Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In the Present Simple, always add an 's' to the verb when the subject is He, She, or It.
- Add -s for most verbs: 'He works' (max 20 words)
- Add -es for verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -x, -z, or -s: 'She watches'
- Change -y to -ies if a consonant comes before it: 'It flies'
Overview
My cat love sleeping」のようなキャプションを投稿して、文法にうるさい友達からすぐにDMが届いたことはありませんか？誰にでもある経験です。主語と動詞の一致（Subject-verb agreement）は、英語の接着剤のようなものです。これは、主語（文の主人公）と動詞（アクション）が同じ波長で響き合っているかを確認する繊細な技術です。主語が一人（一つ）の場合、動詞には「s」が必要になることが多いです。主語に仲間がいる場合、動詞はそのままです。単純に聞こえますが、WhatsAppで速くタイピングしているときなどは、ネイティブスピーカーでも間違えることがあります。これは単にテストに合格するためだけではありません。YouTubeのビデオにコメントしたり、上司にZoomの招待を送ったりするときに、ボットのように見えないようにするためでもあります。靴を服装に合わせるようなものだと考えてください。間違えると変な意味で目立ってしまいますが、正しくできれば、あなたの英語は完璧にキュレートされたSpotifyのプレイリストのように流暢になります。How This Grammar Works
he」「she」「it」のグループに重点を置きます。このグループは少しうるさ型です。現在形では、動詞の末尾に「s」を要求します。それ以外の人たち（I、you、we、they）はもっとリラックスしていて、動詞の原形を使います。これは、三人称単数だけが特別な「S」バッジをもらえるVIPクラブのようなものです。なぜ英語はこんなことをするのでしょうか？それは古い歴史の名残ですが、今日では「誰が何をしているか」を明確にするのに役立っています。もし「The dog bark」と言ったら、脳内で言語パックを読み込み中であるかのように聞こえます。でも「The dog barks」と言えば、プロのように聞こえます。興味深いことに、「I」と「you」は単数ですが、複数のルールに従います。言語とはそういう奇妙なものです。そのまま受け入れれば大丈夫です。
Formation Pattern
I」「you」「he」「she」「it」「we」「they」ですか？それとも「my phone」のような名詞ですか？
he、she、it または単数の名詞）に「S」のルールを適用します。
-s」を追加します。動詞が「-ch」「-sh」「-x」「-s」で終わる場合は、「-es」を追加します（例：watches）。
y」で終わる場合は、「y」を「i」に変えて「-es」を追加します（例：studies）。
be」「have」「do」には独自の気分があります。「I am」「He is」「They are」。「She has」「We have」。
When To Use It
wake up, she wakes up）、事実を述べるとき（The sun rises）、Netflixの番組についてコメントするとき（The main character dies in the end — ネタバレ注意！）など、このルールが必要です。有能に見せたい仕事のメールでは不可欠です。採用担当者にメールを送る場面を想像してください。「My experience match the job」と「My experience matches the job」。後者なら面接に呼ばれるでしょうが、前者は丁寧なお断りメールが届くかもしれません。気になる人にメールするときも使ってください。文法がひどいと、雰囲気が台無しになります。ゲームでも重要です。Discordのチャットで「The enemy moves left」と言う方が「Enemy move left」よりもずっと明確です。これは、英語で組み立てるほぼすべての文の基礎となります。
Common Mistakes
s」がある（例：dogs）のを見て、動詞にも「s」が必要だと思いがちです。違います！逆です。名詞に「s」がある場合、動詞には通常「s」はつきません。「The dogs bark」（正解）、「The dogs barks」（不正解）。これはシーソーのようなもので、片側に「s」があれば、もう片方にはありません。もう一つの定番は「I」と「you」の罠です。「I」は一人ですが、決して「-s」はつきません。「I likes pizza」はアニメのキャラクターのように聞こえます。「I like pizza」を使いましょう。それから「team」や「family」のような「集合名詞」の悩みがあります。アメリカ英語では通常、これらを一つの単位として扱います。したがって「The team wins」となります。「介入句」にも注意してください。「The box of chocolates is on the table」と言う場合、主語は「box」であり、「chocolates」ではありません。Contrast With Similar Patterns
I worked, she worked）。主語と動詞の一致の苦労は、主に現在形のパーティーです。また、現在進行形（-ing形）とも混ぜないでください。「She is walking」では、一致は「is」の部分で起こり、「walking」の部分ではありません。「She walking」とは言いません。もう一つの混乱ポイントは、「can」や「will」のような「助動詞」です。彼らは反逆者で、主語が誰であっても決して変わりません。「He can swim」であり、「He cans swim」ではありません。最後に「There is/There are」に注意してください。動詞は後ろに来るものと一致させる必要があります。「There is a fly in my soup」（ハエが一匹）。Quick FAQ
「everyone」は単数動詞ですか、複数動詞ですか？
