You have
|
You've
|
You haven't
|
|
He has
|
He's
|
He hasn't
|
|
She has
|
She's
|
She hasn't
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
It hasn't
|
|
We have
|
We've
|
We haven't
|
|
They have
|
They've
|
They haven't
|
Meanings
The Present Perfect with time expressions describes states or actions that began in the past and continue into the present, or actions expected to happen soon.
Duration (For)
To express the total length of time an action has been happening up to now.
“They have been married for twenty years.”
“She has worked here for six months.”
Starting Point (Since)
To express the specific moment or date when an action began.
“I have known him since primary school.”
“It hasn't rained since last Tuesday.”
Expectation (Yet)
Used in negative sentences and questions to talk about something that hasn't happened but is expected to.
“Have you finished your homework yet?”
“The train hasn't arrived yet.”
Reference Table
| 時を表す表現 | 意味 | 使い方 | 例文 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
for
|
期間（時間の長さ）
|
どれくらいの期間？
|
`for` + 時間の長さ
|
|
|
|
|
I've studied `for` three hours.
|
|
since
|
開始点（特定の時間）
|
いつから？
|
`since` + 時間の点（日付、出来事）
|
|
|
|
|
She's been absent `since` Monday.
|
|
yet
|
今までに（否定文／疑問文）
|
もう起きた？
|
主に否定文と疑問文で使われます
|
|
|
|
|
Have you finished `yet`? / I haven't finished `yet`.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Have you completed the report yet? (Workplace)
Have you finished the report yet? (Workplace)
Done with the report yet? (Workplace)
You done yet? (Workplace)
現在完了形とfor, since, yet
FOR (期間)
- 時間の長さ How long something lasts
- For 2 hours A period
- I have waited for ages. Ongoing action
SINCE (開始点)
- 特定の瞬間 When something began
- Since Monday A fixed point
- She has studied since 9 AM. Action started & continues
YET (まだ起きていない / 疑問)
- 今までに Expectation of happening
- Haven't eaten yet Negative completion
- Have you seen it yet? Question about completion
For vs. Since vs. Yet の比較
正しい時間表現の選び方
その行動は過去から現在まで続いていますか？
期間の『長さ』を述べていますか？
時間の『開始点』を述べていますか？
まだ起こっていないことについての否定文または疑問文ですか？
for, since, yet のよくある場面
期間
- • for three days
- • for a while
- • for ages
- • for many years
開始点
- • since last week
- • since 2021
- • since I was born
- • since breakfast
完了状況
- • haven't done it yet
- • hasn't arrived yet
- • have you finished yet?
- • not yet
レベル別の例文
I have lived here for one year.
I have lived here for one year.
She has been a student since 2022.
She has been a student since 2022.
I have not seen the teacher yet.
I have not seen the teacher yet.
Have you finished yet?
Have you finished yet?
We have known each other for a long time.
We have known each other for a long time.
He hasn't called me since yesterday.
He hasn't called me since yesterday.
Has the bus arrived yet?
Has the bus arrived yet?
I've had this phone for six months.
I've had this phone for six months.
I have worked in this department since I joined the company.
I have worked in this department since I joined the company.
They haven't decided on the new project yet.
They haven't decided on the new project yet.
She has been sick for the last three days.
She has been sick for the last three days.
Have you seen the latest news about the strike yet?
Have you seen the latest news about the strike yet?
The economy has been in recession for several consecutive quarters.
The economy has been in recession for several consecutive quarters.
Since the implementation of the new law, crime rates have dropped.
Since the implementation of the new law, crime rates have dropped.
We haven't yet reached a consensus on the budget.
We haven't yet reached a consensus on the budget.
I've been meaning to ask you about that for ages.
I've been meaning to ask you about that for ages.
The company has yet to issue a formal apology for the data breach.
The company has yet to issue a formal apology for the data breach.
Ever since the dawn of the digital age, privacy has been a concern.
Ever since the dawn of the digital age, privacy has been a concern.
For as long as I can remember, this building has stood vacant.
For as long as I can remember, this building has stood vacant.
Have you not yet realized the gravity of the situation?
Have you not yet realized the gravity of the situation?
The philosophical implications of this theory have been debated for centuries.
The philosophical implications of this theory have been debated for centuries.
Since time immemorial, humans have sought meaning in the stars.
Since time immemorial, humans have sought meaning in the stars.
The board has yet to manifest any intention of revising the policy.
The board has yet to manifest any intention of revising the policy.
I have for some time now harbored doubts about his sincerity.
I have for some time now harbored doubts about his sincerity.
間違えやすい
Learners use Past Simple for ongoing actions or Present Perfect for finished times.
Using 'since' with a duration of time.
Using 'yet' in positive sentences.
よくある間違い
I live here for two years.
I have lived here for two years.
I have lived here since two years.
I have lived here for two years.
I have yet finished.
I haven't finished yet.
He have been here.
He has been here.
I have seen him since two days.
I have seen him for two days / I haven't seen him for two days.
Did you finish yet?
