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B1 conjunction #2,500 よく出る 6分で読める

لذا

leza
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解説 لذا in your Level:
At the A1 level, you usually learn simple words like 'and' (و) or 'but' (اما). 'لذا' is a bit too advanced for basic daily needs. However, you can think of it as a very fancy version of 'so'. If you want to say 'I am tired, so I sleep,' you use 'pas'. But if a king or a teacher says it, they might use 'لذا'. At this stage, just recognize that when you see this word, it means 'because of what I just said, this next thing is happening.' It is like a pointing finger that connects a reason to an action. You don't need to use it yet, but knowing it means 'therefore' will help you when you see formal signs or headlines.
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For A2 learners, 'لذا' starts to appear in formal announcements or simple news snippets. You are already comfortable with 'pas' (so) and 'chon' (because). 'لذا' is the formal partner of 'pas'. Imagine you are reading a notice at a library: 'The library is closed, therefore (لذا) please come tomorrow.' It helps you understand the logic of formal instructions. You should start noticing that 'لذا' always comes after a comma and starts the second part of the sentence. It's a great word to recognize in reading comprehension tests, as it usually points to the answer of 'what happened next?'.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to start using more varied connectors to make your Persian sound more professional. 'لذا' is a perfect addition to your vocabulary for writing emails to professors, bosses, or official entities. Instead of using 'pas' all the time, which can sound a bit childish in a formal letter, use 'لذا'. It shows you have a grasp of higher-level Persian. You should practice connecting two formal thoughts. For example: 'I have a fever, therefore (لذا) I cannot attend the meeting.' This level is where you transition from just understanding the word to actively placing it in your written assignments.
B2 learners should use 'لذا' with precision. At this stage, you are likely writing essays or participating in debates. 'لذا' helps you build a logical argument. You should be able to distinguish between 'لذا', 'بنابراین', and 'در نتیجه'. Use 'لذا' when you want to sound authoritative or when you are summarizing a point. You should also be aware of the rhythmic flow it adds to a sentence. B2 students should also be comfortable using it in the 'لذا خواهشمند است' (therefore it is requested) construction, which is vital for any professional interaction in Iran. Your goal is to use it naturally without making the rest of the sentence sound too casual.
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For C1 learners, 'لذا' is a standard tool in your rhetorical toolkit. You should use it to manage complex sentence structures in academic writing or high-level journalism. At this level, you understand the nuance: 'لذا' is often used when the conclusion is a direct, logical necessity of the premise. You might also encounter it in classical-style modern prose. You should be able to use it to create 'staccato' logical points in a persuasive speech. You also understand that 'لذا' is an Arabic loanword and fits perfectly within the 'Persian-Arabic' formal register that dominates Iranian bureaucracy and academia.
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At the C2 level, 'لذا' is used with complete stylistic mastery. You know exactly when to use 'لذا' versus 'از این رو' or 'بنا بر این مراتب' to achieve a specific tone. You can identify if a writer is using 'لذا' to sound overly bureaucratic or if it's genuinely needed for logical clarity. You are comfortable reading legal codes and philosophical treatises where 'لذا' acts as the primary logical operator. You can also use it in creative writing to give a character a specific 'official' or 'pompous' way of speaking. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker.
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لذا 30秒で

  • Formal Persian conjunction meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'.
  • Primarily used in writing, news, and official correspondence.
  • Connects a cause to a logical effect or decision.
  • Higher register than the common word 'pas' (so).

The Persian word لذا (Lezā) is a formal conjunction that serves as a logical bridge between a cause and its subsequent effect. Rooted in Arabic, it literally translates to "for that" or "because of that." In the landscape of Persian grammar, it functions similarly to the English words therefore, consequently, or hence. It is a tool of precision, used primarily in written discourse, formal speeches, and academic contexts to denote a necessary conclusion derived from the preceding statement. Unlike the more common word پس (pas), which is ubiquitous in daily conversation, لذا carries a weight of authority and intellectual rigor.