単数です！たくさんの人を指すように聞こえますが、文法的には一つのグループです。「Everyone likes coffee」と言いましょう。
「and」はどうですか？
「and」でつながれた二つの主語がある場合、それは複数になります。「Tom and Jerry run fast」です。
「My family is」ですか、それとも「My family are」ですか？
アメリカでは「is」と言います。イギリスでは「are」と言うことが多いです。
なぜ「you」は常に複数の動詞を使うのですか？
古英語では「you」はグループに対してのみ使われていたからです。最終的に一人に対しても使うようになりましたが、動詞の形は複数のまま残りました。
「s」のルールは「was」と「were」にも適用されますか？
はい！「I was」「He was」ですが、「They were」となります。
2. Negative Contractions (Third Person)
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
He does not
|
He doesn't
|
Most common in speech
|
|
She does not
|
She doesn't
|
Most common in speech
|
|
It does not
|
It doesn't
|
Most common in speech
|
Present Simple Conjugation: 'To Work'
| Subject | Verb Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
I
|
Base Form
|
I work
|
|
You
|
Base Form
|
You work
|
|
He
|
Base + S
|
He works
|
|
She
|
Base + S
|
She works
|
|
It
|
Base + S
|
It works
|
|
We
|
Base Form
|
We work
|
|
They
|
Base Form
|
They work
|
Meanings
The rule requiring the addition of a suffix (-s, -es, or -ies) to a base verb when the subject is in the third-person singular (He, She, It, or a single name/object) in the present tense.
Standard Agreement
Adding a simple 's' to the majority of English verbs to match a singular subject.
“He plays the guitar every evening.”
“She lives in a small apartment.”
Phonetic Spelling Adjustment
Adding '-es' instead of '-s' when a verb ends in sounds that would be hard to pronounce with just an 's' (like 'sh' or 'ch').
“He washes his car on Sundays.”
“She teaches mathematics at the local school.”
Consonant-Y Transformation
Changing the 'y' to 'i' and adding 'es' when the verb ends in a consonant followed by 'y'.
“The baby cries when he is hungry.”
“She studies hard for her exams.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subject + Verb(s/es)
|
He speaks Spanish.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + doesn't + Verb (base)
|
She doesn't speak Spanish.
|
|
Question
|
Does + Subject + Verb (base)?
|
Does it work?
|
|
Short Answer (+)
|
Yes, Subject + does
|
Yes, he does.
|
|
Short Answer (-)
|
No, Subject + doesn't
|
No, she doesn't.
|
|
Spelling (-es)
|
Verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -x, -s
|
He watches movies.
|
|
Spelling (-ies)
|
Consonant + y → ies
|
The bird flies.
|
|
Irregular
|
Have → Has
|
She has a dog.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
He serves as the Chief Executive Officer. (Professional introduction)
He works as a manager. (Professional introduction)
He's a manager. (Professional introduction)
He runs the show. (Professional introduction)
The 'S' Club Members
Pronouns
- He Male person
- She Female person
- It Object/Animal
Singular Nouns
- My friend One person
- The car One thing
I/You/We/They vs. He/She/It
Should I add an 'S'?
Is the subject He, She, It, or 1 person/thing?
Is it a negative or a question?