Have you finished yet?
I have worked since 3 hours.
I have worked for 3 hours.
I have been knowing him for years.
I have known him for years.
I have lived here since I am a child.
I have lived here since I was a child.
I haven't yet seen it.
I haven't seen it yet.
I have yet to not see it.
I have yet to see it.
文型パターン
I have been a ___ for ___.
She hasn't ___ since ___.
Have you ___ yet?
It has been ___ since ___.
Real World Usage
I have worked in sales for over ten years.
Haven't left the house yet, see u soon!
I've had this cough since last night.
Has the gate opened yet?
We've been at the beach for 5 hours and I'm already sunburnt!
I haven't received my refund yet.
「今とのつながり」を意識する
「yet」の使い方に注意
状態動詞のショートカット
イギリス英語 vs. アメリカ英語
自分の生活で練習する
Smart Tips
Try to answer the question 'When did it start?'. If the answer is your time expression, use 'since'. If it's not, use 'for'.
Use 'since' to show loyalty and long-term commitment to a company or skill.
Always use the Present Perfect with 'yet' and 'already' instead of the Past Simple.
Make sure the verb after 'since' is in the Past Simple, even if the main verb is Present Perfect.
発音
Contraction Stress
In natural speech, 'I have' becomes 'I've' /aɪv/. The 'v' sound is very light.
Yet Emphasis
The word 'yet' at the end of a sentence often carries a rising intonation in questions.
Question Rise
Have you finished yet? ↗
Conveys a genuine inquiry or slight impatience.
暗記しよう
記憶術
FOR is for the 'length' of the race; SINCE is for the 'starting' place.
視覚的連想
Imagine a ruler (For) measuring a line, and a pin (Since) stuck into a specific date on a calendar. For measures; Since marks.
Rhyme
Since is the start, For is the part, Yet is the heart of the question's art.
Story
I have lived in this house for ten years. Since I moved in, I have painted every room. I haven't finished the kitchen yet, but I'm working on it!
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write three sentences about your current job or hobby using 'for', 'since', and 'yet'.
文化メモ
British speakers are very strict about using Present Perfect with 'yet'. Using Past Simple ('Did you eat yet?') sounds American.
In casual US speech, Past Simple is often used with 'yet' and 'already'.
Using 'since' to anchor your experience to a specific achievement is common in Western CVs.
The Present Perfect developed in Old English using the verb 'habban' (to have) plus a past participle to indicate possession of a completed state.
会話のきっかけ
How long have you lived in your current house?
Have you seen any good movies lately?
How long have you known your best friend?
Have you finished your goals for this year yet?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
I haven't bought a new phone ___ two years.
Find and fix the mistake:
She is living here since 2020.
正しい文を選びましょう:
Translate into English: 'Llevo tres horas estudiando.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesI have been a doctor ___ 2010.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
He hasn't yet finished his dinner.
They have arrived.
You can use 'since' with a duration of time like 'three weeks'.
A: Is the movie over? B: No, it ___.
Sort these: 1. Two hours, 2. Last night, 3. A long time.
Match: A. For, B. Since | 1. 1995, 2. Six months
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesHe ___ worked on this project for months.
I haven't visited my grandparents ___ last Christmas.
Have you already finished your homework yet?
They wait for the bus since ten minutes.
正しい文を選びましょう:
Translate into English: 'No he comido desde esta mañana.'
Translate into English: '¿Has terminado tu informe todavía?'
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作りましょう:
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作りましょう:
それぞれの文の始まりと正しい時間表現を組み合わせましょう:
状況と正しい時間表現を組み合わせましょう:
Score: /11
よくある質問 (8)
No, 'since' must be followed by a specific point in time (e.g., `since 2010`). For durations, use `for`.
Yes, it is grammatically correct and more formal. However, in B1 English, placing `yet` at the end is more common and natural.
Because 'know' is a stative verb. Stative verbs (like know, like, believe) are rarely used in the continuous form, even in the Present Perfect.
`For` measures the length of time (a period). `Since` marks the start of the time (a point).
No, use `already` for positive sentences. `I have already finished` vs `I haven't finished yet`.
Yes, Americans often use the Past Simple with 'yet' (e.g., `Did you eat yet?`), whereas British English prefers the Present Perfect.
Yes! You can say `since I was a child` or `since we met`. The verb in that clause is usually in the Past Simple.
No, `for ages` is an informal idiom meaning 'for a very long time'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pretérito Perfecto / Presente + desde hace
English MUST use Present Perfect for 'how long' situations.
Passé Composé / Présent + depuis
English uses Present Perfect for ongoing states, whereas French uses the Present.
Perfekt / Präsens + seit
German speakers often incorrectly use Present Simple in English ('I am here since Monday').
~te iru / ~kara
Japanese doesn't have a direct 'have + V3' auxiliary structure.
Mundhu + Present/Past
Arabic does not have a specific 'perfect' aspect like English.
Le (了) / Yijing (已经)
Chinese has no verb conjugation for tense or person.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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