Grammatical Category
Conjunction (حرف ربط)
Register
Formal / Academic / Legal
Logical Function
Consecutive (Resultative)

When you use لذا, you are signaling to your reader or listener that what follows is the logical outcome of what was just mentioned. It creates a sense of inevitability. For example, in a legal document, one might state a violation of a contract and then use لذا to introduce the penalty. In an academic paper, it connects a data finding to a theoretical conclusion. It is the 'Q.E.D.' of Persian transitions.

هوا بسیار سرد بود، لذا تصمیم گرفتیم در خانه بمانیم.

— The weather was very cold; therefore, we decided to stay home.

The word is composed of 'li' (for) and 'za' (this/that) in Arabic. Over centuries of Persian literary evolution, it has remained a staple of formal prose. It is less likely to be heard at a dinner table among friends and more likely to be found in a news broadcast regarding government policy or a scientific journal explaining a chemical reaction. Its use elevates the tone of the communication, making it sound more structured and deliberate.

مدارک ناقص بود، لذا درخواست شما رد شد.

— The documents were incomplete; consequently, your request was rejected.
Synonymity
بنابراین (Banābar-in), از این رو (Az in ru)
Frequency
High in formal writing; Low in casual speech

Understanding لذا is essential for B1 learners because it marks the transition from basic sentence structures to complex, argumentative Persian. It allows the learner to move beyond simple 'and' (و) or 'but' (اما) connections and start building logical arguments. It is the hallmark of a sophisticated speaker who can articulate cause-and-effect relationships with clarity.

وقت تنگ است، لذا باید سریع‌تر عمل کنیم.

— Time is short; therefore, we must act faster.

Using لذا correctly requires an understanding of sentence hierarchy. It typically sits at the junction of two independent clauses where the second clause is the result of the first. In Persian syntax, it is placed at the very beginning of the second clause. Unlike some English transitions that can be moved around (e.g., "I, therefore, decided..."), لذا is almost always the introductory word of its clause.

  • Clause 1 (Cause): The reason or condition.
  • Connector: لذا (usually following a comma).
  • Clause 2 (Effect): The result or decision.

Consider the structural difference between formal and informal Persian. In a casual setting, you might say: "Goshne-m bud, pas ghazā khordam" (I was hungry, so I ate). In a formal report, this would be: "احساس گرسنگی شدیدی وجود داشت، لذا غذا صرف شد" (There was a strong feeling of hunger; therefore, food was consumed). Notice how لذا demands a more formal verb choice as well.

One advanced usage of لذا is in legal and administrative writing where it is often paired with 'خواهشمند است' (it is requested). For example: "...لذا خواهشمند است دستور فرمایید..." (...therefore, it is requested that you order...). This is a standard formula for formal letters in Iran. Mastering this specific pattern is a shortcut to professional-sounding Persian correspondence.

You will encounter لذا in several specific environments. First and foremost is the News and Media. News anchors on IRIB or BBC Persian use it to link events. "The sanctions were increased, لذا the currency value dropped." It provides a professional cadence to the reporting.

Secondly, Academic Lectures and Textbooks are saturated with it. Whether it is a math professor explaining a proof or a history book detailing the causes of the Constitutional Revolution, لذا is the glue that holds the logic together. If you are a student in an Iranian university, you will hear this word dozens of times a day.

Thirdly, Legal and Bureaucratic Documents. If you receive an official letter from a bank, a court, or a university administration, لذا will likely appear in the concluding paragraph to state the final decision or the required next step. It carries a sense of finality and officialdom.

Finally, Formal Speeches and Sermons. In political speeches or religious sermons, where the speaker aims to sound authoritative and persuasive, لذا is used to emphasize the logical necessity of the speaker's points. It is rarely heard in movies or TV dramas unless a character is a lawyer, a doctor, or giving a formal presentation.

