현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 일 (오늘, 이번 주)
unfinished time과 current relevance예요.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions in a time period that is still happening right now.
- Use 'have/has' + past participle for time periods like 'today' or 'this week'.
- If the time period is over (like 'yesterday'), use the Past Simple instead.
- It focuses on the result or quantity within that unfinished window of time.
Overview
today, this week, this morning, this year와 같이 아직 끝나지 않은 기간임을 명확히 나타내는 시간 표현입니다. 이는 해당 시간 기간이 이미 완료되었다고 명시하는 Simple Past 시제와는 극명하게 대조됩니다.I haven't had coffee this morning. 이 문장은 아직 '오늘 아침'이며 커피를 마실 기회가 남아있음을 의미합니다. 행동(커피 마시기)은 현재 열려 있는 시간 창 안에서 제시됩니다. 하지만 만약 화자가 '오늘 아침'이 이미 지났을 때(예: 오후가 되었을 때) I didn't have coffee this morning.이라고 말한다면, 그것은 커피를 마실 기회가 끝났으며 해당 완료된 기간 동안 행동이 발생하지 않았음을 의미합니다.~했다)를 사용하며, 현재까지 이어지는 상태나 경험을 나타낼 때는 ~해 왔다, ~해 왔다, ~하고 있다와 같은 표현을 사용합니다. 예를 들어, '나는 오늘 아침에 커피를 마시지 않았다'는 한국어에서 나는 오늘 아침에 커피를 마시지 않았어요라고 말할 수 있으며, 이는 영어의 Simple Past I didn't have coffee this morning.과 유사하게 들릴 수 있습니다.I haven't had coffee this morning.은 '아직 아침이고, 커피를 마실 기회가 남아있다'는 뉘앙스를 더 강하게 전달합니다. 한국어 화자에게 이 '끝나지 않은 시간'이라는 개념과 그에 따른 Present Perfect의 사용은 다소 생소하게 느껴질 수 있습니다.have/has 조동사와 과거분사(V3)를 사용합니다. 이러한 패턴을 이해하면 정확하고 다양한 표현이 가능합니다.주어 + have/has + 과거분사 (V3) + (문장의 나머지 부분)I have read three books this month.(이 달은 아직 끝나지 않았으므로, 더 읽을 수도 있습니다.)She has made significant progress today.(오늘은 아직 진행 중이며, 그녀의 진전은 현재 관련성이 있습니다.)
주어 + have/has + not + 과거분사 (V3) + (문장의 나머지 부분)haven't for have not, hasn't for has not)이 매우 흔하게 사용됩니다.We haven't finished the report this week.(이번 주는 아직 끝나지 않았으므로, 우리는 여전히 보고서를 마칠 수 있습니다.)He hasn't called his mother today.(오늘은 아직 끝나지 않았으므로, 그는 여전히 전화할 시간이 있습니다.)
Have/Has + 주어 + 과거분사 (V3) + (문장의 나머지 부분)?Have you seen the new exhibition yet this year?(올해는 아직 끝나지 않았고, 당신은 여전히 그것을 볼 수도 있습니다.)Has the team submitted their proposal this morning?(아직 '오늘 아침'이고, 제출이 여전히 이루어질 수 있습니다.)
-ed를 붙여 만듭니다 (예: walk -> walked, play -> played). 하지만 불규칙 동사의 경우, 각 동사마다 고유한 과거분사 형태를 가지고 있어 암기가 필요합니다 (예: go -> gone, see -> seen, eat -> eaten, write -> written).I | have | eaten | I have eaten breakfast this morning. |You | have | studied | You have studied a lot this week. |He/She/It | has | seen | She has seen that movie recently. |We | have | visited | We have visited the museum today. |They | have | completed | They have completed three tasks this hour. |have와 has의 구분은 주어가 3인칭 단수(he, she, it)일 때는 has를 사용하고, 그 외의 모든 주어(I, you, we, they)에는 have를 사용한다는 점입니다. 한국어에는 이런 조동사 구분이 없기 때문에 처음에는 혼란스러울 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, '나는 이번 주에 많이 공부했다'는 I have studied a lot this week.라고 해야지, I studied a lot this week.라고 하면 '이번 주'라는 끝나지 않은 시간의 의미가 약해집니다.- 진행 중인 시간 프레임 내에서의 행동: 이것이 가장 직접적인 적용입니다.
today,this morning,this afternoon,this evening,this week,this month,this year,so far,recently와 같은 표현을 사용하고, 해당 기간이 아직 끝나지 않았다면 Present Perfect가 적절합니다. 이는 해당 기간이 끝나기 전에 행동이 다시 발생하거나 상태가 변할 수 있음을 시사합니다. I haven't had lunch yet this afternoon.(아직 '오늘 오후'이므로, 점심 식사는 여전히 가능성이 있습니다.)They have released two new products this quarter.(현재 분기는 아직 진행 중이므로, 더 많은 제품 출시가 있을 수 있습니다.)We have had three meetings so far this week.(이번 주는 아직 끝나지 않았고, 더 많은 회의가 예정될 수 있습니다.)