Spelling Rules for the 'S'
Just add S
- • works
- • plays
- • eats
Add ES
- • watches
- • washes
- • fixes
Change to IES
- • studies
- • cries
- • flies
レベル別の例文
He drinks milk every morning.
Él bebe leche cada mañana.
She speaks English very well.
Ella habla inglés muy bien.
It rains a lot in London.
Llueve mucho en Londres.
My cat likes fish.
A mi gato le gusta el pescado.
He doesn't watch TV at night.
Él no ve la televisión por la noche.
Does she study at the library?
¿Estudia ella en la biblioteca?
The bus finishes its route here.
El autobús termina su ruta aquí.
He has a new smartphone.
Él tiene un teléfono inteligente nuevo.
Everyone knows that the earth goes around the sun.
Todo el mundo sabe que la tierra gira alrededor del sol.
Nobody wants to work on Saturdays.
Nadie quiere trabajar los sábados.
She tries to exercise at least three times a week.
Ella intenta hacer ejercicio al menos tres veces por semana.
The news starts at eight o'clock.
Las noticias empiezan a las ocho.
Neither of my brothers lives in this city.
Ninguno de mis hermanos vive en esta ciudad.
The government proposes a new tax on sugar.
El gobierno propone un nuevo impuesto al azúcar.
The data suggests that prices are rising.
Los datos sugieren que los precios están subiendo.
Does anyone know where the manager is?
¿Alguien sabe dónde está el gerente?
The complexity of the issues requires a detailed analysis.
La complejidad de los problemas requiere un análisis detallado.
Physics deals with the fundamental laws of nature.
La física trata con las leyes fundamentales de la naturaleza.
Every man and woman has the right to vote.
Cada hombre y mujer tiene el derecho a votar.
The jury reaches a verdict after hours of deliberation.
El jurado llega a un veredicto tras horas de deliberación.
The sheer number of variables involved complicates the process.
La gran cantidad de variables involucradas complica el proceso.
Politics is often described as the art of the possible.
La política se describe a menudo como el arte de lo posible.
If anyone calls, tell them I'm busy.
Si alguien llama, diles que estoy ocupado.
The United States maintains a strong presence in the region.
Estados Unidos mantiene una fuerte presencia en la región.
間違えやすい
Both use an 's' at the end, but for opposite reasons.
Learners often say 'He playing' instead of 'He plays' or 'He is playing'.
Learners want to keep the 's' when 'does' is present.
よくある間違い
He go to school.
He goes to school.
She like coffee.
She likes coffee.
It work well.
It works well.
My father drive a car.
My father drives a car.
Does he likes pizza?
Does he like pizza?
She doesn't plays tennis.
She doesn't play tennis.
He haves a dog.
He has a dog.
Everyone have a phone.
Everyone has a phone.
The news are bad.
The news is bad.
Neither of them know the answer.
Neither of them knows the answer.
The criteria for the award is strict.
The criteria for the award are strict.
文型パターン
[Name] ___ [Activity] every day.
She doesn't ___ because she ___.
It ___ like a good idea, but it ___ a lot of work.
Neither of them ___ to ___ that he ___.
Real World Usage
He says he's coming at 8.
My current manager relies on my reports.
She looks so happy in this photo!
My friend wants the burger, but he doesn't like onions.
The GPS says to turn left here.
The earth rotates on its axis.
The 'Does' Magnet
The 'Has' Trap
Listen for the Buzz
Singular 'They'
Smart Tips
Hiss like a snake! Make sure you hear that 's' or 'z' sound at the end of the action.
Imagine 'does' is a thief that steals the 's' from the main verb.
Find the 'head' noun. Is it one man or many dogs? The verb matches the man!
Treat these words like 'It'. They always take an 's'.
発音
The Three Sounds of 'S'
The 's' ending can sound like /s/, /z/, or /iz/ depending on the last sound of the verb.
Statement Falling Intonation
He works ↘ here.
A standard factual statement.
暗記しよう
記憶術
He, She, It... the 'S' must fit!
視覚的連想
Imagine the letter 'S' is a tail that only grows on a verb when a single person (He/She) or a single thing (It) is standing in front of it.