The most frequent mistake learners make is Overuse in Casual Conversation. Using لذا while chatting with friends about what to eat for lunch can sound jarringly formal, almost like using "henceforth" in a casual English text. For daily life, stick to پس (pas) or بنابراین (banābar-in).

Another mistake is Redundancy. Some learners might say "...لذا بنابراین...". This is redundant because both words mean the same thing. Choose one. Similarly, avoid using "چون... لذا..." (Because... therefore...) in the same sentence structure if they are redundant, though in some very formal contexts, a 'Since... therefore...' structure is used, it's often cleaner to use just one.

Incorrect Placement: Unlike 'however' in English, which can be placed in the middle of a sentence surrounded by commas, لذا almost always starts the result clause. Placing it at the end of a sentence is grammatically incorrect in Persian.

Tone Mismatch: Using لذا with very slangy or colloquial verbs. For example, "لذا رفتیم حال کردیم" sounds strange because لذا is high-register while "حال کردن" is low-register. Aim for register consistency.

To truly master لذا, you must understand its neighbors in the semantic field of 'consequence':

  • بنابراین (Banābar-in): The most direct synonym. It is slightly less formal than لذا and can be used in both formal writing and semi-formal speech. If لذا is 10/10 on the formality scale, بنابراین is an 8/10.
  • پس (Pas): The everyday word for 'so' or 'then'. It is 2/10 on the formality scale. Use this with friends and family.
  • در نتیجه (Dar natije): Means "as a result." It is very common in scientific and logical writing. It is often interchangeable with لذا but focuses more on the 'result' aspect than the 'reason' aspect.
  • از این رو (Az in ru): Literally "from this face/side." It is a poetic and elegant way to say 'therefore.' You will find it in literature and high-end journalism.
  • به همین دلیل (Be hamin dalil): "For this very reason." This is more explanatory and slightly more wordy, often used to emphasize the specific reason mentioned before.

Choosing between these depends entirely on the Register (how formal you want to be) and the Emphasis (whether you want to focus on the logic, the result, or the reason).

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Conjunctions of consequence

Formal vs. Informal registers

Clause structure in Persian

Arabic loanwords in Persian

Punctuation in formal writing

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レベル別の例文

1

هوا سرد است، لذا در را ببند.

The air is cold, therefore close the door.

Simple cause and effect.

2

او مریض است، لذا به مدرسه نرفت.

He is sick, therefore he didn't go to school.

Connecting a state to a result.

3

نان نداریم، لذا به بازار می‌روم.

We have no bread, therefore I am going to the market.

Using 'lezā' to explain an action.

4

کتاب گران است، لذا آن را نخریدم.

The book is expensive, therefore I didn't buy it.

Reason for not doing something.

5

فردا تعطیل است، لذا استراحت می‌کنیم.

Tomorrow is a holiday, therefore we rest.

Future result of a condition.

6

چای داغ است، لذا صبر کن.

The tea is hot, therefore wait.

Imperative result.

7

او خسته بود، لذا خوابید.

He was tired, therefore he slept.

Past tense cause and effect.

8

ماشین خراب است، لذا پیاده می‌رویم.

The car is broken, therefore we go on foot.

Simple logical link.

1

بلیت تمام شده است، لذا نمی‌توانیم به سینما برویم.

Tickets are sold out, therefore we cannot go to the cinema.

Formal result of a situation.

2

او در امتحان موفق شد، لذا بسیار خوشحال است.

He succeeded in the exam, therefore he is very happy.

Linking success to emotion.

3

باران می‌بارد، لذا چتر بردارید.

It is raining, therefore take an umbrella.

Formal advice/command.

4

وقت تمام است، لذا مدادها را زمین بگذارید.

Time is up, therefore put the pencils down.

Classroom instruction.

5

این اتاق کوچک است، لذا میز را بیرون ببرید.

This room is small, therefore take the table out.

Physical constraint and result.

6

غذا شور شده است، لذا کمی آب اضافه کن.

The food is salty, therefore add some water.

Instruction based on a condition.

