B1 · متوسط فصل 22

چطوری از کارهایی که هنوز تموم نشدن حرف بزنیم؟

7 مجموع قواعد
83 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting the past to your present reality with confidence.

  • Distinguish between 'for' and 'since' to measure duration.
  • Use Present Perfect to describe unfinished time periods.
  • Describe ongoing actions and states that started in the past.
Bridge the gap between yesterday and today.

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام! آماده‌ای که یه قدم بزرگ توی یادگیری انگلیسی برداری و از سطح مقدماتی حسابی فاصله بگیری؟ تا حالا شده بخوای به انگلیسی بگی چند وقته داری یه کاری رو انجام میدی یا از کی تا حالا یه نفر رو می‌شناسی، ولی ندونی دقیقاً چطوری حق مطلب رو ادا کنی؟ توی این فصل قراره یاد بگیریم چطوری با استفاده از Present Perfect (حال کامل) و رفیق صمیمیش یعنی Present Perfect Continuous، پلی بزنیم بین گذشته و حال. اول از همه، تفاوت ظریف بین 'for' و 'since' رو یاد می‌گیریم تا مدت زمان و نقطه شروع هر چیزی رو دقیق بگی. بعد می‌ریم سراغ کلماتی مثل 'yet' و 'so far' که برای گزارش دادن کارهایی که تا الان انجام دادی یا ندادی عالی هستن. همچنین یاد می‌گیری چطوری از افعال حالتی مثل 'know' یا 'have' استفاده کنی تا بگی از گذشته تا الان چه حسی داشتی یا کسی رو می‌شناختی. تصور کن توی یه مصاحبه کاری هستی و می‌خوای با اعتماد‌به‌نفس بگی: «سه ساله که دارم توی این حوزه فعالیت می‌کنم» یا داری با یه دوست گپ می‌زنی و می‌گی: «تمام صبح رو داشتم برای دیدنت برنامه می‌چیدم!». بعد از این فصل، دیگه لازم نیست جمله‌های ساده و کوتاه بسازی؛ می‌تونی خیلی طبیعی درباره تغییرات زندگیت و کارهای ادامه‌دار حرف بزنی و دقیقاً مثل یه حرفه‌ای به نظر برسی!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Explain your personal history and current status using the correct tense.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Mastering how to talk about
duration and ongoing actions
is a game-changer for B1 English grammar learners! This chapter is your key to sounding much more natural and articulate in everyday conversations. You'll move beyond simply stating facts and start connecting past experiences with your present reality.
Imagine being able to explain how long you've known your best friend, what you've been doing since you woke up this morning, or how your city has changed over the years. These aren't just advanced concepts; they're essential for truly expressing yourself in English.
By focusing on the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous, we'll bridge the gap between past events and their current relevance. This means you'll confidently discuss things that started in the past and are still true now, or actions that began previously and are still in progress. These structures are vital for expressing a sense of continuity, whether it's describing your experiences up to now or noting things that haven't finished yet.
Get ready to elevate your communication and clearly express those long-term situations and evolving circumstances.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

At its heart, this chapter is about connecting the past to the present, focusing on duration and actions that aren't quite finished. The star of the show is the Present Perfect (have/has + past participle). We use it to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to now. For example, to state how long something has been happening, we use 'for' (for a period of time) or 'since' (since a specific start point).
Think:
I have lived here for five years
or
She has studied English since 2020.
Here, 'living' and 'studying' are ongoing.
The Present Perfect is also perfect for discussing things not finished yet, especially when the time period is still active. If it's Monday morning, you might say, "I haven't had breakfast yet today" – because 'today' isn't over, and you could still eat. Similarly, you can use it with time expressions like 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'so far' to summarise experiences within an unfinished period.
I have visited two new places this month so far.
Another crucial application is with state verbs (verbs describing states, not actions, like 'know,' 'be,' 'love,' 'understand'). With these, we use the Present Perfect to show a state began in the past and still continues:
I have known him for ten years,
not
I have been knowing him.
We also use the Present Perfect to describe changes over time:
The city has become much greener.
Finally, when we want to emphasise the ongoing nature or duration of an activity, we turn to the Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + -ing verb).
I have been studying for three hours
highlights the continuous effort.
The key difference is often emphasis: Present Perfect for result/fact, Present Perfect Continuous for the activity's duration/process.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ Wrong: I live here for five years.
✓ Correct: I have lived here for five years.
Explanation: When you want to express how long something has been true or happening and it's still true now, you need the Present Perfect, not the Simple Present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: She is knowing him since 2010.
✓ Correct: She has known him since 2010.
Explanation: Know is a state verb, and generally, state verbs are not used in continuous forms. Use the Present Perfect to show the duration of a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: I read a book all morning, so I'm tired.
✓ Correct: I have been reading a book all morning, so I'm tired.
Explanation: While
I read a book
is grammatically correct, using the Present Perfect Continuous (have been reading) here emphasises the ongoing action and its effect (being tired) in the present. It highlights the duration of the activity.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Hi Alex! Long time no see. How have you been?
B

B

Hey Maria! I'm good, thanks. I have been working really hard on a new project lately. It has taken up most of my time since January.
A

A

Wow, that sounds intense! How many hours have you worked this week so far?
B

B

Oh, probably about 50 already. My eyes are tired because I have been staring at screens all day! But I have almost finished the main part of it.
A

A

That's great news! I haven't seen you this happy about a project in ages.
B

B

Yeah, it's challenging, but I have learned so much. I have never felt this productive!

