B1 · 중급 챕터 22

과거와 현재를 잇는 시간의 마법: 기간과 지속 표현하기

7 총 규칙
83 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting the past to your present reality with confidence.

  • Distinguish between 'for' and 'since' to measure duration.
  • Use Present Perfect to describe unfinished time periods.
  • Describe ongoing actions and states that started in the past.
Bridge the gap between yesterday and today.

배울 내용

여러분, 이제 단순히 '과거에 무언가를 했다'는 사실을 넘어, 그 일이 '지금까지 어떻게 이어지고 있는지'를 자연스럽게 말해볼 시간이에요! 이번 챕터에서는 영어 회화의 핵심인 현재완료(Present Perfect)를 완벽하게 정복해 볼 거예요. 먼저, 'for'와 'since'를 사용해 기간과 시작점을 정확히 구분하는 방법부터 배울 거예요. 친구와 대화할 때 «우리 알고 지낸 지 10년 됐어»라고 하거나, 직장에서 «이 프로젝트를 아침부터 지금까지 쭉 붙잡고 있어요»라고 상황을 설명해야 할 때가 있죠? 바로 이럴 때 Present Perfect와 Present Perfect Continuous가 빛을 발한답니다. 'I have known' 같은 상태 동사의 올바른 활용부터, 아직 끝나지 않은 시간(this week)에 대해 말하는 법, 그리고 'so far(지금까지)'를 활용해 그동안의 변화를 설명하는 법까지 차근차근 익히게 될 거예요. 이 챕터를 마치고 나면, 끊겨 있던 과거와 현재의 시간을 하나의 선으로 연결해 훨씬 더 원어민스럽고 풍성한 대화를 나눌 수 있게 될 거예요. 자, 이제 더 깊이 있는 영어의 세계로 함께 들어가 볼까요?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Explain your personal history and current status using the correct tense.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Mastering how to talk about
duration and ongoing actions
is a game-changer for B1 English grammar learners! This chapter is your key to sounding much more natural and articulate in everyday conversations. You'll move beyond simply stating facts and start connecting past experiences with your present reality.
Imagine being able to explain how long you've known your best friend, what you've been doing since you woke up this morning, or how your city has changed over the years. These aren't just advanced concepts; they're essential for truly expressing yourself in English.
By focusing on the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous, we'll bridge the gap between past events and their current relevance. This means you'll confidently discuss things that started in the past and are still true now, or actions that began previously and are still in progress. These structures are vital for expressing a sense of continuity, whether it's describing your experiences up to now or noting things that haven't finished yet.
Get ready to elevate your communication and clearly express those long-term situations and evolving circumstances.

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this chapter is about connecting the past to the present, focusing on duration and actions that aren't quite finished. The star of the show is the Present Perfect (have/has + past participle). We use it to describe actions that started in the past and continue up to now. For example, to state how long something has been happening, we use 'for' (for a period of time) or 'since' (since a specific start point).
Think:
I have lived here for five years
or
She has studied English since 2020.
Here, 'living' and 'studying' are ongoing.
The Present Perfect is also perfect for discussing things not finished yet, especially when the time period is still active. If it's Monday morning, you might say, "I haven't had breakfast yet today" – because 'today' isn't over, and you could still eat. Similarly, you can use it with time expressions like 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'so far' to summarise experiences within an unfinished period.
I have visited two new places this month so far.
Another crucial application is with state verbs (verbs describing states, not actions, like 'know,' 'be,' 'love,' 'understand'). With these, we use the Present Perfect to show a state began in the past and still continues:
I have known him for ten years,
not
I have been knowing him.
We also use the Present Perfect to describe changes over time:
The city has become much greener.
Finally, when we want to emphasise the ongoing nature or duration of an activity, we turn to the Present Perfect Continuous (have/has + been + -ing verb).
I have been studying for three hours
highlights the continuous effort.
The key difference is often emphasis: Present Perfect for result/fact, Present Perfect Continuous for the activity's duration/process.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: I live here for five years.
✓ Correct: I have lived here for five years.
Explanation: When you want to express how long something has been true or happening and it's still true now, you need the Present Perfect, not the Simple Present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: She is knowing him since 2010.
✓ Correct: She has known him since 2010.
Explanation: Know is a state verb, and generally, state verbs are not used in continuous forms. Use the Present Perfect to show the duration of a state that started in the past and continues to the present.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: I read a book all morning, so I'm tired.
✓ Correct: I have been reading a book all morning, so I'm tired.
Explanation: While
I read a book
is grammatically correct, using the Present Perfect Continuous (have been reading) here emphasises the ongoing action and its effect (being tired) in the present. It highlights the duration of the activity.

