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B2 noun 8分で読める

تدارک

tadarok
例文 メモとヒント تدارک 30秒で
解説 تدارک in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'تدارک' (tadorok) often. It is a bit too formal. Instead, you usually use simpler words like 'آماده' (ready) or 'خریدن' (to buy). However, you might hear it if someone is talking about a party. Think of it as 'getting things ready.' If you see 'تدارک دیدن' (tadorok didan), just know it means 'to prepare.' For example, 'I prepare food' can be said simply, but a Persian speaker might say 'I see to the preparations for food.' It's like the difference between saying 'I'm getting snacks' and 'I'm making arrangements for snacks.' Focus on recognizing the word when people talk about parties or trips.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'تدارک دیدن' (tadorok didan) to describe planning for events. Instead of just saying 'من آماده می‌شوم' (I am getting ready), which sounds like you are just putting on your clothes, you can use 'من تدارک می‌بینم' to show you are organizing things. For example, if you are planning a small birthday, you are doing the 'tadorok.' You gather the cake, the balloons, and the music. This word helps you describe the 'gathering' part of preparation. You will also see this word in simple news stories about holidays like Nowruz, where people 'make preparations' for the new year. It's a great way to sound a little more natural in social situations.
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At the B1 level, 'تدارک' (tadorok) becomes very useful for discussing work and more complex social plans. You should understand the difference between the singular 'tadorok' (the act of preparing) and the plural 'tadorokāt' (the actual supplies or logistics). If you are talking about your job, you might mention the 'tadorokāt' needed for a project. You can also use it to apologize in a polite way: 'ببخشید، تدارک زیادی ندیدیم' (Sorry, we didn't make much preparation). This is a common part of Iranian culture and hospitality. You should also be able to use it with adjectives, like 'تدارک لازم' (necessary preparation). It shows you are thinking about the resources needed for a goal.
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At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'تدارک' (tadorok) in formal, professional, and academic contexts. You should know that 'واحد تدارکات' means the Procurement or Logistics Department. You will encounter this word in news reports about military logistics, government disaster relief, and international relations. You should also understand its use in sports, specifically 'بازی تدارکاتی' (preparation/friendly match). At this level, you should be able to distinguish 'tadorok' from similar words like 'tamhid' (preliminary measures) or 'tajhiz' (equipping). You are expected to use the compound verb 'tadorok didan' correctly in various tenses and recognize it in complex sentence structures where it might be far from its subject.
At the C1 level, you should appreciate the nuanced and literary uses of 'تدارک' (tadorok). Beyond just 'logistics,' you will see it in phrases like 'تدارک مافات' (making up for what was lost or missed). This involves a more abstract sense of 'remedying' or 'compensating.' You should be able to use the word in formal essays to discuss the 'logistical failures' or 'strategic preparations' of historical events or government policies. Your vocabulary should include related forms like the adjective 'تدارکاتی' (logistical) and understand how it functions in complex compound nouns. You should also be aware of the word's Arabic roots and how that influences its formal tone in Persian literature and high-level journalism.
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At the C2 level, 'تدارک' (tadorok) is a tool for precision in high-level discourse. You can use it to discuss the philosophical implications of 'foresight and provision' or in highly technical legal and administrative documents. You should be able to identify its usage in classical Persian poetry or prose where it might have slightly different connotations of 'attaining' or 'reaching.' In a professional setting, you could lead a discussion on 'supply chain management' using 'تدارکات' as the central term, discussing 'tadorokāt-e bord-e boland' (long-range logistics) or 'tadorokāt-e fouri' (emergency procurement). You understand the social performance of the word in 'Ta'arof' and can use it ironically or with deep cultural awareness in any social register.
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例文 メモとヒント

تدارک 30秒で

  • Tadorok means 'preparation' or 'provisioning' for a task or event.
  • It is most commonly used in the compound verb 'tadorok didan'.
  • The plural 'tadorokāt' specifically refers to 'logistics' or 'supplies'.
  • It differs from 'āmādegi' by focusing on the material and external readiness.

