Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions in a time period that is still happening right now.
- Use 'have/has' + past participle for time periods like 'today' or 'this week'.
- If the time period is over (like 'yesterday'), use the Past Simple instead.
- It focuses on the result or quantity within that unfinished window of time.
Overview
Present Perfect（現在完了形）なんだ。「まだ終わっていないこと」を語るための文法だね。特定の期間を一つの「容器」として考えてみて。もしその容器（例えば today や this week）がまだ開いているなら、この時制の出番。10分前にしたことと、これから10分後にまたするかもしれないことの橋渡しをしてくれるんだ。「これまでのところ」という瞬間を伝えるのにぴったりだよ。コーヒーを何杯飲んだか記録したり、起きてから何回インスタをチェックしたか数えたりする時は、これが最強のツールになる。あ、でもスヌーズを何回押したかを数えるのには使わないほうがいいかも。世の中には知らないほうがいいこともあるからね。How This Grammar Works
Present Perfect は、過去の行動を「現在のリアル」に繋げてくれる。ポイントは「未完了」であること。使っている時間の言葉（this month や this year など）がまだ有効なら、Present Perfect が主役だよ。聞き手に「ねえ、これまでこういうことが起きたよ。でも、時計の針が12時を回るまでには、もっと何かが起きるかもね」って伝えているんだ。読み終わった本と、今まさに一気見しているNetflixのシリーズの違いだと思えばいい。君はまだストーリーの中にいる。まさにそれを友達に伝えるための時制なんだ。ダイナミックで、今っぽくて、すごく「ライブ感」があるよね。
Formation Pattern
I, You, We, They, He, She, It）から始める。
have を使うけど、「三人称のトリオ」（He, She, It）の時は has に切り替えよう。
eaten, seen, done など）のことだね。
today, this week, this semester, so far といった言葉。
Conjugation Table
| Form | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| --- | --- | --- | |
| Positive | I have seen three movies this week. | 今週、映画を3本{観 | み}たよ。 |
| Negative | She hasn't called me today. | 今日、彼女から電話が来ていないんだ。 | |
| Question | Have you eaten lunch yet? | もうお昼ご飯は食べた？ | |
| Short Form | They've traveled a lot this year. | 彼らは今年、たくさん旅行しているよ。 |
Politeness Levels
英語では、他の言語のように丁寧さを表すために動詞の形を変えることはないんだ。でも、「短縮形」をどう使うかが大事になってくるよ。
- カジュアル / SNS
I've, You've, He's のような短縮形を使おう。「今日めっちゃコーヒー飲んじゃった！」みたいな時だね。
- フォーマル / 仕事のZoom
強調したい時やビジネスメールでは、短縮しないフルフォームを使おう。
We have received three applications this morning.（今朝、3件の応募を受領いたしました）のようにね。
- メッセージ（チャット）
雑なやり取りだと have を完全に飛ばしちゃう人もいるけど（
I seen it todayとか）、それはやめておこう。英文法の先生が泣いちゃうからね。
When To Use It
- Today（今日）: "I've checked my emails five times today."（今日、5回もメールをチェックしちゃった）
- This week/month/year（今週/今月/今年）: "We've moved house this month."（今月、引っ越しをしたんだ。まだ今月は終わっていないよね！）
- So far / Up to now（今のところ）:
So far, the concert has been amazing.
（今のところ、コンサートは最高だよ） - Recently / Lately（最近）:
Have you seen any good TikToks lately?
（最近、面白いTikTok見た？） - This semester/term（今学期）: "I've had four exams this semester."（今学期は試験が4回あったよ）
Present Perfect を使おう。もし停電して配信が止まっちゃったら（例えば yesterday や last week のように）、Past Simple（過去形）に切り替える必要がある。すべては時計とカレンダー次第なんだ。
Common Mistakes
- Mistake 1: まだ終わっていない期間に
Past Simple（過去形）を使ってしまう。
I saw him today.
I saw him todayもよく使われるけど、B1試験やグローバルな英語としては、一日が終わっていないなら
Present Perfect が「正解」だよ。）- Mistake 2: すでに終わった期間に
Present Perfectを使ってしまう。
I saw her yesterday.