7

او پول نداشت، لذا نتوانست خانه بخرد.

He had no money, therefore he couldn't buy a house.

Negative result in the past.

8

جاده بسته است، لذا از مسیر دیگری بروید.

The road is closed, therefore go by another route.

Formal direction.

1

گزارش شما ناقص بود، لذا مورد قبول واقع نشد.

Your report was incomplete; therefore, it was not accepted.

Professional/Administrative register.

2

ظرفیت هتل تکمیل است، لذا از پذیرش مسافر جدید معذوریم.

The hotel capacity is full; therefore, we are unable to accept new guests.

Standard polite formal refusal.

3

او به قوانین احترام نمی‌گذارد، لذا جریمه شد.

He does not respect the rules; therefore, he was fined.

Legal consequence.

4

پروژه با تاخیر مواجه شد، لذا بودجه افزایش یافت.

The project faced a delay; therefore, the budget was increased.

Business context.

5

ایشان در جلسه حضور نداشتند، لذا تصمیم‌گیری به تعویق افتاد.

He/She was not present in the meeting; therefore, the decision-making was postponed.

Formal meeting terminology.

6

منابع آبی کم است، لذا باید در مصرف آب صرفه‌جویی کنیم.

Water resources are low; therefore, we must save water.

Social/Environmental context.

7

او تخصص کافی نداشت، لذا از کار برکنار شد.

He did not have enough expertise; therefore, he was dismissed from work.

Employment context.

8

هواپیما نقص فنی داشت، لذا پرواز لغو گردید.

The airplane had a technical fault; therefore, the flight was canceled.

Travel/Official announcement.

1

شواهد کافی برای اثبات جرم وجود ندارد، لذا متهم تبرئه شد.

There is not enough evidence to prove the crime; therefore, the accused was acquitted.

Legal/Courtroom terminology.

2

تورم به شدت افزایش یافته است، لذا قدرت خرید مردم کاهش یافت.

Inflation has increased sharply; therefore, people's purchasing power decreased.

Economic analysis.

3

این دارو عوارض جانبی دارد، لذا مصرف آن بدون نسخه ممنوع است.

This medicine has side effects; therefore, its use without a prescription is prohibited.

Medical/Regulatory context.

4

نویسنده در این فصل به جزئیات نپرداخته است، لذا ابهاماتی باقی مانده است.

The author did not address details in this chapter; therefore, ambiguities remain.

Literary criticism.

5

زیرساخت‌ها فرسوده هستند، لذا بازسازی آن‌ها الزامی است.

The infrastructure is worn out; therefore, their reconstruction is mandatory.

Urban planning/Policy.

6

او به تعهدات خود عمل نکرد، لذا قرارداد فسخ شد.

He did not fulfill his obligations; therefore, the contract was terminated.

Contractual/Legal.

7

تقاضا برای این محصول زیاد است، لذا قیمت آن بالا رفته است.

Demand for this product is high; therefore, its price has gone up.

Market dynamics.

8

آلودگی هوا به سطح خطرناک رسیده است، لذا مدارس تعطیل شدند.

Air pollution has reached a dangerous level; therefore, schools were closed.

Public health announcement.

1

نظریه مذکور فاقد مبانی تجربی است، لذا از درجه اعتبار ساقط است.

The mentioned theory lacks empirical foundations; therefore, it is devoid of validity.

High academic/Scientific register.

2

روابط دیپلماتیک دو کشور تیره شده است، لذا سفرا فراخوانده شدند.

Diplomatic relations between the two countries have soured; therefore, the ambassadors were recalled.

Political/Geopolitical context.

3

ساختار سیاسی جامعه در حال تغییر است، لذا بروز تنش‌های اجتماعی اجتناب‌ناپذیر است.

The political structure of society is changing; therefore, the emergence of social tensions is inevitable.

Sociological analysis.

4

متن قرارداد دارای تناقضات آشکار است، لذا اجرای آن با مشکل مواجه خواهد شد.