Rhyme
I walk, you walk, we walk too. But He walks, She walks—that's what they do!
Story
In the Kingdom of Grammar, the 'S' is a special crown. Only the three royals—Prince He, Princess She, and the Royal Pet It—are allowed to wear the 'S' crown on their actions. If anyone else tries to wear it, the Grammar Police will stop them!
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around the room. Find one person or one object. Say three things they are doing or three facts about them using the 'S' rule. (e.g., 'The lamp sits on the table. It looks bright. It costs ten dollars.')
文化メモ
In the UK, collective nouns like 'the team' or 'the government' often take a plural verb ('The team are playing well'), whereas in American English, they almost always take a singular verb ('The team is playing well').
In AAVE, the third-person 's' is often omitted as part of the dialect's systematic grammar ('He go to the store'). This is a valid dialectal variation, not a 'mistake' within that context.
In 'International English' or 'ELF' (English as a Lingua Franca), the third-person 's' is often dropped by non-native speakers. While understood, it is still corrected in formal business writing.
The '-s' ending comes from the Northumbrian dialect of Old English, where it was '-es'.
会話のきっかけ
What does your best friend do for fun?
How does your favorite app work?
What happens if it rains on your wedding day?
How does your government handle environmental issues?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
My brother ___ in London.
She ___ (watch) movies every Friday.
Find and fix the mistake:
He don't like apples.
always / she / her / finishes / work
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Select the grammatically correct question.
The sun ___ (rise) in the east.
Find and fix the mistake:
The baby crys a lot.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesMy brother ___ in London.
She ___ (watch) movies every Friday.
Find and fix the mistake:
He don't like apples.
always / she / her / finishes / work
1. I, 2. He, 3. They, 4. It
Select the grammatically correct question.
The sun ___ (rise) in the east.
Find and fix the mistake:
The baby crys a lot.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe student always ___ their homework.
We ___ to the beach every summer.
My friends often plays soccer in the park.
The sun rise in the east.
Choose the correct sentence:
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'She writes a letter.'
Translate into English: 'My dog barks loudly.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the subjects with the correct verb form for 'to eat'.
Match the subjects with the correct verb form for 'to live'.
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
It's a historical leftover from Old English. Most other person-endings disappeared over time, but the third-person singular 's' survived. It helps distinguish the subject in a sentence.
No. Even if 'they' refers to a single person (singular they), it always takes the plural verb form: `They work here`, not `They works here`.
It is always `goes`. Verbs ending in '-o' like `go` and `do` require `-es`.
These are singular! You should say `Everyone likes pizza` and `Somebody knows the truth`.
English grammar doesn't like 'double marking'. Since the 's' is already on `does`, the main verb `like` doesn't need it. Think of `does` as the boss who takes the 's' for himself.
For the 's' rule, `has` is the main irregular verb. The verb `to be` is also irregular (`is`), but it's usually taught as its own rule.
No! In the past tense, the verb is the same for everyone: `I worked`, `He worked`, `They worked`. The 's' rule is only for the `Present Simple`.
Then the subject is 'They' (plural), so you do NOT add an 's'. `John and Mary work here`.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Presente de Indicativo (-a/-e)
Spanish changes the verb for every person; English only for the third person singular.
Présent de l'indicatif
English 's' is always pronounced, whereas French endings are often silent.
Präsens (-t)
German also has distinct endings for 'we' and 'you plural', which English does not.
Dictionary form (u-verb/ru-verb)
Japanese has zero person-based conjugation.
Al-Mudaari' (Present Tense)
Arabic distinguishes between 'he' and 'she' in the verb form; English uses 's' for both.
No conjugation
Chinese relies on context and time markers rather than verb endings.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
関連動画
05:29 What I Learned from Cooking My Way Across a Continent | Dieuveil Malonga | TED
07:49 What Are Post Codes Actually Telling You?
09:27 What to know about orgasms: Sex Ed #13
Master All 4 Present Tenses in 10 Min | English Grammar Lesson | Best Way To Learn English Tenses
Learn English | Let's Talk - Free English Lessons
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