- Mistake 3:
He/She/Itの時にhasを忘れてしまう。
She have worked hard this week.
She has worked hard this week.
- Mistake 4: 動詞の形を間違える。
gone が過去分詞で、went は単なる過去形。have の後に went を使うのは、シリアルにオレンジジュースをかけるようなもの。なんだか違和感があるよね。Contrast With Similar Patterns
- Present Perfect: "I've drunk three waters this morning."（まだ午前中。もっと飲むかもしれない。水分補給は現在進行中のミッションだ。）
- Past Simple:
I drank three waters this morning.
（今はもう午後か夜。午前中はもう思い出の中。その期間の水分補給記録は完結している。）
- Present Perfect: "I've written three emails."（「結果」や、終わっていない期間内にこなした「数」にフォーカスしている。）
- Present Perfect Continuous: "I've been writing emails all morning."（「プロセス」や「継続時間」にフォーカスしている。たぶん疲れていて、おやつが必要な状態だね。）
Present Perfect は「何を」したかを数え、Past Simple は「いつ」したかを過去に葬り去るんだ。Quick FAQ
this morning は Past Simple と Present Perfect の両方で使えるの？
そうだよ！もし今が午前10時なら Present Perfect を使おう。もし午後4時なら Past Simple だね。いつ話しているかがすべてなんだ。
recently はどう？
recently（最近）はほとんどの場合 Present Perfect を使うよ。今に近い、まだ完全には「閉じていない」時間を暗示しているからね。
so far は魔法の言葉なの？
基本的にその通り。so far（今のところ）を見かけたら、99%の確率で Present Perfect が必要になる。「未完了」を表す最強のシグナルだよ。
もし時間を言わなかったら？
行動は終わっているけどその「結果」が今に関係しているなら、Present Perfect を使おう。でも、もし特定の「まだ終わっていない期間」を意識しているなら、それを言葉に出してみて！英語に深が出るよ。ピザにチーズを追加するようなものだね。別にしなくてもいいけど、したほうがもっといいでしょ？
Conjugating the Present Perfect
| Subject | Auxiliary | Past Participle (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
I / You / We / They
|
have
|
worked / seen
|
I have worked today.
|
|
He / She / It
|
has
|
worked / seen
|
She has seen him this week.
|
|
I / You / We / They (Neg)
|
have not (haven't)
|
eaten
|
They haven't eaten today.
|
|
He / She / It (Neg)
|
has not (hasn't)
|
eaten
|
It hasn't eaten this morning.
|
|
Questions
|
Have / Has [Subj]
|
finished
|
Have you finished this week?
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Pronunciation Hint |
|---|---|---|
|
I have
|
I've
|
Rhymes with 'five'
|
|
You have
|
You've
|
One syllable
|
|
He has
|
He's
|
Sounds like 'heeze'
|
|
She has
|
She's
|
Sounds like 'sheeze'
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
Same as 'it is'
|
|
We have
|
We've
|
Rhymes with 'leave'
|
|
They have
|
They've
|
Rhymes with 'save'
|
Meanings
The Present Perfect is used with time expressions that include the present moment (like today, this month, or so far) to show that an action happened within that period.
Unfinished Time Periods
Used when the time word refers to a period that continues into the present.
“We have seen two movies this week.”
“She has called me twice this morning.”
Cumulative Experience (So Far)
Used to count how many times something has happened from the start of a period until now.
“I've written five emails so far today.”
“How many books have you read this year?”
Recent Unspecified Actions in Open Periods
Focusing on the fact that an event occurred recently within a current timeframe.
“Have you seen the news today?”
“I haven't eaten anything this morning.”