The contract text has obvious contradictions; therefore, its execution will face problems.

Legal/Technical analysis.

5

منابع فسیلی رو به اتمام است، لذا سرمایه‌گذاری در انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر حیاتی است.

Fossil resources are running out; therefore, investing in renewable energies is vital.

Global policy/Environmental science.

6

ایشان صلاحیت لازم را احراز نکردند، لذا نامزد مورد تایید قرار نگرفت.

He/She did not obtain the necessary qualifications; therefore, the candidate was not approved.

Administrative/Electoral terminology.

7

نوسانات ارزی غیرقابل پیش‌بینی است، لذا ریسک سرمایه‌گذاری بالا می‌رود.

Currency fluctuations are unpredictable; therefore, investment risk increases.

Financial/Economic register.

8

فلسفه اگزیستانسیالیسم بر آزادی فردی تاکید دارد، لذا مسئولیت فرد را مطلق می‌داند.

Existentialist philosophy emphasizes individual freedom; therefore, it considers individual responsibility absolute.

Philosophical discourse.

1

حکمت متعالیه بر اصالت وجود استوار است، لذا ماهیت را امری اعتباری می‌شمارد.

Transcendent Theosophy is based on the primacy of existence; therefore, it considers essence to be a conceptual matter.

High-level philosophical/Theological discourse.

2

تطورات تاریخی نشان از ناپایداری قدرت‌های استبدادی دارد، لذا فروپاشی آن‌ها حتمی است.

Historical evolutions indicate the instability of despotic powers; therefore, their collapse is certain.

Historical/Political philosophy.

3

زبان به مثابه یک نظام نشانه‌شناختی عمل می‌کند، لذا معنا همواره در حال تعویق است.

Language functions as a semiotic system; therefore, meaning is always in a state of deferral.

Linguistic/Post-structuralist theory.

4

توازن قوا در منطقه به هم خورده است، لذا اتخاذ راهبردهای نوین دفاعی ضروری می‌نماید.

The balance of power in the region has been disrupted; therefore, adopting new defensive strategies seems necessary.

Strategic/Military analysis.

5

عدم تقارن اطلاعاتی در بازار منجر به شکست بازار می‌شود، لذا دخالت دولت توجیه‌پذیر است.

Information asymmetry in the market leads to market failure; therefore, government intervention is justifiable.

Advanced Economic theory.

6

هنر مدرن از بازنمایی واقعیت فراتر رفته است، لذا درک آن مستلزم شناخت زمینه‌های فرهنگی است.

Modern art has transcended the representation of reality; therefore, understanding it requires knowledge of cultural contexts.

Art theory/Aesthetics.

7

پارادایم‌های علمی در حال تغییرند، لذا روش‌شناسی‌های سنتی دیگر پاسخگو نیستند.

Scientific paradigms are changing; therefore, traditional methodologies are no longer sufficient.

Philosophy of science.

8

بحران هویت در عصر دیجیتال تشدید شده است، لذا بازتعریف مفاهیم بنیادین انسانی الزامی است.

The identity crisis has intensified in the digital age; therefore, redefining fundamental human concepts is mandatory.

Contemporary sociological/Philosophical discourse.

よく使う組み合わせ

لذا خواهشمند است
لذا مقرر گردید
لذا شایسته است
لذا به اطلاع می‌رساند
لذا لازم است
لذا تاکید می‌شود
لذا پیشنهاد می‌گردد
لذا می‌توان گفت
لذا با توجه به
لذا بر این اساس

よく使うフレーズ

لذا خواهشمند است دستور فرمایید
لذا از پذیرش معذوریم
لذا مورد تایید نیست
لذا به نظر می‌رسد
لذا باید توجه داشت
لذا اقدام مقتضی صورت گیرد
لذا جای نگرانی نیست
لذا به این نتیجه می‌رسیم
لذا در این راستا
لذا به منظور جلوگیری

よく混同される語

لذا vs پس (Too informal)