The Persian word تدارک (Tadorok) is a sophisticated noun that primarily translates to 'preparation,' 'provision,' or 'making arrangements.' At its core, it refers to the proactive steps taken to ensure that a future event, task, or necessity is properly equipped and ready. While it shares some semantic space with the word 'آمادگی' (āmādegi), tadorok implies a more external, logistical, and material-oriented process of gathering resources. It is the act of 'seeing to' something. In many professional and social contexts, you will encounter its plural form, تدارکات (tadorokāt), which specifically refers to 'logistics' or 'supplies' in military, corporate, or event-planning settings.

Etymological Nuance
Derived from the Arabic root D-R-K (reaching or attaining), the Form VI (Tafā'ul) structure in Persian suggests a process of reaching out to obtain what is necessary to prevent a deficiency.

Commonly, people use this word when discussing the 'behind-the-scenes' work. If you are hosting a large dinner party, you are in the state of tadorok. If a government is preparing for a natural disaster, they are busy with tadorokāt. It conveys a sense of responsibility and foresight. In everyday speech, you might hear the compound verb تدارک دیدن (tadorok didan), which means 'to prepare' or 'to arrange.'

ما برای مهمانی امشب تدارک گسترده‌ای دیده‌ایم.
(We have made extensive preparations for tonight's party.)

In a business context, the 'Procurement Department' is often called Vāhed-e Tadorokāt. This highlights the word's connection to the acquisition of goods. Unlike 'آماده‌سازی' which can mean preparing a person's mind or a physical space, tadorok almost always involves the gathering of things—food, tools, personnel, or funds. It is a word of action and resourcefulness.

بخش تدارکات مسئول خرید تجهیزات جدید است.
(The logistics/procurement department is responsible for buying new equipment.)

Social Context
In Iranian hospitality (Ta'arof), a host might apologize for the 'lack of preparation' (کم‌تدارکی) as a sign of humility, even if they have prepared a feast.

Furthermore, tadorok can be used in a more abstract sense, such as 'making amends' or 'compensating for a loss' in very formal or literary Persian, though this is less common in modern daily speech. Most often, think of it as the 'logistics of life.' Whether it is a trip to the mountains or a wedding ceremony, the tadorok phase is where the lists are made and the supplies are bought. It is the bridge between an idea and its execution.

Using تدارک correctly requires understanding its role as a noun that often pairs with the verb 'دیدن' (to see). The combination tadorok didan is the most natural way to express 'to prepare' or 'to arrange.' It is important to note that the plural form tadorokāt is frequently used as a collective noun for all the preparations involved in a project.

Common Verb Pairing
تدارک دیدن (Tadorok didan) - Literally 'to see to the preparation.'

دولت برای مقابله با بحران، تدارکات لازم را فراهم کرده است.
(The government has provided the necessary logistics/supplies to deal with the crisis.)

When you want to emphasize the scale of preparation, you can add adjectives like 'مفصل' (detailed/lavish) or 'لازم' (necessary). For instance, 'تدارک مفصل' (lavish preparation) is a common phrase used for weddings or grand ceremonies. In this context, it isn't just about being ready; it's about the effort and resources poured into the event.

آن‌ها برای سفر به دور دنیا تدارک چیده‌اند.
(They have arranged/prepared for a trip around the world.)

In formal writing, tadorok can also act as a modifier. For example, 'بودجه تدارکاتی' means 'logistical budget.' This versatility makes it a staple of bureaucratic and administrative Persian. If you are writing a formal letter requesting supplies, tadorokāt is the word you need. It sounds much more official than 'chiz-hāyi ke lāzem dārim' (things we need).

بدون تدارک قبلی، موفقیت در این پروژه غیرممکن است.
(Without prior preparation, success in this project is impossible.)

Negative Usage
عدم تدارک (Adam-e tadorok) - Lack of preparation. Used in post-incident reports or critiques.

You will hear تدارک in several distinct environments in Iran. The first and most common is the News and Media. Whenever there is a report on military drills, government relief efforts after an earthquake, or the organization of national holidays like Nowruz, the word tadorokāt will appear frequently. It provides a tone of institutional readiness and serious planning.

نیروهای امدادی تدارکات گسترده‌ای برای زمستان در نظر گرفته‌اند.
(Relief forces have considered extensive preparations/supplies for the winter.)

The second environment is the Corporate World. If you work in an Iranian office, the 'Logistics Department' (واحد تدارکات) is the place you go to get a new laptop, office supplies, or to organize catering for a seminar. In this context, it is synonymous with 'Procurement' or 'Supply Chain Management.' It is a practical, everyday word for professionals.