Real Conversations

A

A

Hi Alex! Long time no see. How have you been?
B

B

Hey Maria! I'm good, thanks. I have been working really hard on a new project lately. It has taken up most of my time since January.
A

A

Wow, that sounds intense! How many hours have you worked this week so far?
B

B

Oh, probably about 50 already. My eyes are tired because I have been staring at screens all day! But I have almost finished the main part of it.
A

A

That's great news! I haven't seen you this happy about a project in ages.
B

B

Yeah, it's challenging, but I have learned so much. I have never felt this productive!

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use 'for' vs. 'since' with the Present Perfect?

Use 'for' to specify a duration or period of time (e.g., for two hours,

for a long time
). Use 'since' to specify the starting point of an action or state (e.g., since yesterday, since 2018).

Q

Can I use the Present Perfect with time words like 'today' or 'this week'?

Yes, absolutely! When you use words like 'today,' 'this week,' 'this month,' or 'this year,' and that time period has not finished yet, you typically use the Present Perfect to describe actions or experiences within that ongoing period.

Q

What's the main difference between

I have lived here
and
I have been living here
?

Both are often correct for duration.

I have lived here for five years
states the fact of living here for that duration.
I have been living here for five years
emphasises the ongoing nature or process of living here. The continuous form can sometimes imply a temporary situation or a sense of personal involvement.

Q

Why can't I use continuous forms with state verbs in the Present Perfect?

State verbs describe states, emotions, or conditions (e.g., 'know,' 'love,' 'understand,' 'be,' 'have' for possession), not active processes. They naturally indicate duration without needing the continuous form. So, instead of

I have been knowing,
we say
I have known.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers use these structures constantly, making conversation flow naturally when discussing personal history, experiences, and current situations. There can be slight regional differences; for example, American English sometimes uses the Simple Past where British English might prefer the Present Perfect for recent events (
Did you eat yet?
vs.
Have you eaten yet?
).
However, for emphasizing duration and ongoing actions as covered here, the rules are largely consistent across dialects. In both formal and informal contexts, accurately using the Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous shows a good grasp of temporal relationships and adds sophistication to your communication.

주요 예문 (8)

1

I have been studying English `for three years` now.

저는 지금 3년 동안 영어를 공부하고 있어요.

현재완료: For vs. Since (지속적인 동작)
2

She hasn't called me `since Monday morning`.

그녀는 월요일 아침부터 나에게 전화하지 않았어요.

현재완료: For vs. Since (지속적인 동작)
3

I haven't seen that new Netflix series yet, but I've heard it's amazing.

그 넷플릭스 새 시리즈는 아직 못 봤는데, 정말 대단하대요.

현재완료와 시간 표현 (for, since, yet)
4

She has lived in London for five years and loves the city.

그녀는 런던에서 5년 동안 살았고, 그 도시를 사랑해요.

현재완료와 시간 표현 (for, since, yet)
5

I haven't had breakfast this morning.

오늘 아침 아직 아침을 안 먹었어요.

현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)
6

She has worked on the project a lot this week.

그녀는 이번 주에 프로젝트 작업을 많이 했어요.

현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)
7

I have never seen snow in real life.

나는 살면서 한 번도 실제 눈을 본 적이 없어.

현재완료: 지금까지 (so far)
8

She has worked on this project for three months so far.