- 업데이트 및 소식 전달: Present Perfect는 현재 상황과 관련이 있는 최근 정보나 발전을 전달하는 데 이상적입니다. 이는 말하는 사람과 듣는 사람의 현재 시점까지, 암묵적으로 진행 중인 광범위한 시간 프레임 내에서 어떤 일이 발생했는지(또는 발생하지 않았는지)를 알려줍니다.
Our sales figures have increased considerably this quarter.(진행 중인 사업 기간에 대한 현재 업데이트입니다.)What have you been up to since we last spoke?(마지막으로 대화한 이후의 최근 활동에 대한 일반적인 문의입니다.)The company has announced its new CEO today.(오늘 발표된 소식이며, 이 소식은 현재 관련성이 있습니다.)
- 현재까지의 경험 및 성과 표현: 불특정 과거 시점부터 현재까지, 일반적이고 진행 중인 삶의 경험 내에서 발생한 경험이나 성과를 나열할 때 Present Perfect를 사용합니다.
ever와never와 같은 구문이 종종 이 용법과 함께 사용됩니다. I have visited three countries this year.(올해는 아직 진행 중이며, 더 방문할 수도 있습니다.)She has never missed a deadline in her career.(그녀의 경력은 진행 중인 시간 프레임이며, 이 진술은 그 안에서의 지속적인 사실을 설명합니다.)Have you ever tried Korean food?(현재까지 당신의 경험에 대해 묻는 것입니다.)
- 지속적인 기간을 나타내는 상태 동사: 상태 동사(예:
know,have,be,love,live)는 행동보다는 상태를 설명하며, Present Perfect는 진행 중인 기간 내에서 과거에 시작되어 현재까지 계속되는 상태를 나타냅니다. 종종for및since와 함께 사용되지만(관련 규칙에서 다룸), 명시적인 진행 중인 기간에도 자연스럽게 적용됩니다. I have lived in this city for five years, and I still live here.(이 도시에 사는 상태는 계속됩니다.)We have known each other since college.(서로를 알아온 상태는 '오늘'까지 계속됩니다.)He has had this car for ten years.(이 차를 가지고 있는 상태는 현재까지 이어집니다.)
저는 이 도시에 5년 동안 살았어요라고 과거 시제를 사용하거나, 현재까지 살고 있음을 강조하기 위해 저는 이 도시에 5년째 살고 있어요라고 말할 수 있습니다. 영어의 I have lived in this city for five years.는 이 두 가지 뉘앙스를 모두 포함하며, 현재까지 살고 있다는 점을 명확히 합니다. 따라서 '끝나지 않은 시간'이라는 개념을 Present Perfect와 연결하는 것이 한국어 학습자에게는 익숙하지 않을 수 있습니다.- 완료된 시간 표시어와 함께 Present Perfect 사용: 이것은 아마도 가장 흔한 오류일 것입니다. 학생들은 종종 완료된 과거 기간을 나타내는 부사나 구문과 Present Perfect를 잘못 짝지어 사용합니다.
- 잘못된 예:
I have seen him yesterday.❌ - 이유:
yesterday는 명백히 완료된 시간입니다. 따라서 이 시점까지의 경험이나 완료를 나타내는 Present Perfect 대신, 단순히 과거에 일어난 사건을 말하는 Simple Past를 사용해야 합니다. - 올바른 예:
I saw him yesterday.✅
this morning/this afternoon과 같은 표현의 오용: 이 표현들은 하루 중 특정 시간대를 나타내지만, 그 시간대가 여전히 진행 중인지 완료되었는지에 따라 사용되는 시제가 달라집니다.- 잘못된 예 (오후에 말할 때):
I haven't eaten breakfast this morning.❌ - 이유: 만약 지금 오후라면, '오늘 아침'이라는 시간은 이미 완료되었습니다. 따라서 이 완료된 시간 프레임 내에서의 행동을 나타내려면 Simple Past를 사용해야 합니다.