The third area is Social Events and Family Gatherings. Iranians take hospitality very seriously. When a family is preparing for a wedding (Aroosi) or a large 'Mehmāni,' the conversation often revolves around what has been 'tadorok dideh' (prepared). It covers everything from the flowers to the specific types of rice being served. It implies a labor of love and attention to detail.

مادر برای افطار تدارک ویژه‌ای دیده بود.
(Mother had made special preparations for Iftar.)

Academic and Literary
In literature, it can mean 'remedying' a mistake. For example, 'تدارک مافات' (tadorok-e māfāt) means to make up for what has been lost or missed.

Lastly, in Sports, commentators often use this word to describe a team's pre-season training or the logistical support provided to athletes. 'بازی‌های تدارکاتی' (tadorokāti matches) are 'friendly' or 'warm-up' matches used to prepare for a major tournament. This usage is extremely common in football (soccer) coverage in Iran.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing تدارک (tadorok) with آمادگی (āmādegi). While both relate to being ready, āmādegi is a state of being (readiness), whereas tadorok is the action of providing the means to be ready. You see to the tadorok so that you can have āmādegi. You cannot 'see to' āmādegi in the same way.

Incorrect: من برای امتحان آمادگی دیدم.
Correct: من برای امتحان تدارک دیدم (I made preparations) or من آمادگی دارم (I am ready).

Another mistake involves the verb choice. Some learners try to use 'kardan' (to do) with tadorok. While 'تدارک کردن' is grammatically possible and used in older texts, in modern spoken and written Persian, 'تدارک دیدن' is the standard collocated verb. Using 'kardan' can sound a bit dated or slightly unnatural in a casual conversation.

Confusing the singular and plural forms is also common. Use tadorok (singular) when referring to the general act of preparation. Use tadorokāt (plural) when you are talking about the specific items, supplies, or the department responsible for them. Saying 'واحد تدارک' (singular) for the Logistics Department sounds like a minor error; it should always be 'واحد تدارکات' (plural).

اشتباه: واحد تدارک کجاست؟
درست: واحد تدارکات کجاست؟

Pronunciation Pitfall
Ensure you don't confuse it with 'Tadārok' (with a long 'ā' in the first syllable). The first 'a' is short /æ/. It is ta-dā-rok.

Finally, don't use tadorok for mental preparation. If you are mentally preparing for a difficult conversation, you would use 'خود را آماده کردن' (preparing oneself). Tadorok almost always implies physical resources or logistical arrangements.

To truly master تدارک, you must see how it fits among its synonyms. Each word carries a slightly different 'flavor' of preparation. Understanding these differences will make your Persian sound much more nuanced and advanced.

آماده‌سازی (Āmāde-sāzi)
Focuses on the process of making something ready for use. Example: Preparing a stadium for a match.
تهیه (Tahieh)
Focuses on 'obtaining' or 'producing.' You 'tahieh' the ingredients for a cake.
تمهید (Tamhid)
A very formal word often used for 'preliminary measures' or 'arrangements' in a strategic sense.

While tadorok is logistical, tamhid (usually pluralized as tamhidāt) is often used for security measures or administrative precautions. If a president is visiting, the police take 'tamhidāt-e amniyati' (security measures). If you are buying snacks for a party, you are seeing to the 'tadorokāt.'

Comparison:
1. تهیه غذا: Obtaining/making food.
2. تدارک غذا: Setting up the whole meal service/logistics.
3. آماده‌سازی غذا: The actual cooking/plating process.

Another alternative is مهیا کردن (mohayyā kardan). This is a poetic and formal way to say 'to make ready.' You see it in literature or formal speeches. In contrast, tadorok is more grounded and common in both business and daily life. Lastly, تجهیز (tajhiz) means 'equipping.' If you are providing a soldier with a gun, that is tajhiz; if you are providing the whole army with food and fuel, that is tadorokāt.

او تمام وسایل سفر را مهیا کرد.
(He made all the travel equipment ready.)

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

While the root is about 'reaching' or 'perceiving', the Persian 'Tadorok' is almost entirely about physical and logistical preparation today, showing how meanings drift over centuries.