그녀는 지금까지 이 프로젝트에서 3개월 동안 일했어.

현재완료: 지금까지 (so far)

팁과 요령 (4)

💡

기간 vs. 시작점

지금 이야기하는 게 '얼마나 오래' 그랬는지(for) 아니면 '언제부터' 시작했는지(since) 생각해 보세요. 이 질문 하나로 혼동을 줄일 수 있을 거예요.
I have been waiting for two hours.
vs.
I have been waiting since 3 PM.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: For vs. Since (지속적인 동작)
💡

'현재와 연결'을 생각해요!

항상 현재완료 시제는 과거와 '지금'을 연결한다는 것을 기억해요. 만약 어떤 일이 완전히 끝났고 언제 끝났는지 정확히 안다면, 단순 과거 시제를 쓰면 돼요. 이렇게 하면 시간 순서 오류를 피할 수 있어요.
I finished my homework yesterday.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료와 시간 표현 (for, since, yet)
💡

시간 단어를 찾아보세요!

'today', 'this morning', 'this week', 'this month', 'this year', 'so far', 'yet' 같은 단어들을 잘 보세요. 만약 이 단어들이 쓰였는데, 그 시간대가 아직 끝나지 않았다면 현재완료를 쓸 가능성이 아주 높아요. "Look for keywords like 'today,' 'this morning,' 'this week,' 'this month,' 'this year,' 'so far,' and 'yet.' If these are used, and the time period isn't finished, you're likely in Present Perfect territory."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)
💡

시간을 나타내는 단서들을 찾아보세요

친구에게 '아직 숙제 안 끝났어?'라고 물어볼 때처럼, 'yet', 'already', 'ever', 'never', 'so far', 'this week/month/year' 같은 단어들을 찾아보세요. 이 단어들은 아직 끝나지 않은 시간이나 '지금'과 연결된 경험을 나타내는 중요한 단서가 돼요. "I haven't finished my homework yet."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 지금까지 (so far)

핵심 어휘 (6)

Duration length of time Since starting point Yet until now So far up to this point State a condition or situation Ongoing continuing

Real-World Preview

coffee

Catching up with a colleague

Review Summary

  • have/has + V3
  • have/has + been + V-ing

자주 하는 실수

Use Present Perfect for duration, not Present Continuous.

Wrong: I am living here for 5 years.
정답: I have lived here for 5 years.

Since is for a point in time, for is for a period.

Wrong: I have known him since a long time.
정답: I have known him for a long time.

State verbs like 'know' do not take the continuous form.

Wrong: I have been knowing her for years.
정답: I have known her for years.

이 챕터의 규칙 (7)

Next Steps

You've mastered a complex grammar area! Keep practicing, and it will become second nature.

Journaling about your current goals

빠른 연습 (10)

문장을 완성할 올바른 시간 표현을 고르세요.

I haven't bought a new phone ___ two years.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: for
'for'는 'two years'와 같은 기간을 표현할 때 사용돼요. 'since'는 시작점을 필요로 하고, 'yet'은 완료 여부에 대한 부정문이나 질문에 쓰여요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료와 시간 표현 (for, since, yet)

문장의 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

She didn't call me back yet today.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She hasn't called me back yet today.
'yet today'는 하루가 아직 끝나지 않았음을 암시하므로, 단순 과거('didn't call')가 아닌 현재완료('hasn't called')를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)

문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 형태를 고르세요.

My sister ___ interested in art since she was a child.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has been
'be'는 상태 동사이고, 현재완료는 과거에 시작해서 현재까지 계속되는 상태를 나타내므로 'Has been'이 올바른 표현이에요. 'Is being'은 일시적인 행동을 의미하므로 여기에 적합하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 상태 동사와 함께 사용되는 현재완료 (알아왔다, 있어왔다)

시간이 흐름에 따른 변화를 올바르게 표현한 현재완료 문장을 고르세요.