- 올바른 예 (오후에 말할 때):
I didn't eat breakfast this morning.✅ - 올바른 예 (아직 아침일 때):
I haven't eaten breakfast yet this morning.✅
- 과거의 특정 사건에 Present Perfect 사용: Present Perfect는 과거의 특정 시점에 발생한 독립적인 사건을 설명하는 데 사용되지 않습니다. 이는 현재와의 관련성이나 지속성을 강조하는 시제입니다.
- 잘못된 예:
My grandfather has died in 1980.❌ - 이유:
1980은 명백히 완료된 과거의 특정 연도입니다. 이 시점에 발생한 사건은 현재와 직접적인 관련성이 있는 진행 중인 경험으로 보기 어렵습니다. - 올바른 예:
My grandfather died in 1980.✅
- 한국어의 '했다'와 영어의 Simple Past/Present Perfect 혼동: 한국어에서는 과거의 사실을 말할 때 '했다'라는 표현을 광범위하게 사용합니다. 이 때문에 한국어 학습자들은 영어에서도 '과거에 ~했다'는 의미로 무조건 Simple Past를 사용하거나, 반대로 '현재까지 ~했다'는 뉘앙스를 살리려 Present Perfect를 사용해야 하는 상황에서 혼동하는 경우가 많습니다. 특히
this week와 같은 표현과 함께 Simple Past를 사용하는 것이 흔한 실수입니다. - 잘못된 예:
I didn't finish my homework this week.(이번 주가 아직 끝나지 않았는데도 불구하고) ❌ - 이유: '이번 주'는 끝나지 않은 시간입니다. 따라서 숙제를 아직 끝내지 못했다는 사실은 현재까지의 상태나 진행 중인 상황과 관련이 있습니다. 이 경우 Present Perfect가 더 자연스럽습니다.
- 올바른 예:
I haven't finished my homework this week.✅
today, this week, this month, this year, so far, recently, ever, never (끝나지 않은 기간) | yesterday, last week, last month, last year, in 2020, three days ago (완료된 기간), 또는 특정 과거 시점 |I have read two chapters this morning. (아직 아침이고, 더 읽을 수 있음) | I read two chapters yesterday. (어제 다 읽었고, 그 사건은 완료됨) |She has called me three times this week. (이번 주는 아직 진행 중이며, 더 걸려올 수 있음) | She called me last week. (지난주에 걸려온 사건이며, 완료됨) |We have seen that movie this year. (올해는 아직 끝나지 않았고, 올해 안에 본 경험임) | We saw that movie in 2023. (2023년이라는 특정 완료된 시점에 본 사건임) |I haven't finished my homework this week.Conjugating the Present Perfect
| Subject | Auxiliary | Past Participle (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
I / You / We / They
|
have
|
worked / seen
|
I have worked today.
|
|
He / She / It
|
has
|
worked / seen
|
She has seen him this week.
|
|
I / You / We / They (Neg)
|
have not (haven't)
|
eaten
|
They haven't eaten today.
|
|
He / She / It (Neg)
|
has not (hasn't)
|
eaten
|
It hasn't eaten this morning.
|
|
Questions
|
Have / Has [Subj]
|
finished
|
Have you finished this week?
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Pronunciation Hint |
|---|---|---|
|
I have
|
I've
|
Rhymes with 'five'
|
|
You have
|
You've
|
One syllable
|
|
He has
|
He's
|
Sounds like 'heeze'
|
|
She has
|
She's
|
Sounds like 'sheeze'
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
Same as 'it is'
|
|
We have
|
We've
|
Rhymes with 'leave'
|
|
They have
|
They've
|
Rhymes with 'save'
|
Meanings
The Present Perfect is used with time expressions that include the present moment (like today, this month, or so far) to show that an action happened within that period.
Unfinished Time Periods
Used when the time word refers to a period that continues into the present.
“We have seen two movies this week.”
“She has called me twice this morning.”
Cumulative Experience (So Far)
Used to count how many times something has happened from the start of a period until now.
“I've written five emails so far today.”
“How many books have you read this year?”
Recent Unspecified Actions in Open Periods
Focusing on the fact that an event occurred recently within a current timeframe.
“Have you seen the news today?”
“I haven't eaten anything this morning.”