発音ガイド

UK /tædɒːˈɾok/
US /tædɑːˈɾoʊk/
The stress is typically on the final syllable: ta-dā-ROK.
韻が合う語
Mubārok (Blessed) Sārok (A type of bird/cloth) Chārok (A quarter) Tārok (Top of the head) Khārok (Small thorn) Pārok (Park - colloquial) Shārok (Small city) Zārok (A ritual)
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing the first 'a' as a long vowel (Tādārok).
  • Confusing the 'o' with an 'u' sound (Tadaruk).
  • Putting the stress on the first syllable.

難易度

読解 3/5

Common in news and formal texts, easy to recognize.

ライティング 4/5

Requires knowledge of the compound verb 'didan' and plural usage.

スピーキング 3/5

Very useful for social and work situations.

リスニング 3/5

Clear pronunciation, but can be confused with other 'T-' words.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

آماده دیدن لازم سفر غذا

次に学ぶ

تمهید تأمین لجستیک برنامه‌ریزی تجهیزات

上級

تدارک مافات سازوکار زیرساخت تخصیص بودجه
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レベル別の例文

1

من برای شام تدارک می‌بینم.

I am preparing for dinner.

Present continuous usage of 'tadorok didan'.

2

تدارک مهمانی ساده است.

The preparation for the party is simple.

Noun used as a subject.

3

او تدارک دید.

He/She prepared.

Simple past tense.

4

ما تدارک نداریم.

We don't have preparations.

Negative possession.

5

تدارک برای سفر خوب است.

Preparation for a trip is good.

Noun with a prepositional phrase.

6

آن‌ها تدارک می‌بینند؟

Are they preparing?

Question form.

7

یک تدارک کوچک.

A small preparation.

Noun with an adjective.

8

من تدارک را دوست دارم.

I like preparation.

Noun as a direct object.

1

برای عید تدارک زیادی دیده‌ایم.

We have made many preparations for the New Year (Eyd).

Present perfect tense.

2

آیا برای مسافرت تدارک دیدی؟

Did you make preparations for the trip?

Second person singular past tense.

3

تدارکات عروسی خیلی زیاد است.

Wedding preparations are very much.

Plural noun usage.

4

باید برای فردا تدارک ببینیم.

We must prepare for tomorrow.

Modal verb 'bāyad' with subjunctive.

5

او تدارک ناهار را دید.

She saw to the lunch preparations.

Direct object with 'rā'.

6

تدارک دیدن برای مهمان سخت است.

Preparing for a guest is hard.

Gerund-like usage of the infinitive.

7

آن‌ها تدارک ویژه‌ای دارند.

They have a special preparation.

Noun with a specific adjective.

8

تدارکات لازم را بخرید.

Buy the necessary supplies.

Imperative mood.

1

واحد تدارکات شرکت بسیار فعال است.

The company's procurement department is very active.

Compound noun 'Vāhed-e Tadorokāt'.

2

بدون تدارک قبلی به کوه نروید.

Do not go to the mountains without prior preparation.

Negative imperative with 'bedun-e'.

3

او برای جبران اشتباهش تدارک دید.

He made preparations to compensate for his mistake.

Abstract usage of preparation.

4

تدارکات نظامی برای رزمایش کامل است.

Military logistics for the drill are complete.

Professional/Technical context.

5

ما برای برگزاری سمینار تدارک می‌بینیم.

We are preparing to hold the seminar.

Purpose clause with 'barāye'.

6

تدارک دیدن برای آینده ضروری است.

Preparing for the future is essential.

General statement/Axiom.

7

او مسئول تدارکات تیم فوتبال است.

He is in charge of the football team's logistics.

Noun phrase with 'mas'oul-e'.

8

تدارکات سفر به شمال آماده است.

The travel arrangements for the north are ready.

Subject-predicate agreement.

1

تیم ملی یک بازی تدارکاتی با برزیل دارد.

The national team has a friendly/preparation match with Brazil.

Adjective 'tadorokāti'.

2

دولت تدارکات وسیعی برای مقابله با سیل دید.

The government made extensive preparations to counter the flood.

Use of 'vasi' (extensive).

3

این پروژه به تدارکات مالی بیشتری نیاز دارد.

This project needs more financial provisions/logistics.

Financial context.