올바른 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The price of coffee has increased a lot this month.
'This month'는 아직 끝나지 않은 기간이고, 커피 가격의 인상은 현재와 관련 있는 변화이므로 현재완료 ('has increased')가 맞아요. 'last month'는 끝난 시간이므로 단순 과거를 써야 하고, 'increases'는 습관적인 행동에 쓰는 단순 현재예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재 완료: 시간 경과에 따른 변화 (have/has + V3)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

My understanding of quantum physics significantly improved since I took that course.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My understanding of quantum physics has significantly improved since I took that course.
'since I took that course'는 과거에 시작해서 현재까지 이어지는 기간을 나타내요. 과거에 시작되어 현재에 결과나 관련성이 있는 변화에는 현재완료 ('has improved')를 사용해야 해요. 단순 과거 ('improved')는 적절하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재 완료: 시간 경과에 따른 변화 (have/has + V3)

Choose the most natural sounding sentence.

Why are your hands so dirty?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I have been working in the garden.
The dirty hands are a present result of a recent activity.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 진행 중인 행동에 대해 이야기하기 (현재완료 진행형)

미완료 기간과 함께 현재완료를 올바르게 사용한 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They have visited the museum this week.
'This week'은 미완료 기간이므로 현재완료가 올바른 선택입니다. 'Last week'은 완료된 시간으로, 단순 과거를 필요로 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)

Find the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

She has been knowing him since they were children.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: has been knowing -> has known
'Know' is a stative verb and cannot be continuous.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 진행 중인 행동에 대해 이야기하기 (현재완료 진행형)

문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 동사 형태를 고르세요.

I ___ (not finish) my report this morning.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: haven't finished
'this morning'이 아직 진행 중이므로, 현재완료를 사용해요. 'Haven't finished'는 현재 시간 안에 아직 완료되지 않은 행동을 나타냅니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)

문장을 완성하는 데 맞는 동사 형태를 고르세요.

I ___ never ___ such a delicious meal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: have / eaten
이 문장은 '지금까지'의 인생 경험을 묘사하므로, 현재완료 ('have eaten')가 올바른 형태입니다. 'Never'는 중요한 단서예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 현재완료: 지금까지 (so far)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

for는 어떤 일이 얼마나 오랫동안 일어났는지, 즉 '기간'을 알려줘요 (예: for three hours). since는 어떤 일이 언제 시작되었는지, 즉 '시작점'을 알려준답니다 (예: since 9 AM).
어떤 행동이나 상태가 과거에 시작되어서 현재까지 계속되거나, 그 결과가 지금도 유효할 때 사용해요. '지금도 진행 중인' 일에 쓰는 거죠.
이 단어들은 어떤 행동이 '얼마나 오랫동안' (for, since) 일어났는지, 또는 '지금까지' (yet) 일어났는지를 명확히 해주는 데 도움을 줘요. 과거와 현재를 연결하는 행동에 대해 중요한 시간적 맥락을 제공하죠.
I have worked here for a year.
'for'는 '얼마나 오랫동안'이라는 '기간'을 나타내요 (예: for two hours). 'since'는 과거의 '시작점'을 나타내죠 (예: since yesterday 또는 since 2020).
I have been waiting for ten minutes
vs.
I have been waiting since 7 AM.
현재완료의 핵심은 과거의 행동이나 상태를 현재와 연결하는 거예요. 특히 '오늘'이나 '이번 주'처럼 그 행동이 일어난 '시간대가 아직 진행 중일' 때 사용해요. 현재 시점까지의 상황을 나타낸다고 생각하면 돼요. 예를 들어, "I haven't seen my friend today"라고 하면, 아직 하루가 끝나지 않았고 친구를 볼 기회가 남아있다는 뜻이죠.
'this morning'처럼 언급하는 시점이 아직 진행 중이면 '미완료'예요. 예를 들어, 아직 오전이라면 'this morning'은 미완료죠. 반대로, 오후에 'this morning'에 대해 이야기한다면 그 시간은 이미 '완료'된 거예요. 이 구분이 현재완료와 단순 과거를 선택하는 데 중요해요.