سؤالات رایج

Q

When should I use 'for' vs. 'since' with the Present Perfect?

Use 'for' to specify a duration or period of time (e.g., for two hours,

for a long time
). Use 'since' to specify the starting point of an action or state (e.g., since yesterday, since 2018).

Q

Can I use the Present Perfect with time words like 'today' or 'this week'?

Yes, absolutely! When you use words like 'today,' 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'this year,' and that time period has not finished yet, you typically use the Present Perfect to describe actions or experiences within that ongoing period.

Q

What's the main difference between

I have lived here
and
I have been living here
?

Both are often correct for duration.

I have lived here for five years
states the fact of living here for that duration.
I have been living here for five years
emphasises the ongoing nature or process of living here. The continuous form can sometimes imply a temporary situation or a sense of personal involvement.

Q

Why can't I use continuous forms with state verbs in the Present Perfect?

State verbs describe states, emotions, or conditions (e.g., 'know,' 'love,' 'understand,' 'be,' 'have' for possession), not active processes. They naturally indicate duration without needing the continuous form. So, instead of

I have been knowing,
we say
I have known.

بافت فرهنگی

Native English speakers use these structures constantly, making conversation flow naturally when discussing personal history, experiences, and current situations. There can be slight regional differences; for example, American English sometimes uses the Simple Past where British English might prefer the Present Perfect for recent events (
Did you eat yet?
vs.
Have you eaten yet?
).
However, for emphasizing duration and ongoing actions as covered here, the rules are largely consistent across dialects. In both formal and informal contexts, accurately using the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous shows a good grasp of temporal relationships and adds sophistication to your communication.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

I have been studying English `for three years` now.

من الان سه ساله که دارم انگلیسی می‌خونم.

حال کامل: For در برابر Since (اعمال در حال انجام)
2

She hasn't called me `since Monday morning`.

اون از دوشنبه صبح بهم زنگ نزده.

حال کامل: For در برابر Since (اعمال در حال انجام)
3

I haven't seen that new Netflix series yet, but I've heard it's amazing.

Todavía no he visto esa nueva serie de Netflix, pero he oído que es increíble.

حال کامل با عبارات زمانی (for, since, yet)
4

She has lived in London for five years and loves the city.

Ella ha vivido en Londres durante cinco años y le encanta la ciudad.

حال کامل با عبارات زمانی (for, since, yet)
5

I've sent ten emails today.

امروز ده تا ایمیل فرستادم.

حال کامل: کارهایی که هنوز تمام نشده‌اند (امروز، این هفته)
6

She has posted three stories this week.

اون این هفته سه تا استوری گذاشته.

حال کامل: کارهایی که هنوز تمام نشده‌اند (امروز، این هفته)
7

I have already finished my coffee so far this morning.

من قهوه‌ام رو برای امروز صبح، تا الان تموم کرده‌ام.

حال کامل: تا الان (تاکنون)
8

She has not replied to my DM yet.

او هنوز به دایرکت من جواب نداده.

حال کامل: تا الان (تاکنون)

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

مدت زمان یا نقطه شروع؟

همیشه از خودت بپرس: دارم درباره *طول زمان* صحبت می‌کنم (for) یا *لحظه‌ای* که شروع شده (since)؟ این سوال ساده بهت کمک می‌کنه کلمه درست رو انتخاب کنی. مثلاً: "I've been waiting for an hour."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: For در برابر Since (اعمال در حال انجام)
💡

The 'Number' Rule

If there is a number (2 hours, 5 days, 10 years), use 'for'. If there is a name (Monday, January, Christmas), use 'since'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل با عبارات زمانی (for, since, yet)
💡

قانون 'تا الان'

داری یه پروژه انجام می‌دی و می‌خوای بگی چقدر پیش رفتی. اگه می‌تونی آخر جمله‌ات بگی 'تا الان' (so far) و معنی بده، احتمالاً داری از ماضی نقلی استفاده می‌کنی. مثلاً: "I've written two pages so far."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: کارهایی که هنوز تمام نشده‌اند (امروز، این هفته)
🎯

قانون 'تا الان'

اگه می‌تونی آخر جمله‌ات 'تا الان' بذاری، تقریباً مطمئنی که باید از این زمان استفاده کنی. این بهترین راه برای تشخیصشه! مثلا:
I have read five books so far.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: تا الان (تاکنون)

واژگان کلیدی (6)

Duration length of time Since starting point Yet until now So far up to this point State a condition or situation Ongoing continuing

Real-World Preview

coffee

Catching up with a colleague

Review Summary

  • have/has + V3
  • have/has + been + V-ing

اشتباهات رایج

Use Present Perfect for duration, not Present Continuous.