4

تدارک دیدن برای چنین مراسمی زمان‌بر است.

Preparing for such a ceremony is time-consuming.

Complex subject phrase.

5

او در بخش تدارکات وزارتخانه کار می‌کند.

He works in the procurement department of the ministry.

Administrative vocabulary.

6

تدارک مافات یکی از اصول اخلاقی اوست.

Making up for what is lost is one of his moral principles.

Formal/Literary idiom.

7

تدارکات لازم جهت اعزام نیرو فراهم شد.

Necessary logistics for sending forces were provided.

Passive-like construction with 'farāham shod'.

8

او با تدارک کامل به استقبال چالش رفت.

He went to meet the challenge with full preparation.

Adverbial phrase 'bā tadorok-e kāmel'.

1

ضعف در تدارکات منجر به شکست عملیات شد.

Weakness in logistics led to the failure of the operation.

Causal relationship in formal prose.

2

تدارک تمهیدات لازم برای امنیت اجلاس ضروری است.

Providing the necessary measures for the summit's security is essential.

Juxtaposition of 'tadorok' and 'tamhidāt'.

3

او به تدارک زیرساخت‌های لازم برای توسعه پرداخت.

He engaged in providing the necessary infrastructure for development.

Usage of 'be ... pardākhtan'.

4

تدارک دیده شده برای این جشن بی‌سابقه بود.

The preparation made for this celebration was unprecedented.

Passive participle phrase as a subject.

5

مدیریت تدارکات در زنجیره تأمین نقش کلیدی دارد.

Logistics management plays a key role in the supply chain.

Academic/Business terminology.

6

تدارک مافات در این مرحله بسیار دشوار است.

Compensating for the losses is very difficult at this stage.

High-level abstract application.

7

او با تدارکاتی هوشمندانه، رقیب را غافلگیر کرد.

With clever preparations, he surprised the rival.

Adjective 'houshmandāne' (clever/smart).

8

تدارکات پشت‌جبهه عامل اصلی پیروزی بود.

Rear-line logistics were the main factor in the victory.

Historical/Military analysis.

1

تدارکِ اسبابِ آسایشِ مردم وظیفه حاکمیت است.

Providing the means for the people's comfort is the duty of the sovereignty.

Classical/Formal sentence structure.

2

او در تدارکِ تدوینِ یک نظام‌نامه جامع بود.

He was in the process of preparing the drafting of a comprehensive code of conduct.

Double 'Ezafe' construction.

3

تدارکاتِ لجستیکی در ابعادِ استراتژیک بررسی شد.

Logistical provisions were examined in strategic dimensions.

Highly technical vocabulary.

4

او به تدارکِ مقدماتِ هجرت همت گماشت.

He focused his efforts on preparing the preliminaries of the migration.

Literary verb 'hemmat gomāshtan'.

5

تدارکِ مافاتِ ایامِ گذشته ناممکن می‌نماید.

Compensating for the lost days of the past seems impossible.

Poetic/Philosophical tone.

6

نظام تدارکات دولتی نیازمند شفاف‌سازی است.

The state procurement system requires transparency.

Political/Economic discourse.

7

تدارکِ سازوکارهای نظارتی برای جلوگیری از فساد.

Providing oversight mechanisms to prevent corruption.

Legalistic phrasing.

8

او در تدارکِ حمله‌ای همه‌جانبه به مواضعِ فکری بود.

He was preparing an all-out attack on intellectual positions.

Metaphorical usage.

よく使う組み合わせ

تدارک دیدن
تدارکات لازم
واحد تدارکات
بازی تدارکاتی
تدارک مفصل
تدارکات نظامی
بدون تدارک
تدارک مافات
بودجه تدارکاتی
تدارک ویژه

よく使うフレーズ

تدارک دیدن برای...

— To make preparations for something.

برای امتحان تدارک دیدم.

در تدارکِ...

— To be in the middle of preparing for something.

آن‌ها در تدارک سفر هستند.

تدارکاتچی

— A person responsible for supplies (sometimes used jokingly).

او تدارکاتچی گروه ماست.

کم‌تدارکی

— Lack of preparation (often used in polite apologies).

ببخشید بابت کم‌تدارکی ما.

تدارکات گسترده

— Extensive logistics/preparations.

تدارکات گسترده‌ای برای جشن انجام شد.