Reference Table
| 주어 | 조동사 | V3 (과거분사) | 예문 | 시간 표현 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
have
|
finished
|
I haven't finished my homework.
|
yet
|
|
You
|
have
|
seen
|
Have you seen John?
|
today
|
|
He
|
has
|
eaten
|
He has eaten a lot.
|
this morning
|
|
She
|
has
|
gone
|
She hasn't gone to work.
|
this week
|
|
We
|
have
|
studied
|
We have studied hard.
|
so far
|
|
They
|
have
|
lived
|
They have lived here.
|
for 5 years
|
|
It
|
has
|
rained
|
It has rained a lot.
|
this month
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Have you consumed breakfast this morning? (Morning interaction)
Have you had breakfast this morning? (Morning interaction)
Have you eaten yet today? (Morning interaction)
You eaten today? (Morning interaction)
현재완료: 아직 끝나지 않은 시간
주요 요소
- Have/Has 조동사
- V3 과거분사
- Unfinished Time 맥락
시간 표현
- Today 오늘
- This Week 이번 주
- This Month 이번 달
- So Far 지금까지
- Yet 아직
기능
- Updates 최근 소식 공유
- Unfinished Action 시작했지만 계속될 수 있는 행동
- Current Relevance 과거 행동이 현재에 미치는 영향
현재완료 vs. 단순 과거 (시간)
현재완료 또는 단순 과거 선택 흐름도
시간 기간이 완료되었나요 ('yesterday', 'last week' 등)?
그 행동이 현재와 관련이 있거나 계속될 가능성이 있나요 ('today', 'this month' 등)?
현재완료 시간 표현
진행 중인 하루
- • today
- • this morning
- • this afternoon
- • this evening
- • tonight
진행 중인 주/월/년
- • this week
- • this month
- • this year
- • this semester
- • this quarter
일반적인 미완료
- • so far
- • yet
- • ever
- • never
- • recently
수준별 예문
I have washed my hands today.
She has eaten an apple this morning.
We have played football today.
Have you seen my cat today?
They have bought a new car this month.
He hasn't finished his homework this afternoon.
Have you had any coffee this morning?
It has rained a lot this week.
I've already sent three emails so far this morning.
We haven't seen many tourists in town this summer.
Has your sister called you this week?
The company has made a huge profit this year.
The researchers have conducted several experiments this quarter.
I haven't had the opportunity to speak with him this afternoon.
How many times has the fire alarm gone off this month?
The athlete has broken two world records this season.
The administration has faced mounting criticism this legislative session.
We have witnessed a significant shift in consumer behavior this decade.
The author has published three best-selling novels this year alone.
Has the board reached a consensus on the budget this afternoon?
The ecosystem has undergone irreversible changes this century due to climate shift.
The philosopher has, throughout this current treatise, challenged traditional ethics.
Seldom has the orchestra performed with such vigor as they have this season.
The currency has fluctuated wildly this week, causing market instability.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners often use Present Perfect with specific past times like 'yesterday'.
Both are past participles of 'go' (or 'be' used as 'go').
Learners use the continuous form to count actions.
자주 하는 실수
I have seen him yesterday.
I saw him yesterday.
She have eaten today.
She has eaten today.
I seen him today.
I have seen him today.
I have drinked water today.
I have drunk water today.
Did you see him this week?
Have you seen him this week?
I've went to the gym today.
I've been to the gym today.
I have worked last week.
I worked last week.
I've been seeing him three times today.
I've seen him three times today.
I have finished the work this afternoon (at 6 PM).
I finished the work this afternoon.
How long have you seen him today?
How many times have you seen him today?
The report has been released yesterday.
The report was released yesterday.
문장 패턴
I have ___ ___ today.
She has ___ ___ this week.
How many times have you ___ ___ this month?
It hasn't ___ much this ___.
So far this year, the company has ___ ___.
Real World Usage
I've tried calling you three times today!
I have completed several certifications this year.
I've had the best day today! #blessed
Have you guys had many orders this morning?
We've visited four museums this week.
I haven't felt very well this week.
You have exceeded your goals this quarter.
The stock market has fallen significantly today.
시간 단어를 찾아보세요!
구체적인 과거 시간은 피하세요!
'미완의 일'이라고 생각해요!
근황 공유 & 가벼운 대화
What have you been up to?나
Have you heard the news?같은 표현들은 현재 정보를 연결하고 공유하는 흔한 방법이랍니다. "In English-speaking cultures, the Present Perfect is frequently used for casual updates and small talk. 'What have you been up to?' or 'Have you heard the news?' are common ways to connect and share current information."
'Yet'과 'Already'로 연습해봐요!
Smart Tips
Default to the Present Perfect. The word 'this' usually signals that the period is still open.
Use the Present Perfect Simple, never the Continuous.
