B1 · 中級 チャプター 22

Duration and Ongoing Actions

7 トータルルール
83 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting the past to your present reality with confidence.

  • Distinguish between 'for' and 'since' to measure duration.
  • Use Present Perfect to describe unfinished time periods.
  • Describe ongoing actions and states that started in the past.
Bridge the gap between yesterday and today.

学べること

Ready to unlock how we talk about things that have been happening for a while? This chapter will help you confidently describe ongoing situations, like how long you've known someone or what you've been doing since morning. You'll soon sound much more natural!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Explain your personal history and current status using the correct tense.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Mastering how to talk about
duration and ongoing actions
is a game-changer for B1 English grammar learners! This chapter is your key to sounding much more natural and articulate in everyday conversations. You'll move beyond simply stating facts and start connecting past experiences with your present reality.
Imagine being able to explain how long you've known your best friend, what you've been doing since you woke up this morning, or how your city has changed over the years. These aren't just advanced concepts; they're essential for truly expressing yourself in English.
By focusing on the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous, we'll bridge the gap between past events and their current relevance. This means you'll confidently discuss things that started in the past and are still true now, or actions that began previously and are still in progress. These structures are vital for expressing a sense of continuity, whether it's describing your experiences up to now or noting things that haven't finished yet.
Get ready to elevate your communication and clearly express those long-term situations and evolving circumstances.

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this chapter is about connecting the past to the present, focusing on duration and actions that aren't quite finished. The star of the show is the Present Perfect (have/has + past participle). We use it to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to now. For example, to state how long something has been happening, we use 'for' (for a period of time) or 'since' (since a specific start point).
Think:
I have lived here for five years
or
She has studied English since 2020.
Here, 'living' and 'studying' are ongoing.
The Present Perfect is also perfect for discussing things not finished yet, especially when the time period is still active. If it's Monday morning, you might say, "I haven't had breakfast yet today" – because 'today' isn't over, and you could still eat. Similarly, you can use it with time expressions like 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'so far' to summarise experiences within an unfinished period.
I have visited two new places this month so far.
Another crucial application is with state verbs (verbs describing states, not actions, like 'know,' 'be,' 'love,' 'understand'). With these, we use the Present Perfect to show a state began in the past and still continues:
I have known him for ten years,
not
I have been knowing him.
We also use the Present Perfect to describe changes over time:
The city has become much greener.
Finally, when we want to emphasise the ongoing nature or duration of an activity, we turn to the Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + -ing verb).
I have been studying for three hours
highlights the continuous effort.
The key difference is often emphasis: Present Perfect for result/fact, Present Perfect Continuous for the activity's duration/process.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: I live here for five years.
✓ Correct: I have lived here for five years.
Explanation: When you want to express how long something has been true or happening and it's still true now, you need the Present Perfect, not the Simple Present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: She is knowing him since 2010.
✓ Correct: She has known him since 2010.
Explanation: Know is a state verb, and generally, state verbs are not used in continuous forms. Use the Present Perfect to show the duration of a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: I read a book all morning, so I'm tired.
✓ Correct: I have been reading a book all morning, so I'm tired.
Explanation: While
I read a book
is grammatically correct, using the Present Perfect Continuous (have been reading) here emphasises the ongoing action and its effect (being tired) in the present. It highlights the duration of the activity.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hi Alex! Long time no see. How have you been?
B

B

Hey Maria! I'm good, thanks. I have been working really hard on a new project lately. It has taken up most of my time since January.
A

A

Wow, that sounds intense! How many hours have you worked this week so far?
B

B

Oh, probably about 50 already. My eyes are tired because I have been staring at screens all day! But I have almost finished the main part of it.
A

A

That's great news! I haven't seen you this happy about a project in ages.
B

B

Yeah, it's challenging, but I have learned so much. I have never felt this productive!

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use 'for' vs. 'since' with the Present Perfect?

Use 'for' to specify a duration or period of time (e.g., for two hours,

for a long time
). Use 'since' to specify the starting point of an action or state (e.g., since yesterday, since 2018).

Q

Can I use the Present Perfect with time words like 'today' or 'this week'?

Yes, absolutely! When you use words like 'today,' 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'this year,' and that time period has not finished yet, you typically use the Present Perfect to describe actions or experiences within that ongoing period.

Q

What's the main difference between

I have lived here
and
I have been living here
?

Both are often correct for duration.

I have lived here for five years
states the fact of living here for that duration.
I have been living here for five years
emphasises the ongoing nature or process of living here. The continuous form can sometimes imply a temporary situation or a sense of personal involvement.