تدارکات پشت‌صحنه

— Behind-the-scenes preparations.

تدارکات پشت‌صحنه تئاتر عالی بود.

تدارکات فنی

— Technical preparations/supplies.

تدارکات فنی برای فیلمبرداری آماده است.

پیش‌تدارک

— Pre-preparation (less common but used in planning).

مرحله پیش‌تدارک تمام شد.

تدارکات امدادی

— Relief supplies/logistics.

تدارکات امدادی به زلزله‌زدگان رسید.

تدارک ناهار/شام

— Preparing lunch/dinner.

من تدارک ناهار را می‌بینم.

慣用句と表現

"تدارک مافات کردن"

— To make up for lost time or past errors.

باید تدارک مافات کنیم.

Formal
"تدارک دیدن برای کسی"

— To plan something (often a surprise or a trap) for someone.

آن‌ها برای او تدارک دیده‌اند.

Neutral
"دست‌خالی و بدون تدارک"

— Coming with nothing prepared.

نباید دست‌خالی و بدون تدارک می‌آمدی.

Informal
"سفره تدارک دیدن"

— To prepare a feast (literally or metaphorically).

او برای همه سفره تدارک دید.

Neutral
"در تدارکِ توطئه"

— Preparing a conspiracy/plot.

دشمن در تدارک توطئه است.

Formal
"تدارک اسباب سفر"

— Getting everything ready for a journey.

او تدارک اسباب سفر را دید.

Literary
"تدارک دیدن برای آینده"

— To provide for one's future needs.

از الان برای پیری تدارک ببین.

Neutral
"تدارکاتچی بودن"

— To be the person who always fixes things or brings supplies.

او همیشه تدارکاتچی جمع است.

Informal
"بی‌تدارک ماندن"

— To be left without supplies or preparations.

در بیابان بی‌تدارک ماندیم.

Neutral
"تدارک نبرد"

— Preparing for battle.

سپاه در تدارک نبرد بود.

Formal

語族

名詞

تدارک (Preparation)
تدارکات (Logistics)
تدارکاتچی (Logistics person)

動詞

تدارک دیدن (To prepare)
تدارک کردن (To prepare - formal/archaic)

形容詞

تدارکاتی (Logistical)
تدارک‌دیده (Prepared)

関連

درک (Perception/Root)
ادراک (Understanding)
تدارک‌کننده (Preparer)
مدرک (Document/Proof)
تدارک‌گری (Provisioning)
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暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Tadorok' as 'To-Do-Rock'. When you have a massive 'To-Do' list for a 'Rock' concert, you need heavy 'Tadorok' (logistics).

視覚的連想

Imagine a logistics manager with a clipboard (Tadorok) standing in front of a giant pile of boxes (Tadorokat) for a wedding.

Word Web

Wedding Logistics Supplies Preparation Food Military Procurement Friendly Match

チャレンジ

Try to use 'tadorok didan' instead of 'hazeri kardan' three times today when talking about plans.

語源

From the Arabic root D-R-K (د-ر-ک), specifically the Form VI (Tafā'ul) verbal noun 'Tadāruk'. It entered Persian and took on the specific meaning of 'provision' and 'logistics'.

元の意味： In Arabic, it can mean 'reaching each other,' 'overtaking,' or 'remedying a mistake' (making up for something missed).

Semitic root, Persian usage.

文化的な背景

No specific sensitivities; it is a standard administrative and social term.

In English, we might say 'logistics' or 'prep,' but 'tadorok' covers both the act and the things themselves.

Used in military history books regarding the Iran-Iraq war logistics. Commonly used in sports news for 'Friendly Matches' (Bazi-ye Tadorokati). Appears in formal government procurement laws.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Event Planning

  • تدارک مهمانی
  • لیست تدارکات
  • تدارک مفصل
  • تدارک دیدن برای جشن

Office/Work

  • واحد تدارکات
  • خرید تدارکاتی
  • تدارکات اداری
  • تأمین تدارکات

Sports

  • بازی تدارکاتی
  • اردوی تدارکاتی
  • تدارکات تیم
  • آمادگی تدارکاتی

Military/Emergency

  • تدارکات نظامی
  • تدارکات امدادی
  • خط تدارکاتی
  • تدارکات جبهه

Travel

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