Use 'So far this [period]' to show you are productive but not finished.
Check your watch. If it's past 12:00 PM, switch to Past Simple immediately.
발음
Contraction of 'have'
In natural speech, 'I have' becomes 'I've' /aɪv/. The 'v' sound is very short.
Contraction of 'has'
'He has' becomes 'He's' /hiːz/. It sounds exactly like 'He is'. Context tells you which one it is.
Weak form of 'have'
In questions, 'Have' is often unstressed and sounds like /həv/ or even /əv/.
Rising intonation for questions
Have you seen him today? ↗
Asking for information
Falling intonation for statements
I've seen him today. ↘
Giving an update
암기하기
기억법
Remember 'The Open Box': If the day/week is still an 'open box', use the Present Perfect to put things inside it.
시각적 연상
Imagine a calendar with today's date circled in bright red. Because the circle isn't crossed out yet, you 'have' to use the Present Perfect.
Rhyme
If the time is still today, 'Have' and 'Has' are here to stay.
Story
A busy office worker named 'Have' keeps a tally of everything he does 'this week'. He never closes his notebook until Sunday night. As long as the notebook is open, he uses his own name ('I have done...') to record his tasks.
Word Web
챌린지
Look at your watch. List three things you have done so far today using 'I have... today'.
문화 노트
BrE speakers are very strict about using Present Perfect for unfinished time. Saying 'Did you eat today?' sounds slightly 'American' or 'wrong' to some.
AmE speakers often use the Past Simple with 'today' or 'this week', especially in casual speech. 'Did you see the news today?' is very common in the US.
Similar to British English, but with a tendency to use contractions even more frequently in speech.
The Present Perfect comes from the Old English 'habban' (to have) combined with a past participle. Originally, it meant 'I possess the result of an action'.
대화 시작하기
What have you done so far today?
How many coffees have you had this morning?
Have you seen any good movies this month?
What's the most interesting thing that has happened this year?
How has your perspective on your career changed this year?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
I ___ (not finish) my report this morning.
Find and fix the mistake:
She didn't call me back yet today.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'No hemos comido sushi este mes.'
Answer starts with: ["W...
Score: /4
연습 문제
8 exercisesI ___ three cups of tea so far today.
We ___ (see) that movie twice this week.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has visited her aunt yesterday.
this / has / rained / week / it / a / lot
1. Yesterday, 2. Today, 3. Last Year, 4. This Year
___ you ___ to the gym this morning? (It is now 10:00 AM)
The company ___ launched two new products this month.
Select the grammatically perfect sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMy boss ___ (not reply) to my email yet today.
I saw him this morning, and it's still morning.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'Ella no ha estudiado nada esta semana.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match each subject with its correct Present Perfect auxiliary:
The students ___ (not submit) their essays so far this semester.
Have you went to the new coffee shop this week?
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Ella ha visto esa película muchas veces.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the base verb with its Past Participle:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, especially in American English or if you feel the 'action part' of your day is over. However, `Present Perfect` is more common for updates.
As long as it is still that time (e.g., 11:59 PM for 'today'), you can use the `Present Perfect`.
Use `been` if you went and came back. Use `gone` if you are still there. 'I've been to London twice this year' means you are not in London now.
In English, collective nouns like 'company', 'team', or 'government' are usually treated as singular (it), so they take `has`.
No. If it's 3:00 PM, you must say 'I had coffee this morning' (Past Simple) because the morning is finished.
It means 'from the start until now'. It is a classic signal for the `Present Perfect`.
Yes! Your life is an unfinished time period. 'I have been to Paris' is Present Perfect because you are still alive.
In this context, yes. But 'He's' can be 'He is' or 'He has'. You have to look at the next word (V3 vs. Adjective/Noun).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto
Latin American Spanish uses Past Simple where English requires Present Perfect.
Passé Composé
French doesn't distinguish between 'I ate' and 'I have eaten' in spoken language.
Perfekt
German uses the perfect form for finished time periods in speech.
~te iru / ~ta
Japanese lacks a specific auxiliary verb like 'have' to mark unfinished time.
Qad + Past Verb
Arabic relies more on time adverbs than verb aspect to show unfinished time.
le (了) / guo (过)
Chinese has no verb conjugation for time; it uses particles and time words.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
Peter Dinklage Was Relieved When Game of Thrones Ended | The Graham Norton Show
common diseases and sicknesses names | Health Vocabulary | Listen and Repeat
Tuberculosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
Learn English Tenses: The Present Perfect
Learn English with Bob the Canadian
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