Q

Why can't I use continuous forms with state verbs in the Present Perfect?

State verbs describe states, emotions, or conditions (e.g., 'know,' 'love,' 'understand,' 'be,' 'have' for possession), not active processes. They naturally indicate duration without needing the continuous form. So, instead of

I have been knowing,
we say
I have known.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these structures constantly, making conversation flow naturally when discussing personal history, experiences, and current situations. There can be slight regional differences; for example, American English sometimes uses the Simple Past where British English might prefer the Present Perfect for recent events (
Did you eat yet?
vs.
Have you eaten yet?
).
However, for emphasizing duration and ongoing actions as covered here, the rules are largely consistent across dialects. In both formal and informal contexts, accurately using the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous shows a good grasp of temporal relationships and adds sophistication to your communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

I have been studying English `for three years` now.

私は今、3年間英語を勉強しています。

現在完了形: For 対 Since (継続的な行動)
2

She hasn't called me `since Monday morning`.

彼女は月曜の朝から私に電話していません。

現在完了形: For 対 Since (継続的な行動)
3

I haven't seen that new Netflix series yet, but I've heard it's amazing.

あの新しいNetflixシリーズはまだ見ていないけど、すごく面白いって聞きました。

現在完了形と時を表す表現 (for, since, yet)
4

She has lived in London for five years and loves the city.

彼女はロンドンに5年間住んでいて、その街が大好きです。

現在完了形と時を表す表現 (for, since, yet)
5

I haven't had breakfast this morning.

今朝はまだ朝食を食べていません。

現在完了形:まだ終わっていないこと(今日、今週)
6

She has worked on the project a lot this week.

彼女は今週、そのプロジェクトにたくさん取り組みました。

現在完了形:まだ終わっていないこと(今日、今週)
7

I have never seen snow in real life.

私は実生活で雪を見たことが一度もありません。

現在完了形:今まで(これまでに)
8

She has worked on this project for three months so far.

彼女はこれまでのところ、このプロジェクトに3ヶ月間取り組んでいます。

現在完了形:今まで(これまでに)

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

期間と開始点

「期間」と「開始点」どっちを言いたいか、いつも自分に聞いてみてね。この簡単な質問で、どちらを使うべきかハッキリするよ。
I have worked here for five years.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: For 対 Since (継続的な行動)
💡

「今とのつながり」を意識する

現在完了形はいつも「過去から今」へのつながりを表します。もし完全に終わって、いつ終わったか具体的に言えるなら、単純過去形を使いましょう。これでタイムラインのミスを防げます。「I have lived in Japan since 2020.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形と時を表す表現 (for, since, yet)
💡

時間を示す言葉に注目

「today (今日)」「this morning (今朝)」「this week (今週)」「this month (今月)」「this year (今年)」「so far (これまでのところ)」「yet (まだ)」などの言葉を見つけたら、それが現在完了形を使うヒントになります。特にその期間がまだ終わっていないなら、現在完了形がぴったりです。「I haven't seen her this morning.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形:まだ終わっていないこと(今日、今週)
💡

時間の目印を探そう

まだ「今」に繋がっている時間の言葉、「yet」「already」「ever」「never」、「so far」、「this week/month/year」が見えたら、現在完了形を使うサインですよ。「今」に続く期間や経験を表します。"I haven't seen her this week."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形:今まで(これまでに)

重要な語彙 (6)

Duration length of time Since starting point Yet until now So far up to this point State a condition or situation Ongoing continuing

Real-World Preview

coffee

Catching up with a colleague

Review Summary

  • have/has + V3
  • have/has + been + V-ing

よくある間違い

Use Present Perfect for duration, not Present Continuous.

Wrong: I am living here for 5 years.
正解: I have lived here for 5 years.

Since is for a point in time, for is for a period.

Wrong: I have known him since a long time.
正解: I have known him for a long time.

State verbs like 'know' do not take the continuous form.

Wrong: I have been knowing her for years.
正解: I have known her for years.

このチャプターのルール (7)

Next Steps

You've mastered a complex grammar area! Keep practicing, and it will become second nature.