Reference Table
| 主語 (Subject) | 助動詞 (Auxiliary) | 過去分詞 (V3) | 例文 (Example Sentence) | 時間表現 (Time Expression) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
have
|
finished
|
I haven't finished my homework.
|
yet
|
|
You
|
have
|
seen
|
Have you seen John?
|
today
|
|
He
|
has
|
eaten
|
He has eaten a lot.
|
this morning
|
|
She
|
has
|
gone
|
She hasn't gone to work.
|
this week
|
|
We
|
have
|
studied
|
We have studied hard.
|
so far
|
|
They
|
have
|
lived
|
They have lived here.
|
for 5 years
|
|
It
|
has
|
rained
|
It has rained a lot.
|
this month
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Have you consumed breakfast this morning? (Morning interaction)
Have you had breakfast this morning? (Morning interaction)
Have you eaten yet today? (Morning interaction)
You eaten today? (Morning interaction)
現在完了形：未完了の期間
主要な要素
- Have/Has 助動詞
- V3 過去分詞
- 未完了の時間 文脈
時間表現
- Today 今日
- This Week 今週
- This Month 今月
- So Far これまでのところ
- Yet まだ
機能
- Updates 近況報告
- Unfinished Action 始まった行動、まだ継続可能
- Current Relevance 過去の行動が現在に影響
現在完了形 vs. 単純過去形 (時間の比較)
現在完了形と単純過去形の選び方
その期間は終わっていますか？（例:「yesterday (昨日)」、「last week (先週)」）
その行動は現在に関連していますか、それともまだ続く可能性がありますか？（例:「today (今日)」、「this month (今月)」）
現在完了形と一緒によく使う時間表現
継続中の日
- • today
- • this morning
- • this afternoon
- • this evening
- • tonight
継続中の週/月/年
- • this week
- • this month
- • this year
- • this semester
- • this quarter
一般的な未完了
- • so far
- • yet
- • ever
- • never
- • recently
レベル別の例文
I have washed my hands today.
She has eaten an apple this morning.
We have played football today.
Have you seen my cat today?
They have bought a new car this month.
He hasn't finished his homework this afternoon.
Have you had any coffee this morning?
It has rained a lot this week.
I've already sent three emails so far this morning.
We haven't seen many tourists in town this summer.
Has your sister called you this week?
The company has made a huge profit this year.
The researchers have conducted several experiments this quarter.
I haven't had the opportunity to speak with him this afternoon.
How many times has the fire alarm gone off this month?
The athlete has broken two world records this season.
The administration has faced mounting criticism this legislative session.
We have witnessed a significant shift in consumer behavior this decade.
The author has published three best-selling novels this year alone.
Has the board reached a consensus on the budget this afternoon?
The ecosystem has undergone irreversible changes this century due to climate shift.
The philosopher has, throughout this current treatise, challenged traditional ethics.
Seldom has the orchestra performed with such vigor as they have this season.
The currency has fluctuated wildly this week, causing market instability.
間違えやすい
Learners often use Present Perfect with specific past times like 'yesterday'.
Both are past participles of 'go' (or 'be' used as 'go').
Learners use the continuous form to count actions.
よくある間違い
I have seen him yesterday.
I saw him yesterday.
She have eaten today.
She has eaten today.
I seen him today.
I have seen him today.
I have drinked water today.
I have drunk water today.
Did you see him this week?
Have you seen him this week?
I've went to the gym today.
I've been to the gym today.
I have worked last week.
I worked last week.
I've been seeing him three times today.
I've seen him three times today.
I have finished the work this afternoon (at 6 PM).
I finished the work this afternoon.
How long have you seen him today?
How many times have you seen him today?
The report has been released yesterday.
The report was released yesterday.
文型パターン
I have ___ ___ today.
She has ___ ___ this week.
How many times have you ___ ___ this month?
It hasn't ___ much this ___.
So far this year, the company has ___ ___.
Real World Usage
I've tried calling you three times today!
I have completed several certifications this year.
I've had the best day today! #blessed
Have you guys had many orders this morning?
We've visited four museums this week.
I haven't felt very well this week.
You have exceeded your goals this quarter.
The stock market has fallen significantly today.
時間を示す言葉に注目
過去の特定の時間は避けて
「未完了の用事」と考えてみて
近況報告や世間話に
「Yet」と「Already」を使いこなそう
Smart Tips
Default to the Present Perfect. The word 'this' usually signals that the period is still open.
Use the Present Perfect Simple, never the Continuous.
Use 'So far this [period]' to show you are productive but not finished.
Check your watch. If it's past 12:00 PM, switch to Past Simple immediately.
発音
Contraction of 'have'
In natural speech, 'I have' becomes 'I've' /aɪv/. The 'v' sound is very short.