لذا vs چون (Means 'because', not 'therefore')

لذا vs ولی (Means 'but')

慣用句と表現

"لذا و علی‌هذا (Formal redundancy)"
"لذا بر آن شدیم (Therefore we decided)"
"لذا جای تامل دارد (Therefore it is worth reflecting on)"
"لذا از این بابت (Therefore in this regard)"
"لذا به حکم ضرورت (Therefore by necessity)"
"لذا در مقام پاسخ (Therefore in response)"
"لذا از منظر حقوقی (Therefore from a legal perspective)"
"لذا به ضرس قاطع (Therefore with absolute certainty)"
"لذا در غیاب شواهد (Therefore in the absence of evidence)"
"لذا به اعتبار (Therefore by virtue of)"

間違えやすい

لذا vs بنابراین

Slightly less formal than لذا.

لذا vs پس

Much more informal, used in speech.

لذا vs در نتیجه

Focuses on the outcome specifically.

لذا vs زیرا

Means 'because', the opposite direction of logic.

لذا vs اگرچه

Means 'although', shows contrast, not result.

文型パターン

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使い方

nuance

Implies a strong logical link.

frequency

Very high in formal texts.

よくある間違い
  • Using 'لذا' in a casual chat with friends.
  • Putting 'لذا' at the very end of a sentence.
  • Using 'لذا' to mean 'because' (it means 'therefore').
  • Combining 'لذا' with informal slang verbs.
  • Forgetting the comma before 'لذا' in a compound sentence.

ヒント

Use in Emails

When writing to a professor, use 'لذا' to explain why you missed a class.

Punctuation

Always put a comma before 'لذا' if it's in the middle of a sentence.

Synonym Swap

Try replacing 'pas' with 'lezā' in your formal essays to improve your grade.

Spot the Result

In reading tests, 'لذا' usually introduces the main conclusion of a paragraph.

Public Speaking

Use 'لذا' to sound more convincing during a presentation.

News Logic

Listen for 'لذا' in news reports to understand the government's reasoning.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't use 'لذا' and 'pas' together in the same sentence.

Respect

Using 'لذا' shows you respect the formal traditions of the Persian language.

Cause and Effect

Think of 'لذا' as an equals sign (=) in a math equation.

B1 Level Mastery

Mastering 'لذا' is a key requirement for reaching the B1 level in Persian.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Lezā sounds like 'Laser'. Use it to point to the conclusion.

語源

Arabic

文化的な背景

High

Official/Professional

Rooted in classical Persian-Arabic prose.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"هوا بارانی است، لذا فکر می‌کنی بازی لغو شود؟"

"قیمت‌ها بالا رفته، لذا باید بیشتر صرفه‌جویی کنیم، موافقی؟"

"او دیر رسید، لذا جلسه شروع شد. نظر تو چیست؟"

"اینترنت قطع است، لذا چطور کار کنیم؟"

"او تخصص ندارد، لذا چرا او را استخدام کردند؟"

日記のテーマ

Write about a decision you made today using 'لذا'.

Explain a scientific fact using 'لذا'.

Describe a problem in your city and its result using 'لذا'.

Write a formal complaint letter using 'لذا'.

Summarize a book chapter using 'لذا' for the conclusion.

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10 問

Only in very formal speeches or lectures; it is rare in daily conversation.

Yes, if the previous sentence provided the reason, you can start the next sentence with 'لذا' followed by a comma.

'لذا' is slightly more formal and Arabic-rooted, while 'بنابراین' is standard formal Persian.

No, it is a conjunction used to link clauses.

Only if you are being intentionally formal or ironic.

No, it has no effect on the grammar of the following verb.

Occasionally, but it is more common in prose and logic-based texts.

It is pronounced 'Le-zā' with a short 'e' and a long 'ā'.

It is better to avoid using both in the same sentence to avoid redundancy (e.g., 'Because... therefore...').

Yes, it is considered high-register formal Persian.

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