Wrong: I am living here for 5 years.
صحیح: I have lived here for 5 years.

Since is for a point in time, for is for a period.

Wrong: I have known him since a long time.
صحیح: I have known him for a long time.

State verbs like 'know' do not take the continuous form.

Wrong: I have been knowing her for years.
صحیح: I have known her for years.

قواعد این فصل (7)

Next Steps

You've mastered a complex grammar area! Keep practicing, and it will become second nature.

Journaling about your current goals

تمرین سریع (10)

کدوم جمله برای کسی که ساعت ۱۱ صبح حرف می‌زنه درسته؟

Select the right option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I've had breakfast this morning.
چون هنوز صبحه، از ماضی نقلی برای توضیح کارهایی که تو اون بازه زمانی ناتمام انجام شده استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: کارهایی که هنوز تمام نشده‌اند (امروز، این هفته)

جای خالی رو با شکل درست فعل توی پرانتز پر کن.

I ___ (see) that movie three times so far.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: have seen
ما از 'have seen' استفاده می‌کنیم چون فاعل 'I' هست و دوره زمانی 'so far' نیاز به حال کامل داره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: تا الان (تاکنون)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

He have been waiting for the bus since twenty minutes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He has been waiting for the bus for twenty minutes.
برای فاعل سوم شخص مفرد (He) از 'has' و برای نشون دادن مدت زمان (20 minutes) از 'for' استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اعمال در حال انجام (حال کامل استمراری)

جمله درست رو انتخاب کن.

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She has gone to the store today.
'She' نیاز به 'has' داره و شکل سوم فعل 'go' هم 'gone' هست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: تا الان (تاکنون)

جمله صحیح رو انتخاب کن.

Select the correct way to express a long-term action:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I have known her since 2010.
فعل 'know' یک فعل حالتیه، پس باید از Present Perfect Simple استفاده کنیم، نه continuous.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اعمال در حال انجام (حال کامل استمراری)

جای خالی رو با شکل صحیح فعل پر کن.

I ___ (study) for three hours and I need a break.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: have_been_studying
از 'have been' + فعل ing دار استفاده می‌کنیم چون کار توی گذشته شروع شده و هنوز ادامه داره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: صحبت در مورد اعمال در حال انجام (حال کامل استمراری)

Correct the error in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

He hasn't yet finished his dinner.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He hasn't finished his dinner yet.
'Yet' usually goes at the end of the sentence.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل با عبارات زمانی (for, since, yet)

کلمه درست رو انتخاب کن.

I haven't seen my best friend ___ last summer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: since
'تابستان گذشته' (last summer) یه نقطه شروع مشخصه، پس از since استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل: For در برابر Since (اعمال در حال انجام)

کدوم جمله حال کامل رو با یه فعل حالتی درست استفاده کرده؟

جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I have loved this band since high school.
Love یه فعل حالتیه. معمولاً برای بیان یه احساس طولانی‌مدت و ادامه‌دار، شکل‌های استمراری نمی‌گیره. Have loved شکل درست حال کامل هستش.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل با افعال حالتی (من شناخته‌ام، او بوده است)

شکل درست رو برای کامل کردن جمله انتخاب کن.

My sister ___ interested in art since she was a child.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has been
Has been درسته چون be یه فعل حالتیه و حال کامل نشون میده که یه وضعیت تو گذشته شروع شده و تا الان ادامه داره. Is being به یه حرکت موقتی اشاره می‌کنه که اینجا مناسب نیست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: حال کامل با افعال حالتی (من شناخته‌ام، او بوده است)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

for بهت *مدت زمان* یا طول مدت یه کاری رو میگه (مثلاً: for three hours). since بهت *نقطه شروع* رو میگه که یه کاری از کی شروع شده (مثلاً: since 9 AM).
وقتی یه عمل یا حالتی تو گذشته شروع شده و تا همین لحظه ادامه داره، یا نتیجه‌اش هنوز مهمه. برای کارهاییه که still ongoing (هنوز در جریانه).
No, 'since' must be followed by a specific point in time (e.g., since 2010). For durations, use for.
Yes, it is grammatically correct and more formal. However, in B1 English, placing yet at the end is more common and natural.
نه، 'yesterday' یه بازه زمانی تموم شده‌ست. باید از گذشته ساده استفاده کنی:
I saw him yesterday,
نه
I have seen him yesterday.
باز هم می‌تونی از ماضی نقلی استفاده کنی! معمولاً یعنی یه کاری تو گذشته نامعلوم انجام شده ولی نتیجه‌اش الان مهمه. مثلاً: "I've lost my keys."