Contraction of 'has'
'He has' becomes 'He's' /hiːz/. It sounds exactly like 'He is'. Context tells you which one it is.
Weak form of 'have'
In questions, 'Have' is often unstressed and sounds like /həv/ or even /əv/.
Rising intonation for questions
Have you seen him today? ↗
Asking for information
Falling intonation for statements
I've seen him today. ↘
Giving an update
暗記しよう
記憶術
Remember 'The Open Box': If the day/week is still an 'open box', use the Present Perfect to put things inside it.
視覚的連想
Imagine a calendar with today's date circled in bright red. Because the circle isn't crossed out yet, you 'have' to use the Present Perfect.
Rhyme
If the time is still today, 'Have' and 'Has' are here to stay.
Story
A busy office worker named 'Have' keeps a tally of everything he does 'this week'. He never closes his notebook until Sunday night. As long as the notebook is open, he uses his own name ('I have done...') to record his tasks.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look at your watch. List three things you have done so far today using 'I have... today'.
文化メモ
BrE speakers are very strict about using Present Perfect for unfinished time. Saying 'Did you eat today?' sounds slightly 'American' or 'wrong' to some.
AmE speakers often use the Past Simple with 'today' or 'this week', especially in casual speech. 'Did you see the news today?' is very common in the US.
Similar to British English, but with a tendency to use contractions even more frequently in speech.
The Present Perfect comes from the Old English 'habban' (to have) combined with a past participle. Originally, it meant 'I possess the result of an action'.
会話のきっかけ
What have you done so far today?
How many coffees have you had this morning?
Have you seen any good movies this month?
What's the most interesting thing that has happened this year?
How has your perspective on your career changed this year?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
I ___ (not finish) my report this morning.
Find and fix the mistake:
She didn't call me back yet today.
正しい文を選びましょう。
Translate into English: 'No hemos comido sushi este mes.'
Answer starts with: ["W...
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesI ___ three cups of tea so far today.
We ___ (see) that movie twice this week.
Find and fix the mistake:
She has visited her aunt yesterday.
this / has / rained / week / it / a / lot
1. Yesterday, 2. Today, 3. Last Year, 4. This Year
___ you ___ to the gym this morning? (It is now 10:00 AM)
The company ___ launched two new products this month.
Select the grammatically perfect sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMy boss ___ (not reply) to my email yet today.
I saw him this morning, and it's still morning.
正しい文はどれですか？
Translate into English: 'Ella no ha estudiado nada esta semana.'
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作りましょう。
各主語と正しい現在完了形の助動詞を組み合わせましょう。
The students ___ (not submit) their essays so far this semester.
Have you went to the new coffee shop this week?
正しい文を選びましょう。
Translate into English: 'Ella ha visto esa película muchas veces.'
これらの単語を並べ替えて文を作りましょう。
原形動詞と過去分詞を組み合わせましょう。
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, especially in American English or if you feel the 'action part' of your day is over. However, `Present Perfect` is more common for updates.
As long as it is still that time (e.g., 11:59 PM for 'today'), you can use the `Present Perfect`.
Use `been` if you went and came back. Use `gone` if you are still there. 'I've been to London twice this year' means you are not in London now.
In English, collective nouns like 'company', 'team', or 'government' are usually treated as singular (it), so they take `has`.
No. If it's 3:00 PM, you must say 'I had coffee this morning' (Past Simple) because the morning is finished.
It means 'from the start until now'. It is a classic signal for the `Present Perfect`.
Yes! Your life is an unfinished time period. 'I have been to Paris' is Present Perfect because you are still alive.
In this context, yes. But 'He's' can be 'He is' or 'He has'. You have to look at the next word (V3 vs. Adjective/Noun).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto
Latin American Spanish uses Past Simple where English requires Present Perfect.
Passé Composé
French doesn't distinguish between 'I ate' and 'I have eaten' in spoken language.
Perfekt
German uses the perfect form for finished time periods in speech.
~te iru / ~ta
Japanese lacks a specific auxiliary verb like 'have' to mark unfinished time.
Qad + Past Verb
Arabic relies more on time adverbs than verb aspect to show unfinished time.
le (了) / guo (过)
Chinese has no verb conjugation for time; it uses particles and time words.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
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