Journaling about your current goals

クイック練習 (10)

文の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

She is living here since 2020.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She has lived here since 2020.
過去(「since 2020」)に始まり現在まで続いている行動の場合、単純現在形ではなく現在完了形または現在完了進行形を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形と時を表す表現 (for, since, yet)

文の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

She didn't call me back yet today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She hasn't called me back yet today.
「yet today (今日まだ)」は今日がまだ終わっていないことを意味するため、単純過去形(「didn't call」)ではなく、現在完了形(「hasn't called」)が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形:まだ終わっていないこと(今日、今週)

時間の経過による変化を示すように、文を完成させる動詞の正しい形を選びましょう。

The quiet village ___ into a bustling town over the last decade.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has become
「has become」(現在完了形)は、過去に始まり現在も完了している、あるいは明白な変化を、「last decade」(過去10年間)という期間で示すために使います。「became」(単純過去形)だと、特定の終わった過去の時に完了した変化を示し、ここでの強調点とは違います。「is becoming」(現在進行形)は、変化がまさに今も活発に進行中であることを意味し、「last decade」には最適な表現ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 時間による変化 (have/has + V3)

間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

She is knowing him since childhood.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She has known him since childhood.
「know」は状態動詞なので、進行形には使えません。過去に始まり現在まで続く状態を表すには、「現在完了形」が正しいです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 継続中の行動について話す (現在完了進行形)

時間の経過による変化を説明するために、現在完了形を正しく使っている文はどれですか?

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The price of coffee has increased a lot this month.
「This month」(今月)はまだ終わっていない期間であり、物価の上昇は現在に関連する変化なので、現在完了形(「has increased」)が正しいです。「Last month」(先月)は終わった期間なので、単純過去形が必要です。「Increases」は現在形なので、習慣的な行動に使われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形: 時間による変化 (have/has + V3)

正しい文を選びましょう。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: How long have you been living here?
この文は、ある場所に住んでいる期間について尋ねるために「現在完了進行形」を正しく使っています。助動詞の「have」が主語の「you」と正しく倒置されて疑問文になっています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 継続中の行動について話す (現在完了進行形)

文中の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

They have been owning that restaurant for over ten years.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They have owned that restaurant for over ten years.
「own」は状態動詞なので、通常、進行形(-ing)にはなりません。所有が継続している状態を表す正しい形は「have owned」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態動詞を伴う現在完了形 (知っている、~である)

文を完成させるため、正しい時間表現を選びましょう。

I haven't bought a new phone ___ two years.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: for
「For」は期間(「two years」)を表す時に使われます。「Since」は開始点が必要で、「yet」は完了についての否定文や疑問文で使われます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在完了形と時を表す表現 (for, since, yet)

文を完成させるために正しい形を選びましょう。

My sister ___ interested in art since she was a child.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has been
「be」は状態動詞であり、過去に始まり現在まで続く状態を示す現在完了形「has been」が正しいです。「is being」は一時的な動作を示し、ここでは合いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 状態動詞を伴う現在完了形 (知っている、~である)

正しい形を選びましょう。

My eyes hurt because I ___ screens for too long.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: have been watching
目の充血は、ちょうど終わった、または今も続いている継続的な行動の結果です。「have been watching」がこれを正しく伝えています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 継続中の行動について話す (現在完了進行形)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

forは、何かが起こっている「期間」や「長さ」を教えてくれるよ(例: for three hours)。sinceは、何かが始まった「開始点」を教えてくれるんだ(例: since 9 AM)。
過去に始まった行動や状態が、現在まで続いている時、またはその結果が今も関係している時に使うんだ。「今も継続中」のことに使うよ。
これらの単語は、ある行動が『どれくらいの期間』(for, since)続いているか、あるいは『今までに起きたか』(yet)を具体的に伝えるのに役立ちます。過去から現在へとつながる行動に、重要な時間の情報(文脈)を与えてくれるんですよ。「I have lived here for ten years.」
「for」は『期間』(時間の長さ)を示します。例えば、「for two hours」のように、「2時間」という長さを表します。「since」は『開始点』(特定の時間)を示します。例えば、「since yesterday」や「since 2020」のように、「昨日から」とか「2020年から」という開始の時点を表すんです。「I have studied for three hours.」と「I have studied since 9 AM.」を比べてみてください。
過去の行動や状態を現在に結びつけることが重要です。特に、それが起こった期間(「今日」や「今週」など)が「まだ進行中」である場合に限定されます。現在の枠組みの中で「今までに」と考えると良いでしょう。例えば、「I haven't seen my friend today.」と言えば、その日はまだ終わっておらず、まだ友人に会える可能性があることを意味します。
話している時点で指定された期間(例: 「今朝」)がまだ続いているなら、それは「未完了」です。その期間が過ぎてしまった(例: 午後になって「今朝」の話をしている)なら、それは「完了」しています。この区別が、現在完了形と単純過去形を使い分ける助けになりますよ。例えば、もし今が午前中なら「I have eaten breakfast this morning.」ですが、午後になったら「I ate breakfast this morning.」となります。